Linux-Misc Digest #799, Volume #24 Tue, 13 Jun 00 06:13:02 EDT
Contents:
Re: Efficient compression of hard disk partition images ? (Phil Norman)
Re: Installing Linux past 1024 cylinder ([EMAIL PROTECTED])
Re: Linux modules to connect to ISP (David Steuber)
Re: Cross-compiling (David Steuber)
Re: comp.os.linux.misc - to short time (David Steuber)
Re: Sun Sparc faster then intel pentium: is this true???? (Dave Schanen)
Re: FTP Script? (Vilmos Soti)
Re: kernel identification? What is "what" in Linux? (Christoph Kukulies)
Re: The future of sound on Linux: ALSA or OSS? ("Chris Borsbach")
Re: UNIX vs LINUX ... Where to get ? (Toni)
apache configuration screwed? (Christoph Kukulies)
Re: ISO image (James Pearson)
Re: comp.os.linux.misc - to short time (Rafael)
Is there any demand for Linux training? ("Clive Gould")
Re: comp.os.linux.misc - to short time (Rafael)
Re: RH 6.1 and random freezes (Rafael)
hlt -instruction hangs boot proces ([och])
Decompressing corellinux-oc_1.1.iso.gz (Hafiz-ul-Islam)
Re: ISO image (James Stevenson)
"cannot exec. bin. file" & shared memory and semaphores ("GailWeber")
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Phil Norman)
Crossposted-To: comp.compression
Subject: Re: Efficient compression of hard disk partition images ?
Date: 13 Jun 2000 09:12:29 +0200
On 11 Jun 2000 22:26:20 +0200,
Andreas Grosche <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
>While zip (2.0.1) reports to achieve much better compression (surprisingly
>enough), in fact the resulting file seems to have the exact same size
>(except for the additional zip signature) as gzip's creation - here's an
>example of repacking gzip (.gz source is 855458955 bytes!) to zip:
It's quite possible that the reason it's reporting such a small
size is because some integer has overflowed somewhere. You're
compressing rather large images, after all.
You can achieve some extra compression by trying the following
things:
1: Don't bother including inode and block bitmaps (they can be
worked out by scanning the directory tree, starting at inode 2
(the root directory).
2: You can also leave out the multiple copies of the superblock
(there's generally one at the start of every group), and all the
group information, since these for the most part just contain
offsets to the bitmaps and inode arrays.
3: The inode arrays are usually dispersed around the disc, with
one appearing in every group. Move these so they're all in one
long line. You'll then get better compression along this chunk of
fairly similar information.
4: Shift around the allocated blocks so that all the blocks in a
single file will be consecutive. This normally happens anyway, to
some extent (the code allocates blocks in groups of 8, and makes
attempts at keeping things consecutive, but it can't do a perfect
job, whereas you can). This will mean that in all the block
numbers in inodes, and in indirection blocks, the numbers will
increase in steps of one throughout the list of block numbers -
very compressable. Moving all the blocks in one file together
also has the side effect of moving *similar data* together, so
consecutive blocks are more likely to be compressible.
5: File sizes are generally not exactly an integer multiple of
block size, so in quite a number of blocks at the end of files,
there'll be unused sections of data which can be pruned. These
will also occur in indirection blocks, and in inodes. Note that
you can work out exactly where, and for how long, these areas are
by looking at the size of the file recorded in the inode.
6: Since you know exactly how long each file is, and have its
blocks consecutive on the disc, you don't need to store the
indirection blocks, or any block numbers in fact, at all.
Erm... well, it looks like we've ended up with an archiver. A
large quantity of the space used in a filesystem is used to
improve speed in various ways. If you're just after storing the
contents of a filesystem, use an archiver and you can remove a
vast quantity of stuff you really have no need of whatsoever.
Cheers,
Phil
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Crossposted-To: comp.os.linux.setup,comp.os.linux.redhat
Subject: Re: Installing Linux past 1024 cylinder
Date: Tue, 13 Jun 2000 07:44:40 GMT
Kevin Brown wrote:
> I am trying to install RedHat Linux 6.2 on a 20 gig drive. I put it on
> the end of the drive past the 1024th out of 2500 cylinders. LILO
> doesn't seem to like booting from here, it locks up halfway through the
> printing of the LILO prompt. I have heard that lilo doesn't work past
> the 1024th cylinder of the drive.
>
> I have tried using PowerQuest BootMagic to boot from that partition, but
> it just locks up.
>
> If someone could tell me how to use LILO on this partition with or
> without BootMagic or some other solution for this problem I would
> appreciate it very much.
>
> Thanks in advance,
> Kevin
> [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Good to hear of the new LILO release. I'll have to check into that...
Another solution could be...
During partitioning, have your first partition be a tiny one, like 50mb.
Mount it to /boot. Install LILO to the MBR. This should escape your 1024
problem.
-Kara
------------------------------
Subject: Re: Linux modules to connect to ISP
From: David Steuber <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Date: Tue, 13 Jun 2000 07:59:59 GMT
Robert Heller <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
' How much automation does the ISP use? Does the download/CD module
' connect to a robot account creation program at the ISP? You *could*
' just set up an SSL (secure) web site -- the CGI script collects the
' credit card number (via SSL), and user preferences for
' username/password, create the account, validate the CC#, and spit back
' the info listed above, which the Linux user could cut-and-paste into
' the existing net/ppp/dialer config tool(s).
Chicken and egg problem: You have no Internet access yet. You want
to set up an account with ISP xyz. Is a web page really the best way
to do that? That means getting access to the Internet to sign up with
xyz!
A way to go would be something like this:
xyz needs to have a special account to log onto to create a new user
account. ie, userid=newuser, password=password. This account can be
accessed through a particular phone number. This account doesn't
provide Internet access, just access to a web server local to the
ISP. Then the linux user can use the web browser to sign up via the
cgi program. SSL isn't even needed since the communications go over a
private line.
Another possibility is a TCL/TK or Perl/TK or Python/TK, etc, script
that must be run by root. It will still need to log on to a special
account for creating new user accounts.
--
David Steuber | Hi! My name is David Steuber, and I am
NRA Member | a hoploholic.
All bits are significant. Some bits are more significant than others.
-- Charles Babbage Orwell
------------------------------
Subject: Re: Cross-compiling
From: David Steuber <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Date: Tue, 13 Jun 2000 08:00:00 GMT
[EMAIL PROTECTED] (Andre Kostur) writes:
' I'd like to cross-compile _from_ Win32 to Linux... but so far all I've seen
' is references on how to compile from Linux _to_ Win32.... any pointers?
void* p;
Is the Cygwin project still active? I seem to recall that Cygnus had
a set of tools and such that you could set up bash and other unix
utilities on Win32 platforms. If you can get GCC to build in that
environment, then you should be able to set up a cross compliler by
getting the necessar Linux headers and such that you would normally
need for a cross-compile to work.
I think you would find things cheaper and simpler if you just got an
inexpensive machine set up with Linux on it and did native Linux
builds.
--
David Steuber | Hi! My name is David Steuber, and I am
NRA Member | a hoploholic.
All bits are significant. Some bits are more significant than others.
-- Charles Babbage Orwell
------------------------------
Subject: Re: comp.os.linux.misc - to short time
From: David Steuber <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Date: Tue, 13 Jun 2000 08:00:00 GMT
"Lonni J. Friedman" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
' THe person you need to complain to is the person who runs the NNTP
' server at Lund University. We dont' control your server.
Or at least that is what we want you to believe ;-)
We control he horizontal. We control the vertical. Welcome to The
Outer Limits!
--
David Steuber | Hi! My name is David Steuber, and I am
NRA Member | a hoploholic.
All bits are significant. Some bits are more significant than others.
-- Charles Babbage Orwell
------------------------------
From: Dave Schanen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To: comp.sys.sun.hardware,comp.sys.sun.misc
Subject: Re: Sun Sparc faster then intel pentium: is this true????
Date: Mon, 12 Jun 2000 22:24:10 -0500
"Stephen E. Halpin" wrote:
> Clue: You can buy Intels tools TODAY through Intels web site. The C/C++
> compiler (version 4.5, as used in the SPECxxx2000 tests) set are $299
> list, and the VTune analysis package is $429. Add in Microsofts
> Visual C++ environment for a list price of $549, and you have a full
> suite of tools TODAY for $1,277, which is quite a bit cheaper than the
> $1,995 you will have to pay to get Suns Forte C++ Personal Edition 6.
So once you buy this compiler from Intel, what are you going to do,
re-compile nt? Obviously Microsoft didn't use intel's latest compiler
to build their bloated OS, and it will be at least 6 months before we
even see any of these features in DirectX. Most applications don't even
take advantage of MMX, much less the newest thing from intel. (Find an
application which claims to utilize the v4.5 intel compiler) No matter
how great the compiler optimization used on windows is, poorly written
code is still poorly witten code.
>
> As for the SPEC numbers, there are reporting rules are quite clear
> about not publishing numbers with research only compilers, and about
> reporting availability, with the intent that anyone should be able
> to buy the test bed as described and reproduce the benchmark results
> within small tolerances. If anything, the greater difference in base
> and non-base numbers on RISC parts is partly due to the allowance of
> unsafe optimizations in the non-base tests, indicating that the RISC
> vendors require more specialized, platform specific and unsafe
> features for their compilers to produce fast code.
Yes, yes software benchmarks are all very fair, thats why the company
with the most money always wins.
>
> Its all there on Intels, Microsofts and SPECs web sites for you to read.
> If you dispute the numbers, produce the results you come up with using
> the tools and hardware listed in the SPEC reports. Otherwise, the only
> "bullshit" is coming from you.
Don't get all huffy, it's just usenet.
Dave-o
------------------------------
Subject: Re: FTP Script?
From: Vilmos Soti <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Date: Tue, 13 Jun 2000 08:19:26 GMT
David Steuber <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
> ' write a file "host" which contains :
> '
> ' open ftp.somewhere.org
> ' user anonymous [EMAIL PROTECTED]
> ' cd /pub/incoming
> ' bin
> ' put FILENAME
> '
> ' quit
> '
> I nominate this as the best solution to the problem possed. Anyone
> second it? This will certainly be useful to me.
Another solution:
In ~/.netrc have an entry for the machine:
machine ftp.somewhere.org login yourlogin yourpassword
Then a simple
(echo hash; echo bin; echo cd /path/to/; echo get myfile) | ftp.somewhere.org
If for some reason the ftp download stops then you can reissue the same
command but change "get" to "reget".
If you regularly download the same file from the same site, say a log,
then have a macdef entry in your ~/.netrc and simply ftp-ing into the
site will do it.
Here is a possible (working, I just checked) ~/.netrc excerpt:
machine ftp.freesoftware.com login ftp password your@password
macdef init
passive
bin
hash
prompt
cd /pub/linux/redhat/old-releases/redhat-6.0/i386/RedHat/RPMS
get screen-3.7.6-6.i386.rpm
quit
Vilmos
------------------------------
From: Christoph Kukulies <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: kernel identification? What is "what" in Linux?
Date: 13 Jun 2000 08:20:16 GMT
Paul Kimoto <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
:>: If you can find the kernel image ("vmlinuz", "zImage", "bzImage", etc.),
:>: you can run "file /path/to/image" on it.
:> Would that also tell me what version the kernel is (e.g. 2.2.14?)
: Perhaps you should try it.
: $ file /boot/vmlinuz-2.2.16
: /boot/vmlinuz-2.2.16: Linux kernel x86 boot executable bzImage, version \
: 2.2.16 (root@perdita) #2 Thu Ju, RO-rootFS, root_dev=0x302, Normal VGA
:> I suspect it only tells me it is a bzipped compressed file.
I was mislead by the letters bz(Image). bzip is probably too slow, maybe other
reasons (patents incertainty) prevent usage of that program.
: (1) bzip is never used for the kernel.
: (2) The kernel image is not just a compressed file; it also contains the
: code to start up and uncompress the compressed image.
OK, I see. Thanks.
: --
: Paul Kimoto <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
--
Chris Christoph P. U. Kukulies [EMAIL PROTECTED]
------------------------------
From: "Chris Borsbach" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Crossposted-To: comp.os.linux.development.apps
Subject: Re: The future of sound on Linux: ALSA or OSS?
Date: Tue, 13 Jun 2000 10:26:17 +0200
David Steuber <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> schrieb in im Newsbeitrag:
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
> I have a small dilemma. I plan to upgrade the kernel on my laptop
> computer which is running SuSE 6.2. The SuSE distro includes OSS in
> the pay section ( not the same as the kernel OSS ). The OSS is the
> only way I have gotten sound to work on my laptop with the 2.2.10
> kernel that SuSE 6.2 ships with. OSS will ONLY work with the SuSE
> 2.2.10 kernel (SuSE patches the code somehow). OTOH, there is ALSA.
> It is also included in the SuSE 6.2 package. But it is free. So I
> went to the http://www.alsa-project.org/ site and got the latest
> release, which is several revs later than the one on the SuSE 6.2
> CDs.
>
> I haven't built it yet. What I want to know is how well ALSA works
> with sound cards, particularly chip sets used in laptop computers ( I
> have a Gateway Solo 5150 ). I also want to know how compatible ALSA
> is with the OSS architecture. Most, if not all, audio software I have
> uses the OSS architecture. That includes not just /dev/dsp and
> family, but the ioctl calls defined in soundcard.h. Does ALSA support
> the OSS architecture well enough for these programs to keep working?
>
> Has anyone got the appropriate settings to get a kernel build of
> 2.2.16 for sound to work on a Solo 5150? 2.4.0 will be out soon. I
> plan to wait a few months before stepping up to the 2.4.x series. I
> have a USB device I would love to have working ;-)
>
> --
> David Steuber | Hi! My name is David Steuber, and I am
> NRA Member | a hoploholic.
>
> All bits are significant. Some bits are more significant than others.
> -- Charles Babbage Orwell
I just installed the latest Alsa release, and it finally supports my YMF 744
Chip.
I found it to be working with all OSS-apps I work with, but on the other
hand that aren't many :-)
For supported chips look at www.alsa-project.org, I don't have the OSS-URL
handy right now, sorry.
Hope that helps....
------------------------------
From: Toni <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: UNIX vs LINUX ... Where to get ?
Date: Tue, 13 Jun 2000 10:55:50 +0200
> Yes, there are technical
> differences between UNIX and Linux, but for the most part these
> differences are deep beneath the skin (gory details).
Well, it is not that I am afraid of going deeper into the issue of
the Linux details, I just didn't want to know any single difference
of any library that is used when compiling a C program - or such.
I am more interested in an introduction to the underliyng details,
doesn't matter if they are somewhat specific.
Greetz,
Toni.
------------------------------
From: Christoph Kukulies <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: apache configuration screwed?
Date: 13 Jun 2000 09:09:51 GMT
I had installed apache 1.3.9 recently on a Redhat 6.1 system
and initially everything worked fine. Then we introduced amd
and some other NFS mounts. /home went (became an amd mountpoint)
To keep the apache server uninfluenced from this I changed
everything in /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf from /home/httpd to
/usr/local/www and I'm getting constantly:
[Tue Jun 13 11:03:35 2000] [error] [client 137.226.XX.Y] client denied by server
configuration: /usr/local/www/html/index.html
(Error 403, that is)
Any ideas? Can I raise the logging level of apache to obtain
better diagnosis?
--
Chris Christoph P. U. Kukulies [EMAIL PROTECTED]
------------------------------
From: James Pearson <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: ISO image
Date: Tue, 13 Jun 2000 09:03:16 GMT
In article <8i2u0v$[EMAIL PROTECTED]>,
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
> >>Is it somehow possible to extract the contents of this ISO image so
that
> >>I would see the contents as if this CD, from which the image was
ripped,
> >>was mounted somewhere in my filesystem? In other words, is there any
way
> >>to somehow "unpack" it to a normal directory tree?
> >
> >Yes, as root run:
> >
> > mount -t iso9660 -o loop image.iso /mnt/MOUNT_POINT
> >
> >Then, you'll be able to browse the contents as though it was a disk
or CD.
> >Matt Haley <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
>
> Does anyone know if it's possible to mount an iso image, like
above
> read-write I tried all the -o rw combos with no luck? I have a CD-R
that is a
> little too large to fit on a CD-RW and I want to selectively trim out
files
> from different directories. I'm thinking that this could be easier
than using
> mkisofs to selectively take what I want or copying the whole CD onto
the hard
> drive and then deleting what I want and THEN creating an iso.
Can't be done. The ISO9660 file system is read-only - you can't add or
delete files directly from it.
James Pearson
Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/
Before you buy.
------------------------------
From: Rafael <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: comp.os.linux.misc - to short time
Date: Tue, 13 Jun 2000 11:19:07 +0200
Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
So to which new Server should I conect to have possibility read new older than 3
weeks.
Rafael
Jehsom wrote:
> Rafael <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> > I wonder why messages on this new group ar e kept so short time.
> > It is not so good. Is ther eto little space on the server? Imposible
>
> Your ISP is responsible for the news server you use. The messages would
> be kept for a longer time if your ISP wanted to. It's not our fault :)
>
> Moshe
>
> --
> jehsom@ angband.org, bellsouth.net, burdell.org, cc.gatech.edu, polter.net,
> nullity.dhs.org, resnet.gatech.edu, wreck.org, yo.dhs.org, usa.net; gte741e,
> mj116 @prism.gatech.edu; jacobsonconsulting @usa.net; moshe@ medmanager.com;
> ICQ 1900670.
------------------------------
From: "Clive Gould" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Is there any demand for Linux training?
Date: Tue, 13 Jun 2000 10:03:30 +0100
Is there any real demand for Linux training yet?
Discussion welcomed...
Clive
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
------------------------------
From: Rafael <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: comp.os.linux.misc - to short time
Date: Tue, 13 Jun 2000 11:21:42 +0200
Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Unfortunately I don't like use news thruu deja.com. I prefer use new by
normal news reader is much more convienent. I can download all news to my
laptop and read them at home
Rafael
Harlan Grove wrote:
> In article <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>,
> [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
> >Hej Everybody!
> >I wonder why messages on this new group ar e kept so short time.
> >It is not so good. Is ther eto little space on the server? Imposible
>
> It's the NNTP server on which you're reading these postings (probably
> your ISP's) that has such a short holding period. Learn to use Deja.com
>
> Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/
> Before you buy.
------------------------------
From: Rafael <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Re: RH 6.1 and random freezes
Date: Tue, 13 Jun 2000 11:27:05 +0200
Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Hej ROn!
I have the same problem with freezing. It freeze in RedHAt 6.1 and 6.2. A
littl�e help was when I slow down the motherboard. But after adding next net
card the problem was again.
My computer is also running without any problem on 95 and 98.
I tried to work a little bit with interrupts it helped but it stell freeze, but
now one time per 5 hours.
If you will find the solution please mail me.
I have Epox matherboard.
Rafael
Ron wrote:
> I've made a clean install of RH 6.1 on a Pentium II/233 64MB system and am
> experiencing random system freezes that require a hardware reset. They can
> occur anywhere within a few minutes to up to an hour. The hardware should
> be ok, as the same system had been running Windows 95 for the past two years
> continuously without any problem, expect for the typical Windows crashes
> (The hard drive has been reformatted and setup for linux only.)
>
> This is not an X windows problem--it occurs in runlevel 3 without any X
> running. Also, I do not have a sound card. I'm using a Trident Super VGA
> video card and 3Com 3C905 network card.
>
> Could this be a motherboard/bios problem? I'm using an Asus P2L97
> motherboard with the Award bios v4.51PG.
>
> Has anyone else seen and solved this problem?
>
> Thanks in advance!
> Ron
------------------------------
From: [och] <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: hlt -instruction hangs boot proces
Date: Tue, 13 Jun 2000 09:15:14 GMT
Hi!
When booting Linux from disk I get (about) the folllowing msg:
(left out some dots here and there)
Loading Linux...
Uncompressing OK
Linux version 2.2.10
Detected 90005261 hz Processor
Console...
35.84 bogoMIPS
Memory: 65536k
VFS: Diskquotas version dquot_6.4.0 initialized
CPU: Intel Pentium 75 - 200 stepping 04
Checking 387/387 coupling... OK, FPU using exception 16 error reporting
Checking 'hlt' instruction...
at this point the computer hangs and I have to reboot
the machine. ctrl-alt-del does not invoke a reboot.
the machine is a ibm pc server 500 and is equiped
with a scsi hd, memory and a cd-rom drive (scsi).
(I can't boot with a bootable cd).
What are my options?
thanx,
och
Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/
Before you buy.
------------------------------
From: Hafiz-ul-Islam <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: Decompressing corellinux-oc_1.1.iso.gz
Date: Tue, 13 Jun 2000 09:30:03 GMT
Having downloaded the 279mb corellinux-oc_1.1.iso.gz archive from
download.com three times, using the Download Accelerator program, I have
been unable to decompress this archive into a 'iso' file for burning onto a
CDR. I have tried Winzip which manages to get a third of the way through
the archive before reporting an 'unsupported format' error. I have also
tried the Aladdin Decompression utility to no avail. Is it possible that
all three downloads are corrupt? I would greatly appreciate any light you
may be able to shed on this subject.
Thank you
Hafiz-ul-Islam
--
Posted via CNET Help.com
http://www.help.com/
------------------------------
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (James Stevenson)
Subject: Re: ISO image
Date: 12 Jun 2000 17:27:40 GMT
Reply-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Hi
no i do not think that it is because the iso9660 format is made to be read
only there is not the support in the kernel but with linux it is not
needed to be an iso9660 filesystem you can also put on something like a
ext2 filesystem on the cd but you will need linux to read it
cya
James
On 12 Jun 2000 11:01:51 -0400, [EMAIL PROTECTED] <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
> Does anyone know if it's possible to mount an iso image, like above
>read-write I tried all the -o rw combos with no luck? I have a CD-R that is a
>little too large to fit on a CD-RW and I want to selectively trim out files
>from different directories. I'm thinking that this could be easier than using
>mkisofs to selectively take what I want or copying the whole CD onto the hard
>drive and then deleting what I want and THEN creating an iso.
>
>
> Thanks
> -John
>
--
=============================================
Check Out: http://www.users.zetnet.co.uk/james/
E-Mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
5:20pm up 4 days, 4:27, 4 users, load average: 0.92, 1.26, 0.88
------------------------------
From: "GailWeber" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: "cannot exec. bin. file" & shared memory and semaphores
Date: Tue, 13 Jun 2000 04:49:25 -0500
If anybody can tell me how to set the shared memory parameters: SHMMAX,
SHMMIN, SHMMNI, SHMSEG, SHMMNS, and set up semaphores SEMMNI, SEMMSL, and
SEMMNS on linuxppc I would be greatly pleased. On Solaris UNIX you simply
edit a file, and presto! Linux doesn't seem to be very "open" to this sort
of tweaking (that is, unless you enjoy doing kernel recompiles...)
Also, is there any way to get the kernel to behave itself when installing
software on top of it? I consistently get "cannot execute binary file"
errors when attempting to run the installer (even tho all the environment
and setup prerequisites have been met). Am I missing something that allows
the kernel to execute binaries?
------------------------------
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End of Linux-Misc Digest
******************************
