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Dan, thanks for your interest. My next book is going to have much more on this subject than either of the two recent ones, and you will want to keep an eye out for a forthcoming book from the University of Georgia Press by a historian named Honeck, now at Heidelberg. He's working on organizations of emigres of 1848-49 in the U.S. Accounts of the origins of the American movement are heavily weighted to the Germans. This is partly because of Marx, but also because so many of the French go back when Napoleon III lifts the proscriptions in the late 1850s. Even so, at the time of the First International, there are actually more French sections than German at the time of the 1871 split. There's enough material to support something on the French groups in their own right. I've been nudging anyone curious about them to consider the project. Another group vital to this process, the Italians, tend to go back when Garibaldi resumes the fighting in Sicily. This is when Hugh Forbes, the original organizer of the coalition of these groups...and an associate of the International Committee of the mid-1850s returns. What happens to these groups after Forbes goes back to rejoin Garibaldi is a bit murky, but leadership seems to have fallen to Gustave Cluseret, a future leader of the Paris Commune. He did a stint in the Union Army himself, rose to the rank of brigadier general, and edited a newspaper in New York City, which became something of the voice of the emigre radicals interested in nominating John C. Fremont for president in 1864. Some of the old French radicals turn up in its pages, including several old friends of Joseph Déjacque. I am fascinated by the Americans in the Commune, as well, though I've just been poking around the edges of it so far. In fact, I'm making another mental assault on the French language for this very reason. At some point, we will hopefully get a socialist history group going in the U.S. that will make some of these explorations easier and more informed. Let me add, that this would be "socialist" in the broadest possible sense of the term.... Solidarity! Mark L. ________________________________________________ Send list submissions to: [email protected] Set your options at: http://lists.econ.utah.edu/mailman/options/marxism/archive%40mail-archive.com
