"has always been" -> "had always been". As you indicated, at first software was 
written in order to sell the hardware. It was basically "overhead". However, 
when PCMs such as Amdahl came along and simply started redistributing IBM 
software (which they got for free since they owned IBM hardware), IBM had to 
have some other way to recoup their costs. Also, they started unbundling when 
the courts found them guilty of a monopoly which included their refusal to 
distribute software to non-IBM customers. At least, as best as I can recall 
after lo these many years.

-- 
John McKown
Systems Engineer IV
IT

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> -----Original Message-----
> From: IBM Mainframe Discussion List [mailto:[email protected]]
> On Behalf Of Ward, Mike S
> Sent: Thursday, August 23, 2012 11:40 AM
> To: [email protected]
> Subject: Re: X86 server
> 
> IBM has always been a hardware company. In the 60's they wrote
> operating systems and gave them away as long as you purchased the
> hardware from them to run it on.
> 
> -----Original Message-----
> From: IBM Mainframe Discussion List [mailto:[email protected]]
> On Behalf Of Paul Gilmartin
> Sent: Wednesday, August 22, 2012 6:00 PM
> To: [email protected]
> Subject: Re: X86 server
> 
> Which costs less?
> 
> On Wed, 22 Aug 2012 13:40:01 -0700, Edward Jaffe wrote:
> 
> >On 8/13/2012 10:01 PM, Jake anderson wrote:
> >> Does IBM provides support running Z/OS on X86 ?
> >
> >Yes, with its RD&T offering:
> >http://www.ibm.com/software/rational/products/devtest/systemz/
> >
> What's IBM's economic rationale here?  If it's cheaper for them to make
> z/OS available on X86, then much that I read in this forum about the
> economic advantages of zSeries is untrue, and IBM's motive for not
> licensing z/OS for X86 is simply to compel customers to buy the more
> expensive hardware from IBM.
> 
> -- gil
> 
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