On Thu, 5 Oct 2023 11:07:03 +0000, Seymour J Metz <[email protected]> wrote:

>Where do you think process initialization gets the variable names and values?
>
I believe:
o If the process is initialized by init (often PID 0), init creates the environ 
array.

o If the process is initialized by fork() the environ array is copied from the 
parent.

o If one of the exec family of functions replaces the current process image,
  the environ array is copied from the envp[] argument.

None of these require a shell.
________________________________________
From:  Jon Perryman
Sent: Wednesday, October 4, 2023 11:09 PM
On Thu, 5 Oct 2023 02:37:57 +0000, Seymour J Metz  wrote:

>The shell creates the environment variables.

No. The environment variable array is created by process initialization. The 
shell and programs can modify the array. I believe sub-shells in the same 
process use the same array.

-- 
gil

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