Linux-Misc Digest #156, Volume #21 Sun, 25 Jul 99 12:13:08 EDT
Contents:
Re: Network configuration advice ("Kooter")
Re: Can't use alt+right to switch tty's with FTE? (Tomasz 'tsca' Sienicki)
Re: redhat vs suse (Mike Bartman)
Re: Apache and waiting for reply (Martin Daur)
Newbie problems with procmail and RH 6.0 (fixed) (Phil Harrison)
HELP needed urgent: removed getty from inittab?!? (Jeroen de Haas)
FTP question (Tim Choi)
Re: Binary List ? (Raj Rijhwani)
Netscape Crashing (Jim McIntyre)
Newbie basic questions... many questions ("Frank Lopes")
Linux & ATI RAGE FURY (RAGE 128 cards) ("Skot Roberts")
Re: Need opinions- how's S.u.S.E. 6.1 (Nick Zentena)
Re: Memory usage of window managers-need info (Tom Shannon)
Re: Newbie basic questions... many questions (Paul Kimoto)
Re: Looking for a good email client (Robert Fargher)
Re: Memory usage of window managers-need info (Jim McIntyre)
Re: NT+Linux+lots of subnets ("Chris Briggs")
Re: ZIP drive question on RH 6.0 (Jon Bloom)
Re: Where is NULL/__null? (Konrad Hambrick)
Re: Inheritance vs. Evolution? [Re: Marx vs. Nozick] (Peter)
Re: How do I change SCSI cards in Red Hat 6.0? (Jon Bloom)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
From: "Kooter" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To: comp.os.linux.networking,comp.os.linux.setup
Subject: Re: Network configuration advice
Date: Sun, 25 Jul 1999 08:17:37 -0400
Paul Anderson <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message
news:7ndqa4$eb$[EMAIL PROTECTED]...
> "Kooter" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
>
> >Anyway, I've come to realize after a hacker attack that I need a
firewall.
> >
> No, hackers don't do that. You where attacked by a cracker.
>
> Personally, I would setup a Linux box doing IP masquerade and dialing out
to
> the net, possibly providing samba access to your Win95 clients.
Thanks. I'm not sure what IP masquerading is but I'll look into it.
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Tomasz 'tsca' Sienicki)
Crossposted-To: comp.editors,linux.debian.user
Subject: Re: Can't use alt+right to switch tty's with FTE?
Date: 25 Jul 1999 12:20:23 GMT
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote
[in <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>]:
> In order to get to the next tty I have to close it (get back to the
> shell prompt) so I can use alt+right. Any suggestions for a
> workaround to get to another tty without having to close it? (Yes
> I've RTFM..I've found no way to change it)
What about Alt+F1, Alt+F2, etc...?
--
tsca
Tomasz Sienicki <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Mike Bartman)
Subject: Re: redhat vs suse
Date: Sun, 25 Jul 1999 12:44:25 GMT
Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
On 25 Jul 1999 01:31:13 GMT, Paul Trost <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>find SuSE more to my liking. Red Hat will cost about $80 and SuSE about
>$29.
I can't comment on SuSE, but where are you buying software that sells
Red Hat for $80??? I got a copy of 5.2 at CompUSA last year for
$30...and CompUSA is NOT known for low prices!
-- Mike "if SuSE is better there should be no need for exageration"
Bartman --
================================================================
To reply via e-mail, remove the 'foolie.' from the address.
I'm getting sick of all the spam...
================================================================
------------------------------
From: Martin Daur <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To: comp.os.linux.networking
Subject: Re: Apache and waiting for reply
Date: Sat, 24 Jul 1999 14:42:08 +0200
Raymond schrieb:
>
> Hi,
>
> I have set up an Apache server at home and I can get a response when I
>
> ping my ServerName as defined in httpd.conf in office. But when I use a
>
> browser to locate my Apache server, the status at the bottom of the
>
> browser just shows "Connect: Host 'My ServerName' contacted. Waiting for
>
> reply" and there is no response. Anyone can help ?
>
> (My linux box is Kernel 2.0.33 and Apache 1.2.6)
>
> ------------------ Posted via SearchLinux ------------------
> http://www.searchlinux.com
Hi,
what happens when you try to contact to "localhost" in your Browser
MDAUR
------------------------------
From: Phil Harrison <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Newbie problems with procmail and RH 6.0 (fixed)
Date: Sun, 25 Jul 1999 13:59:13 +0100
In article <2kHU$[EMAIL PROTECTED]>, Phil Harrison
<[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes
>I am having a hard time trying to get procmail to work on Red Hat 6.0
>
I think I have figured this out. The .procmailrc file had permissions
set to -rw-rw-r--. Clearing group write permissions solved the problem.
--
Phil Harrison
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Jeroen de Haas)
Subject: HELP needed urgent: removed getty from inittab?!?
Date: Sun, 25 Jul 1999 12:45:09 GMT
Hi,
I stupidly commented out getty from the inittab.
Now I cannot get to my system anymore,
because it won't show the login prompt.
Is there a way to undo my stupidity or do I need to reinstall 4 months
of hardwork:(:(?
Thx,
Jeroen de Haas
------------------------------
From: Tim Choi <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To: tw.bbs.comp.linux
Subject: FTP question
Date: Sun, 25 Jul 1999 21:34:08 +0800
Hello,
I got a question about FTP.
I've two computers which are linked together with ethernet.
Linux is installed in one of computers. Another is iMac.
When I used ftp software in iMac to connect to Linux box,
we found there is two extreme different transfer rate in
downloading and uploading. When I download file from
Linux box, the transfer rate is 200k/sec. However, when
I upload file to Linux box, it will be down to 4k/sec. Moreover,
it always stops for a long time (> 1min.) during upload and
then resume.
Can anyone tell me why? Any setting is incorrect?
If you don't mind, please e-mail the answer to me also.
Best regards.
--
Tim@HOME
via Linux (Netscape)
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Raj Rijhwani)
Subject: Re: Binary List ?
Date: Sun, 25 Jul 99 12:46:21 GMT
Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
In article <7ndpdl$[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
[EMAIL PROTECTED] "Justin B Willoughby" writes:
> Actually I think you probably got that by pressing the Tab key twice. Go a
> head and see how it works, type in:
> vi /etc/res and press the tab key
> You can use this for all kinds of kool stuff, not just vi but for about
> any thing...
Which shell is that? I ask because at this moment I'm stiing in front of
telnet session into one of my boxes and it didn't work.
--
Raj Rijhwani (umtsb5/16) | This is the voice of the Mysterons...
[EMAIL PROTECTED] | ... We know that you can hear us Earthmen
[EMAIL PROTECTED] | "Lieutenant Green: Launch all Angels!"
http://www.courtfld.demon.co.uk/raj/ (demon, and gods, willing...)
------------------------------
From: Jim McIntyre <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Netscape Crashing
Date: Sun, 25 Jul 1999 10:38:36 -0300
When I try to insert a link in my postings, Netscape crashes when I
click on "OK" or "apply". Has anyone dealt with this before.
Jim Mcintyre
------------------------------
From: "Frank Lopes" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Newbie basic questions... many questions
Date: Sun, 25 Jul 1999 10:38:49 -0400
Here is a challenge:
I need to start using Linux for several reasons (too many to enumerate...).
I have never used Linux or Unix for that matter. Even the "language" used by
everyone describing steps or recommendations is foreign to me. I have
extensive knowledge of (cough, cough) Windows 9X and NT but no Unix
experience of any kind.
So here are some of my questions:
1- Is there a good FAQ list that I could start with instead of pestering
everyone with my questions?
2- At the same time that I start with the FAQ, I would like to take a crack
at installing Linux. I've done some research and apparently all my hardware
is compatible (at least with RedHat). What is the best use of my dollars?
RedHat? Slackware? Or are there any others that I may want to look at? At
this stage I don't need the most powerful or the fastest implementation just
the easiest to install. Is there a site that compares the different
implementations?
3- Are there specialized FAQs for some of the more "arcane" subjects: for
example network or performance issues?
At this time I would rather be pointed to where these issues are addressed
instead of being told what to do ( not that I wouldn't welcome the answers
:-)
Thank You
ps: if I committed a "faux pass" by asking these questions in the wrong
newsgroup, please just point me to the correct one. Thanks
------------------------------
From: "Skot Roberts" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Linux & ATI RAGE FURY (RAGE 128 cards)
Date: Sun, 25 Jul 1999 10:07:46 -0400
From: <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Linux & ATI RAGE FURY (RAGE 128 cards)
Date: Friday, July 23, 1999 7:00 PM
If ANYONE is having trouble getting their ATI rage to support anything other
than crappy vga16 or svga 320x200....
VISIT MY LINK...
www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/Node/5166/linuxrage.html
It deals with Redhat and SuSE.
It is not exactly a FIX, but allows you to get up to 1024x768 in 16-bit
color... Hope for resolve in supported drivers in a new version of XFree86!
Rellik!
------------------------------
From: Nick Zentena <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Subject: Re: Need opinions- how's S.u.S.E. 6.1
Date: Sun, 25 Jul 1999 14:05:04 GMT
Michael Hasenstein wrote:
>
> Joachim Metge wrote:
> ...
> > the english and the german. The installation is a little better and SuSE
> > comes with more software. But there are still some things missing.
>
> What is missing?
There will always be something missing. If SuSE shipped on ten CDs
something would get missed. Just too many things out there. I couldn't
find from on any of the CDs. I admit I didn't look too hard. No problem
I went and get the src and compiled it. Maybe I'm the only person in the
world still using it-) Now when will SuSE start shipping on DVDs? Why
isn't SuSE waiting for XFree 3.3.5?
Nick
--
=====================
Nick Zentena
SuSE 6.1 Linux 2.2.10
=====================
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Tom Shannon)
Subject: Re: Memory usage of window managers-need info
Date: Sun, 25 Jul 1999 09:15:27 -04-59
On Sun, 25 Jul 1999 02:15:13 -0400, ryan <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>Ronald Haynes wrote:
>
>>
>> What other "nice" window managers
>> exist with the same functionality but less in terms of
>> system drain. Any references to memory usage for the
>> common window managers?
>
>Interesting timing, I have been looking at the various window managers
>and the amounts of RAM and CPU share that they demand. Whatever you do,
>if you are concerned about saving resources, do not use gnome with
>enlightenment. This is one of the standard setups for RedHat and
>Mandrake's newer 2.2.x kernel distributions. This combo will drain
>memory to the point of crashing X.
I agree completely. Enlightenment was designed to look nice not to
conserve memory. Gnome and KDE take up comparable amounts of memory
on my system with nothing else running. About 15 meg.
One of the most efficient non-fvwm window managers that I've used is
WindowMaker. According to their web site, one of the objectives of
the WindowMaker project was to keep memory usage to a minimum. It
only uses 3.5 meg with no open windows and 4 virtual desktops. The
clip is very functional and works well in place of the Gnome/KDE
"start" bars.
Tom
--
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Paul Kimoto)
Subject: Re: Newbie basic questions... many questions
Date: 25 Jul 1999 10:59:53 -0500
Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
In article <GjFm3.841$[EMAIL PROTECTED]>, Frank Lopes wrote:
> I need to start using Linux for several reasons (too many to enumerate...).
> I have never used Linux or Unix for that matter. Even the "language" used by
> everyone describing steps or recommendations is foreign to me. I have
> extensive knowledge of (cough, cough) Windows 9X and NT but no Unix
> experience of any kind.
>
> So here are some of my questions:
>
> 1- Is there a good FAQ list that I could start with instead of pestering
> everyone with my questions?
> 3- Are there specialized FAQs for some of the more "arcane" subjects: for
> example network or performance issues?
Have you browsed around the Linux Documentation Project
http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/ ?
Maybe you will need some general Unix resource(s).
I like the old-fashioned classic, Kernighan and Pike
1984, The UNIX programming environment (Englewood
Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall), but perhaps someone else
will have some more new-fangled recommendations.
--
Paul Kimoto <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Robert Fargher)
Subject: Re: Looking for a good email client
Reply-To: rob@*SPAM*ME*NOT*hyla.dhis.org
Date: Fri, 23 Jul 1999 23:50:12 -0700
On Fri, 23 Jul 1999 16:25:13 -0400, Mykool <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>I'm looking for a good pop3 email client. I'm currently using Netscape
>mail, and am getting a little tired of it. I have no problems, but I
>think it's time for a change. I don't really care if it is X or
>console.
My favourite is XFMail.
Cheers,
Rob
------------------------------
From: Jim McIntyre <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: Memory usage of window managers-need info
Date: Sun, 25 Jul 1999 10:36:40 -0300
Ronald Harness wrote:
> Hi, I am running SUSE 6.1 on a PII 350 machine
> with 196 MB of ram and 128 MB of swap. I had
> previously run SUSE 5.1 on a 486 machine with 28 megs
> of ram. I thought life would be great. Of course
> with a new machine I left my old fvwm2 window manager
> in favour of KDE. The problem is that now after logging
> in with KDE running and no application other than
> two xterms I have used approx 150 of my 196 megs of ram.
> As someone who uses their machine for memory intensive
> numerical calculations the remaining 46 megs of ram
> just doesn't cut it.
>
> Is this memory usage normal with KDE? Why so heavy?
> It is nice but I am not going to continue to swap out
> on even small problems just to have a task bar like
> Windows 95. What other "nice" window managers
> exist with the same functionality but less in terms of
> system drain. Any references to memory usage for the
> common window managers?
>
> Thanks for the info.
> Please respond via email and the newsgroup if possible.
>
> Thanks,
> R Haynes
Try XFwm. I've been using it for about a week now, and it really is more
stable and easier on resources than other window managers. It looks
great too. It looks a lot like the Solaris desktop. It's available at
http://www.xfce.org
Hope this helps
Jim McIntyre
------------------------------
From: "Chris Briggs" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To: comp.os.linux.networking,redhat.networking.general
Subject: Re: NT+Linux+lots of subnets
Date: Sun, 25 Jul 1999 09:37:48 -0400
On the NT box with the 4 NICs is routing enabled? Look under the TCP/IP
properties to find out, make sure that the IP forwarding box is checked.
------------------------------
From: Jon Bloom <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: ZIP drive question on RH 6.0
Date: Sun, 25 Jul 1999 11:00:49 -0400
Peter Loftus wrote:
>
> I've a external parallel port Zip drive on my machine. I use it when in
> win98 and would like to use it in linux also. However everything I read in
> "Howto's, etc" seem to imply that I will have to recompile the kernel in
> order to access the drive in linux. I'm quite new to linux and its been 20
> years since I worked in a unix system, so I'm not anxious to do a recompile,
> especially since it took me 24 straight hours and a dozen attempts to
> install RH 6.0. I finally did it by stripping out most of the packages in
> the install list. Then I had to RPM the various items I wanted individually.
>
> Anyhow, am I correct about having to recompile the kernel, or is there
> another way?
The drivers needed for the ZIP drive are almost certainly already
present on your system. As root, try:
modprobe ppa
for an original ZIP drive, or for the ZIP plus:
modprobe imm
The Zip driver acts as a SCSI device, and if you have no other SCSI
adapters in the system this new "SCSI adapter" will be device sda. The
Zip drive itself will be /dev/sda4. (If you have one SCSI adapter
already, these become sdb and /dev/sdb4. If you're not sure, 'cat
/proc/scsi/scsi' will list the configured SCSI devices.)
Once you've installed the driver, you can mount the Zip disk like any
normal disk partition. Or use mtools to access it.
> TIA!
HTH
Jon
--
Jon Bloom, KE3Z
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Electronic Publications Manager (Software, CD-ROMs and Web site)
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Konrad Hambrick)
Crossposted-To: uk.comp.os.linux
Subject: Re: Where is NULL/__null?
Date: 25 Jul 1999 15:55:24 GMT
In article <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>,
Tim Harrell <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>I have recently installed Suse 6.1, only now when I come to compile
>stuff , I get the error that __null is not defined.
>__null is what NULL is defined to be it seems but where is __null got
>from.
>
>A simple one line c prog will reproduce this...
>
>>>>
>char *p = NULL;
>>>>
>
>compiling this with gcc -c gives
>`__null' was not declared in this scope
>
>so it does see that NULL is defined from __null but not __null itself.
>
>Including <stdio.h> or <stddef.h> does not solve this problem.
>
>I have gcc installed from package egcs-990315, gcc -v gives...
>
> gcc version egcs-2.91.66 19990314 (egcs-1.1.2 release)
>
>Was there something wrong with my install perhaps?
>
>Tim Harrell
>
><[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Tim --
Someone else mentioned your need for a few include files
at the ToF.
Here is a handy trick to find out which ones you might need
from the standard /usr/include/ heirarchy ( it is one way to
do it, that is ;-):
[tim@tim source]$ srcdir=`pwd` # optional -- save your place
[tim@tim source]$ export srcdir # optional
[tim@tim source]$ cd /usr/include
[tim@tim include]$ egrep '^ *#define *NULL ' `find . -name "*.h" -print` |less
[tim@tim include]$ cd $srcdir # optional -- restore your place
replace the '^ *#define *NULL ' with whatever defined constant, etc
you want to know about.
Here is the output on my RH 5.2 box:
../libio.h:#define NULL (__null)
../libio.h:#define NULL ((void*)0)
../libio.h:#define NULL (0)
../malloc.h:#define NULL 0
../malloc.h:#define NULL ((__malloc_ptr_t) 0)
../stdio.h:#define NULL 0
../stdio.h:#define NULL (void*)0
../g++/streambuf.h:#define NULL (__null)
../g++/streambuf.h:#define NULL (0)
../pgsql/c.h:#define NULL ((void *) 0)
../pgsql/c.h:#define NULL 0
../python1.5/mymalloc.h:#define NULL ((ANY *)0)
../python1.5/object.h:#define NULL 0
../tcl.h:#define NULL 0
The one you probably want is in /usr/include/stdio.h
HTH.
-- kjh
--
============================================================
Konrad J. Hambrick | email: [EMAIL PROTECTED] |
1111 Seacoast Dr. Unit 41 | home: (619) 423-4451 |
Imperial Beach, CA 91932 | |
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Peter)
Crossposted-To: comp.os.ms-windows.advocacy,comp.os.linux.advocacy,gnu.misc.discuss
Subject: Re: Inheritance vs. Evolution? [Re: Marx vs. Nozick]
Date: Sun, 25 Jul 1999 12:02:06 -0400
In article <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>, robert
<[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> Richard Kulisz wrote:
> >
> > In article <7n72vt$q3g$[EMAIL PROTECTED]>, <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
wrote:
> > >The discussions on whethe humans are animals or not reminds me of the
> > >general question of inheritance:
Interesting observation because that is exactly where the proof is that
humans are indeed animals. It is the inheritance and shuffling of
genetic code and mutations of that code that lead to other species. (
;-)
> >
> > In what sense?
>
> Well, in the sense that what we observe is, IMO, the problem of
> composing complex classes from elementary classes, where the complex
In life forms this is most true. As we all know, the DNA carries the code
that makes all proteins. Proteins are well known for having domaian
structures which as I see it is your "elementary class". Over time
through random events, these domains get suffled around, possible
duplicated many times or even become somewhat different thru mutations and
new proteins with similar but different function gets made. If the
"alteration" is benificial in someway ( the actual way is hard to
characterize because I am not god :-) and the actually selectable trait
may be quite subtle) then it is carried on and new proteins which define a
new creature gets created. So I think you are quite correct in your
asssertion with reagd to the building blocks of life, proteins. Also, it
is believed that there are about 1000 different domains that are used by
all proteins from bacteria to humans. I seems that when something works
then nature gets creative and uses it a thousand different ways, maybe
more.
> class 'behaves' completely differently from the sum of the functions of
> it's members. And more than that, some of the characteristics of the
> elementary classes get 'lost', i.e. are not applicable anymore. I mean,
> they are still applicable, as long as the elementary classes can be
> accessed individually (out of context). But how do we describe the rules
> that conditionally switch old functions off and new functions on?
With regards to the proteins that make up all life, then you must learn
what each particular domain structure is and learn how that attributes to
its function. Domains in a protein are lost over time because they are
not important to the function so they will get hit with mutations that
mask them till they are totally lost. For example, transcription factors
that turn on a gene often have several helical loops at specific angles.
These helical loops act to bind to the DNA in the major and minor groove
(think of DNA as a rope with two twines). So if you find a protein with
these helical loops, you should be able to predict that this might be a
transcription factor and then go about designing experiments to actually
prove it. Since helical loops can be formed many different ways subtle
differences would lead it to bind to different DNA sequences. So
determining which sequence is currently beyond scientific ability. In the
future that could change. NMR and Visulazation have become very
beneficial to the Molecular biologist and the true potential of this work
is just in its infancy.
> Should it be possible to derive those rules from either a) the
> characteristics of the elementary classes (in which case they would have
> to be extended and would carry a lot of useless information, useless for
> the elementary, individual existence) or b) from a different source of
> information, a modifier class, that describes, so to speak, the group
> psychology aspects of the elementary classes when they combine in a
> complex class etc.etc.etc. -- is this too farfetched?
Combinations is wildly effective way at generating diversity so one would
have to know how the elementary classes function and you can bet you last
dollar that the way they are joined (the domains)that I invision as your
"modifier" can greatly influence the function of the protein.
> regards,
> r.
regards,
--
Peter
_____________________________________________________________________
" Some of you might not agree
'Cause you probably likes a lot of misery
But think a while and you will see...
Broken hearts are for assholes"
FZ
------------------------------
From: Jon Bloom <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To: comp.os.linux.hardware
Subject: Re: How do I change SCSI cards in Red Hat 6.0?
Date: Sun, 25 Jul 1999 11:20:08 -0400
David Koretzky wrote:
>
> Anthony Valentine wrote:
> >
> > I currently use and Advansys SCSI card (which works fine) but I woulf
> > like to upgrade it to an Adaptec 2940UW. The aic7xxx.o module supports
> > the Adaptec card, but I cannot get Red Hat to load this module on boot.
>
> You have to recompile the kernel with support for the Adaptec as a
> module.
No, the kernel distributed with RH 6.0 already has that and the other
needed support. (I wish people would stop telling newbies to recompile
their kernel when the newbie has specified use of a distro that already
has the needed kernel config. Why chase someone away from Linux by
making things seem harder than they are?)
[Snipped accurate description of making/using initrd.]
Jon
--
Jon Bloom, KE3Z
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Electronic Publications Manager (Software, CD-ROMs and Web site)
------------------------------
** FOR YOUR REFERENCE **
The service address, to which questions about the list itself and requests
to be added to or deleted from it should be directed, is:
Internet: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
You can send mail to the entire list (and comp.os.linux.misc) via:
Internet: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Linux may be obtained via one of these FTP sites:
ftp.funet.fi pub/Linux
tsx-11.mit.edu pub/linux
sunsite.unc.edu pub/Linux
End of Linux-Misc Digest
******************************
