Linux-Hardware Digest #81, Volume #13 Tue, 20 Jun 00 22:13:15 EDT
Contents:
RH6.2 install fails on new Dell Dimension: can find hard drive (Charlie Zender)
Redhat 6.2 and 15 GB IDE disk NOT BOOTING ("Rodolfo A. Jofre")
sound card problem ([EMAIL PROTECTED])
Re: BogoMips (Greg Leblanc)
Re: Can Linux do this? KIOSKS - Lite Linux desktop? Lock-down configs? ("Bravo")
Re: non-winmodem problems (John McGowan)
Re: Slim cases for rack-mounted solution (Chris Beauchamp)
Re: Kernel-Compilation for Athlon ? ([EMAIL PROTECTED])
creative dvd encore 6x (Tuschl)
Re: Need a clean hard disk (Charlie Brown)
Wireless LAN Experience (Sean Doull-Connolly)
Re: Help! Does This Mean I Can't Run Linux? (Sean Doull-Connolly)
Re: Slackware7/EthernetCard (Justin B Willoughby)
486 Linux setup, 250 meg HD, which distro ??? (peter)
HP CD Writer 7500 & cdrecord-1.8 ? ([EMAIL PROTECTED])
More 3C509 problems, confused!?! (MH)
Linux Hardware Resource (Cory Rauch)
Re: Creative labs Modem Blaster 56K Flash II? ([EMAIL PROTECTED])
Re: Digicom/Creative Flash56 Modem Blaster ([EMAIL PROTECTED])
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
From: Charlie Zender <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To: comp.os.linux.setup,comp.os.linux.help
Subject: RH6.2 install fails on new Dell Dimension: can find hard drive
Date: Tue, 20 Jun 2000 16:13:32 -0700
Aargh,
I just got the following system and windows98 runs fine on it.
I used partition magic to reduce windows partition from 40GB to
5 GB leaving 35 GB unformatted and ready for linux. Installing
RedHat 6.2 over the network using bootnet.img and FTP method works
fine until aborting with following error "No valid devices were
found on which to create new filesystems". This error occurs in
GNOME, custom, and expert mode installs.
Hardware:
Dell Dimension T Minitower 800 MHz PIII
256 MB RAM
40 GB Ultra ATA 7200 RPM with ATA 66 controller
NIC: 3Com EtherLink 10/100 PCI PCI For Complete PC Management (3c905c-TX)
NVIDIA TNT2 M64 4xAGP w 32MB RAM
Microsoft PS/2 Mouse (Intellipoint)
Promise Technology Inc. Ultra66 IDE Controller
Intel 82371AB/EB PCI Bus Master IDE Controller
120 MB Super disk, aka LS120
Sony 8X/4X/32X CD-RW drive
>From the error message it appears that the installation procedure
does not recognize the hard disk. What should I do?
Any help appreciated,
Charlie eilrahC
--
Charlie Zender [EMAIL PROTECTED] (949) 824-2987/FAX-3256, Department of
Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine CA 92697-3100
------------------------------
From: "Rodolfo A. Jofre" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Redhat 6.2 and 15 GB IDE disk NOT BOOTING
Date: Mon, 19 Jun 2000 20:32:29 -0400
Reply-To: "Rodolfo A. Jofre" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Hi fellows!
I set up a linux box with:
A boxed Pentium 550E
128MB RAM
1 FD 1.44
1 hard disk: WDC WD150AA 05.05B05 (western digital)
1 CD-Drive: ATAPI CDROM 48X V130Y
I installed Red Hat linux 6.2 in the same way I usually do it. I go though a
custom installation process, to make sure all I want will be there. th
process ends up fine, but the machine won't boot. Somehow it seems that the
MBR (Master Boot Record) is not being recorded (saved) to the first sector
of boot partition. I have tried with small partitions (less than 500 MB)
which is a known limitation of Lilo (the linux booting program), with no
success.
The only way I have been able to get the machine working is by booting from
a floppy disk, which I prepared during the installation process. After that
the machine boots, but still there is a problem, which might be related or
not: it hangs, and the only way to stop it is doing a hardware reset. This
kind of total hanging under linux is very unusual.
I would appreciate any help and suggestions on this. This is getting me
crazy. I have already installed 5 times the OS!
thanks in advance
Rodolfo A. Jofre
Temuco
Chile
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Subject: sound card problem
Date: Wed, 21 Jun 2000 01:16:23 +0200
==============4FA5D3EAE6677E808E73423D
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Hello
I have a Yamaha opl3 sax sound card and linux slackware 7.0
During the boot the kernel find the card BUT if I do
cat /dev/sndstat
I find nothing in audio devices: and mixers:
as a result the soundcard simply doesn't work
Anybody can help ?
--
==============4FA5D3EAE6677E808E73423D
Content-Type: text/html; charset=us-ascii
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
<html>
Hello
<br>I have a Yamaha opl3 sax sound card and linux slackware 7.0
<br>During the boot the kernel find the card BUT if I do
<br>cat /dev/sndstat
<p>I find nothing in audio devices: and mixers:
<pre>as a result the soundcard simply doesn't work</pre>
<pre>Anybody can help ?</pre>
<pre>--</pre>
</html>
==============4FA5D3EAE6677E808E73423D==
------------------------------
From: Greg Leblanc <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: BogoMips
Date: Tue, 20 Jun 2000 23:06:20 GMT
Read the bogomips miniHOWTO at http://www.LinuxDoc.org/
Greg
In article <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>,
robert vasquez <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> Whats this number measure? I get 53.1 on a Pentium 133 with 48MB, and
861
> on a Celeron 433/128 (i810), and 947 on a K6-2 475/128 ..... I'd
figure on
> the K6 getting less than the Celeron, even with 42 more mhz....
>
> --
> Posted via CNET Help.com
> http://www.help.com/
>
--
Troll, troll, troll your post
Gently down the feed
Merrily, merrily troll along
A life is what you need...
Nicked from MAWA on the gnome-list
Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/
Before you buy.
------------------------------
From: "Bravo" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To: comp.os.linux.advocacy
Subject: Re: Can Linux do this? KIOSKS - Lite Linux desktop? Lock-down configs?
Date: Tue, 20 Jun 2000 02:48:51 +0200
Try this site for starters. It worked great for me. This puts Linux and X
together in about 8M of HD space.
http://www.linux-embedded.com/
For Netscape usage and info about running other console or X programs, check
out this page.
http://linux-embedded.ctw.net/
I've been using this configuration with a 90 Mhz pc w/16M ram and it works
fine for me. The system boots in less than 30 seconds and goes straight to
Netscape without a root or user login. This can be modified to suit your
needs though. The configuration can run over a network (connected to DSL,
Cable, T1...) or directly by dialup. The latter page describes a program
called IntraLaunch which does a great job of launching Linux apps from
within the browser.
My "internet only" box has been set up for cd audio, internet browsing,
email, mp3 audio, internet audio/video, all accessible from the Netscape
interface using plugins and xplaycd.
------------------------------
From: John McGowan <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: non-winmodem problems
Date: 20 Jun 2000 19:29:19 -0400
Stephen Greene <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> Hi, I tried the lines written below and I am still having some
> problems. Here are the specs:
> I entered:
> mknod -m 666 /dev/ttyS4 c 4 68
> setserial -v /dev/ttyS4 port 0x10B8-10BF irq 03 uart 16550A
> When I try to set up the modem in gnome, I get a segmentation fault,
> and the modem doesn't get detected.
> Any more ideas?
> Thanks again,
> - Stephen Greene
> Dances With Crows wrote:
>>
>> On Tue, 20 Jun 2000 01:31:56 GMT, Stephen Greene
>> <<[EMAIL PROTECTED]>> shouted forth into the ether:
>> >Hi,
>> >I have a 100% hardware modem made by US Robotics. The problem that I am
>> >having is that the card defaults to COM5 even though it is on IRQ 3.
>> >Does anyone know of a way to "trick" linux into finding the card?
>> >I know that it only supports up to /dev/ttyS3
>>
>> Say what?
>>
>> # mknod -m 666 /dev/ttyS4 c 4 68
>>
>> ...ttyS4 aka COM5 now available if your distro didn't create it
>> already. "setserial -v /dev/ttyS4 port 0xXXX irq Y uart 16550A" and you
>> should be closer to victory. Replace XXX and Y with the I/O range and IRQ
>> the modem uses; you may need to get this info from DOS if you don't know
>> it already.
>>
>> --
>> Matt G / Dances With Crows /\ "Man could not stare too long at the face
>> \----[this space for rent]-----/ \ of the Computer or her children and still
>> \There is no Darkness in Eternity \ remain as Man." --David Zindell "So did
>> But only Light too dim for us to see\ they become Gods, or Usenetters?" --/me
Regards from:
John McGowan | [EMAIL PROTECTED] [Internet Channel]
| [EMAIL PROTECTED] [COIN]
--------------+-----------------------------------------------------
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Chris Beauchamp)
Crossposted-To: uk.comp.os.linux
Subject: Re: Slim cases for rack-mounted solution
Date: Wed, 21 Jun 2000 00:37:28 +0100
In article <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>, Derek Colley wrote:
>Thanks Richard (and all the other that posted) - this is good stuff.
>I'm am still looking for a kit though.
>Are there any spec sheets for the OSRAQ?
>The site mentions Win2K. Is pre-installed Linux an option?
>Or even getting a unit without OS?
Ugh! just read their W2K page - ho hum, I guess they're entitled to their
opinion (however wrong it may be...).
However, I suspect that the systems OSless (server type things generally
are...), their support page appears to have links to intel's pages on the
motherboard etc (I recognise the model, and Intel's details are pretty
informative.
Its much the same spec as is mentioned in Linux Today's article...
http://linuxtoday.com/stories/15158.html on building a 1U server.
Chris
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Subject: Re: Kernel-Compilation for Athlon ?
Date: 20 Jun 2000 19:48:09 -0400
Can you please tell us what things speed up with 3Dnow on AMD CPUs?
For example, can it use these instructions to accelerate RAID implmentations?
Can it use them to accelerate more general FPU operations (not that Athlon
needs much help in that regard...)
Richard
------------------------------
From: Tuschl <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: creative dvd encore 6x
Date: Wed, 21 Jun 2000 02:18:42 +0200
hallo!
hat jemand nen plan wie man das creative dvd encore 6x, v.a. eben die
dxr3 mpeg karte unter linux einbindet ?
Gibt's da ueberhaupt schon ein Modul dafuer ?!?
regards,
Tuschl
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Charlie Brown)
Crossposted-To:
alt.comp.hardware,comp.os.linux.setup,comp.os.ms-windows.nt.setup.hardware,comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware.storage
Subject: Re: Need a clean hard disk
Date: Wed, 21 Jun 2000 00:36:45 GMT
On Tue, 20 Jun 2000 17:28:06 -0700, Roger <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
shocked the world by writing:
>My humble apologies. I've used a program called "wipe" but it wasn't the one from IBM.
>I stand corrected.
>
No problem, we all make mistakes.
>Charlie Brown wrote:
>
>> On Tue, 20 Jun 2000 10:04:35 -0700, Roger <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
>> shocked the world by writing:
>>
>> >I don't think wipe.exe returns the disk to "needing an fdisk/format". It simply
>> >writes 0's over the existing info, leaving it partitioned and formatted just fine.
>> >And some programs, I'm not sure about wipe.exe, will write 0's, then go back over
>> >it with 1's, then 0's again, or as many times as you specify.
>>
>> From the IBM site: the description of WIPE.EXE:
>>
>> Wipe is a DOS software utility that writes zeroes to every sector
>> on a hard disk drive up to 8 GB. It can be used with both SCSI
>> and IDE drives.
>>
>> When it says "every sector", it means it. I've used it.
>>
>> >
>> >
>> >> I'm not quite sure exactly you want to do, but if you truly want to
>> >> clean a drive, try a utility (such as WIPE.EXE from IBM) that will
>> >> write zeros to each sector, returning the drive to esentially the same
>> >> state it was in when it was first sold. That is, needing an
>> >> fdisk/format.
>> >> This way, there are no old boot or partition records to get in the way
>> >> of anything.
>> >
>
------------------------------
From: Sean Doull-Connolly <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Wireless LAN Experience
Date: Wed, 21 Jun 2000 00:41:02 GMT
I'm planning to tie together two Linux
machines and a WIN9X PC using a wireless
LAN. The LAN will be used in my home,
and I plan to use a PCMCIA wireless
card in my laptop so that I can have
"walk-up" connectivity.
Does anyone have advice about
products to use or avoid. The only
products I've found to date are:
- WebGear Aviator Pro
- SOHOware CableFree
Thanks in advance for any help.
Sean Doull-Connolly
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
------------------------------
From: Sean Doull-Connolly <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: Help! Does This Mean I Can't Run Linux?
Date: Wed, 21 Jun 2000 00:55:52 GMT
Video card compatibility only affects the use of X-Windows.
I've loaded Linux and got X working with three unsupported
video cards. There is support for generic VGA16 and SVGA.
In all the cases I dealt with, SVGA has worked fine, even
though it limits you to 800x600.
Sean
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
>
> My video card is not supported by Linux... does this mean I can't run
> Linux with this video card?
>
> Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/
> Before you buy.
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Justin B Willoughby)
Subject: Re: Slackware7/EthernetCard
Date: 21 Jun 2000 00:59:58 GMT
Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Justin B Willoughby)
Dances With Crows ([EMAIL PROTECTED]) writes:
<snip>
> ...except I don't have Slack on this machine! SuSE, RedHat, FreeBSD, and
> soon Debian, maybe Slack later. It's just somewhat difficult to run more
> than one distro (or OS) at a time on one machine.
Only as difficult as installing and using VMWare. :-)
- Justin
--
_/ _/_/_/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ = Justin Willoughby =
_/ _/ _/_/ _/ _/ _/ _/_/ = I use SlackWare!! =
_/ _/ _/ _/_/ _/ _/ _/_/ = http://justinw.net =
_/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/ _/ _/_/_/_/ _/ _/ =--- Jesus Is Lord ---=
------------------------------
From: peter <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To: comp.os.linux.advocacy,comp.os.linux.setup
Subject: 486 Linux setup, 250 meg HD, which distro ???
Date: Tue, 20 Jun 2000 19:36:26 -0400
I'm setting up two 486 linux systems, one will be a small web sever,
firewall, and ip masq.
The other will be a machine to write perl programs on.
I have two 250 meg drives, I don't plan to install X, so which distro
is out there that will allow me to do what i want to do on the 486's
???
Thanks,
Peter
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Subject: HP CD Writer 7500 & cdrecord-1.8 ?
Date: Tue, 20 Jun 2000 20:45:27 -0600
Howdy,
I've got an HP 7500 cdrw working with xcdroast 0.96ex.
One problem: If I try to erace the cdrw with ``cdrecord blank=all''
I get the following message...
scsidev: 'yamaha'
devname: 'yamaha'
scsibus: -2 target: -2 lun: -2.
``cdrecord -scanbus'' shows the drive as...
0,0,0 0) 'HP ' 'CD-Writer+ 7500 ' '1.0a' Removable CD-ROM.
I am able to erase the cdrw with Adaptec's erase cdrw utility in Win98.
Any Ideas?
Thanx in advance,
Rogo
------------------------------
From: MH <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: More 3C509 problems, confused!?!
Date: Tue, 20 Jun 2000 18:47:12 -0700
Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
I've read the posts here on 3C509 and they all seem to revolve around
loadable modules. I'm confused. Recent kernels offer support for this
card compiled directly into the kernel, or as a module. (Why would
anyone install a NIC as a module?) Once PNP has been disabled on the
card, why would there be any problems?
I'm almost certain I've run this card before without any configuration
on my part, but I can't get it to work on my latest box which is
dual-homed. The other card is a 3C905B, both cards' drivers are
compiled into the kernel. Only the 3C905B (eth0) loads at boot
however. The 3C509 (eth1) "fails to initialize". I tried setting
parameters via Linuxconf, but nothing seems to work. The parameters for
this card are IRQ 10/0x300 and there are no conflicts. What am I
missing?
------------------------------
From: Cory Rauch <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Linux Hardware Resource
Date: Tue, 20 Jun 2000 21:50:23 -0400
The following is a great Linux Hardware resource site. It covers topics
like device drivers, file-system, hardware compatibilty, and more.
Please check it out.
http://www.osfaq.com
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Subject: Re: Creative labs Modem Blaster 56K Flash II?
Date: Tue, 20 Jun 2000 21:57:59 -0400
Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Neil DeLury wrote:
> Hello all, I just purchased and Installed a Creative labs Modem Blaster 56K
> Flash II(ISA), and I don't know how to get it to function under Linux(I'm a
> bit of a newbie to this I admit); could someone walk me through the whole
> MAKEDEV process and such?
>
> Thank you in Advance,
> Neil DeLury
> ___________________________________________________________
As a newbie myself, I have just been trying to get this modem working with
Mandrake 7.0. I've succeeded in getting it to dial out using minicom but every
command seems to take ages (e.g. 15 seconds even to open the telephone
connection to get the dial tone). I seem to be getting a timeout on using kppp
to connect (the maximum delay is 3 seconds for a response from the modem before
giving the "modem does not respond" message). For what it's worth, below is
the instruction set that came with Mandrake - you may have better luck than I
did. Does anyone else have any bright ideas of what is going wrong?
Mike
========================================
Modems
As has already been mentioned, winmodems are not supported. If you have a PCI
modem, it is highly probable that it is one.
If you have a real modem (that is, an external modem), Linux will have no
problems operating it. The only thing you will have to know is the serial port
to which it is connected. The equivalent of COM1 in Linux is /dev/ttyS0, the
equivalent of COM2 is /dev/ttyS1, and so on. Assuming that your modem is on
COM2, you then type the following command:
$ ln -s /dev/ttyS1 /dev/modem
and that's it!
To test whether your modem works properly, you simply have to launch the
program called minicom in console mode. Initially, the program will send an
initialization chain to the modem. If your modem is working, it will answer OK.
Type Ctrl-A x to leave minicom.
Configuring an Internet connection
We are going to configure and use an Internet connection using two tools: Kppp
and LinuxConf.
With Kppp
Kppp can be found in the KDE menu under the Internet submenu. Select Setup.
Few things to be done here. If you wish, you can change the speed of the serial
port in the Device menu to 115200 and adjust the options in the PPP heading to
your preferences. To create an account, choose New.
Section by section:
Dial: enter the phone number of your Internet provider. The connection
name is random -- you can enter whatever you like. You can also choose the
programs to start before and after disconnection (Netscape on connection, for
example). Pay attention to the choice of identification: most providers use
PAP, but others use CHAP, and -- more rarely -- a script-based connection.
Contact your ISP to obtain this information;
IP: unless your ISP advises you otherwise, you should leave the default
option (Dynamic IP address) as it is. Since the names given by the ISPs to the
connections are usually rather weird, you will want your machine to keep its
name :)
DNS: the domain name is optional, you can ignore it. However, you must
enter the IP address (and not the name!) of your provider's name server(s). The
first entered is the first on the list, and the servers will be queried in
their order of appearance;
Gateway: (unless you are told otherwise) leave the default options as they
are;
Login script: leave this tab as it is;
Accounting: if you want an estimate of the cost of your call, enable the
option Enable accounting. You will then have to choose between the various
invoicing methods given: for France, for example, you will find
France/Local.
And that's all! Then click on OK to validate, click on OK a second time in the
configuration panel and you will return to the main screen.
>From here, you will simply need to enter the user name and password for your
ISP account (not those of your user account!), then click on Connect...
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Subject: Re: Digicom/Creative Flash56 Modem Blaster
Date: Tue, 20 Jun 2000 21:57:50 -0400
Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Clayton Cheung wrote:
> How can I get Digicom/Creative Flash56 Modem Blaster work in RedHat6.1?
> I am using GNome and KDE so are there any graphical ways to do it?
>
> --
> Posted via CNET Help.com
> http://www.help.com/
As a newbie myself, I have just been trying to get this modem working with
Mandrake 7.0. I've succeeded in getting it to dial out using minicom but
every command seems to take ages (e.g. 15 seconds even to open the
telephone connection to get the dial tone). I seem to be getting a timeout
on using kppp to connect (the maximum delay is 3 seconds for a response
from the modem before giving the "modem does not respond" message). For
what it's worth, below is the instruction set that came with Mandrake - you
may have better luck than I did. Does anyone else have any bright ideas of
what is going wrong?
Mike
========================================
Modems
As has already been mentioned, winmodems are not supported. If you have a
PCI modem, it is highly probable that it is one.
If you have a real modem (that is, an external modem), Linux will have no
problems operating it. The only thing you will have to know is the serial
port to which it is connected. The equivalent of COM1 in Linux is
/dev/ttyS0, the equivalent of COM2 is /dev/ttyS1, and so on. Assuming that
your modem is on COM2, you then type the following command:
$ ln -s /dev/ttyS1 /dev/modem
and that's it!
To test whether your modem works properly, you simply have to launch the
program called minicom in console mode. Initially, the program will send an
initialization chain to the modem. If your modem is working, it will answer
OK. Type Ctrl-A x to leave minicom.
Configuring an Internet connection
We are going to configure and use an Internet connection using two tools:
Kppp and LinuxConf.
With Kppp
Kppp can be found in the KDE menu under the Internet submenu. Select
Setup. Few things to be done here. If you wish, you can change the speed
of the serial port in the Device menu to 115200 and adjust the options in
the PPP heading to your preferences. To create an account, choose New.
Section by section:
Dial: enter the phone number of your Internet provider. The connection
name is random -- you can enter whatever you like. You can also choose the
programs to start before and after disconnection (Netscape on connection,
for example). Pay attention to the choice of identification: most providers
use PAP, but others use CHAP, and -- more rarely -- a script-based
connection. Contact your ISP to obtain this information;
IP: unless your ISP advises you otherwise, you should leave the
default option (Dynamic IP address) as it is. Since the names given by the
ISPs to the connections are usually rather weird, you will want your
machine to keep its name :)
DNS: the domain name is optional, you can ignore it. However, you must
enter the IP address (and not the name!) of your provider's name server(s).
The first entered is the first on the list, and the servers will be queried
in their order of appearance;
Gateway: (unless you are told otherwise) leave the default options as
they are;
Login script: leave this tab as it is;
Accounting: if you want an estimate of the cost of your call, enable
the option Enable accounting. You will then have to choose between the
various
invoicing methods given: for France, for example, you will find
France/Local.
And that's all! Then click on OK to validate, click on OK a second time in
the configuration panel and you will return to the main screen.
>From here, you will simply need to enter the user name and password for
your ISP account (not those of your user account!), then click on
Connect...
------------------------------
** FOR YOUR REFERENCE **
The service address, to which questions about the list itself and requests
to be added to or deleted from it should be directed, is:
Internet: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
You can send mail to the entire list (and comp.os.linux.hardware) via:
Internet: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Linux may be obtained via one of these FTP sites:
ftp.funet.fi pub/Linux
tsx-11.mit.edu pub/linux
sunsite.unc.edu pub/Linux
End of Linux-Hardware Digest
******************************
