Quasars are believed to be powered by accretion</wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)> of material into supermassive black holes </wiki/Supermassive_black_hole> in the nuclei of distant galaxies, making these luminous versions of the general class of objects known as active galaxies </wiki/Active_galaxies>. Since light can't escape the supermassive black holes that are at the center of quasars, the escaping energy is actually generated outside the event horizon </wiki/Event_horizon> by gravitational stresses and immense friction</wiki/Friction> on the incoming material.[3] <#cite_note-jstor.org-2> Large central masses (106 to 109 Solar masses) have been measured in quasars using 'reverberation mapping'. Several dozen nearby large galaxies, with no sign of a quasar nucleus, have been shown to contain a similar central black hole in their nuclei, so it is thought that all large galaxies have one, but only a small fraction emit powerful radiation and so are seen as quasars. The matter accreting onto the black hole is unlikely to fall directly in, but will have some angular momentum around the black hole that will cause the matter to collect in an accretion disc </wiki/Accretion_disc>. Quasars may also be ignited or re-ignited from normal galaxies when infused with a fresh source of matter. In fact, it has been theorized that a quasar could form as the Andromeda galaxy </wiki/Andromeda_galaxy> collides with our own Milky Way</wiki/Milky_Way> galaxy in approximately 3-5 billion years
Most quasars are known to be farther than three billion light-years away. Although quasars appear faint when viewed from Earth, the fact that they are visible from so far away means that quasars are the most luminous objects in the known universe. The quasar that appears brightest in the sky is 3C 273</wiki/3C_273> in the constellation </wiki/Constellation> of Virgo</wiki/Virgo_(constellation)>. It has an average apparent magnitude </wiki/Apparent_magnitude> of 12.8 (bright enough to be seen through a small telescope </wiki/Telescope>), but it has an absolute magnitude </wiki/Absolute_magnitude> of -26.7. From a distance of about 33 light-years </wiki/Light-year>, this object would shine in the sky about as brightly as our sun </wiki/Sun>. This quasar's luminosity </wiki/Luminosity> is, therefore, about 2 trillion</wiki/1000000000000_(number)> (2 × 1012) times that of our sun, or about 100 times that of the total light of average giant galaxies like our Milky Way </wiki/Milky_Way>. However, this assumes the quasar is radiating energy in all directions. An active galactic nucleus </wiki/Active_galactic_nucleus> can be associated with a powerful jet of matter and energy; it need not be radiating in all directions. In a universe containing hundreds of billions of galaxies, most of which had active nuclei billions of years ago and would be seen located billions of light-years away, it is statistically certain that thousands of energy jets are pointed toward us, some more directly than others. In many cases it is likely that the brighter the quasar, the more directly its jet is aimed at us. and i have seen others theories over the years,, and they have also located in white dwarfs.. and they are not black holes.. On Fri, Apr 23, 2010 at 2:02 PM, Pat <[email protected]> wrote: > > > On 23 Apr, 11:07, iam deheretic <[email protected]> wrote: > > Pat you asked what the speed of light has to do with it. actually quite > a > > bit.. with a directional speed of the speed of light ,, there is little > to > > no light traveling in other directions beyond the event horizon. With > all > > light locked into rotation.. there is none avaliable to escape. > > Allan > > > > Yet Quasars seem to be super massive black holes that emit matter/ > energy. So our empirical observation shows that there must be some > exception to the rule you describe. What I attempted to do was to > offer an explanation FOR that exceptional experience. Namely, that, > deep within such a black hole, there is an area/volume that cannot > contain any more matter/energy, therefore, it MUST emit any matter > coming towards that area, as there is no other 'place' for it to go. > > > > > > > > > > > On Thu, Apr 22, 2010 at 2:35 PM, Pat <[email protected]> > wrote: > > > > > On 21 Apr, 16:16, Drafterman <[email protected]> wrote: > > > > On Apr 16, 11:44 am, Pat <[email protected]> wrote: > > > > > > > Hello All, > > > > > I was thinking about quasars this week and what they might be > and > > > > > stumbled across something interesting that I thought I might share > > > > > with you. Firstly, my thought was that a quasar might just be a > black > > > > > hole with a white hole at the centre. Probably NOT a new thought, > but > > > > > it led me to work out what a white hole MIGHT be. I thought that, > > > > > perhaps, a white hole is an area of space that is completely > filled. > > > > > But how could that happen? Well, if the pressures inside the black > > > > > hole are strong enough to compress the energy inside to the > smallest > > > > > wavelength possible, that of the Planck length, then THAT would > > > > > completely fill that area of space-time with tiny, but incredibly > > > > > powerful photons. > > > > > SO, here's some of the maths: Start with the speed of light: > > > > > 299,792,458 metres per second. Now, divide that number by the > Planck > > > > > length of 1.616252^-35. That comes out to a frequency of > 1.8548621^ > > > > > +49 Hz. () Now, assuming that area is a bog-standard "black > body", > > > > > it would produce a temperature of 5.3749609522385^+39 degrees > Kelvin. > > > > > And THAT, my friends, is, technically, the hottest temperature > > > > > allowable in this universe and, thus, the opposite end of the > Kelvin > > > > > scale. Well, at least the highest temperature one could expect to > > > > > find in THIS universe. > > > > > So, if a white hole, as described above, were to exist inside > a > > > > > super-massive black hole, when any matter from the black hole's > > > > > accretion disc fell into the black hole, it would approach the > white > > > > > hole and get thrown out at right angles (i.e., the matter would > spew > > > > > from the poles, as black holes are spinning) and THAT seems to fit > the > > > > > observations we see of what quasars do. Any thoughts, anyone? > > > > > > There is a relationship between quasars and black holes and there > > > > *may* be a relationship between black holes and white holes (if the > > > > latter even exists). > > > > > > As matter falls into a black hole, it heats up and emits radiation. > In > > > > the case of super-massive blackholes, as is sometimes found in the > > > > centers of galaxies, this reaction produces a lot of energy which we > > > > then interpret as quasars. > > > > > > Like black holes, white holes are a theoretical consequence of > general > > > > relativity but, unlike black holes, have yet to be empirically > > > > observed. > > > > > Yup. Just like Hawking Radiation. Shows why he never got a Nobel > > > Prize. Although, I'm all for giving him a Nobel Prize for Sci-Fi > > > Literature. His theories are great on paper, just so long as you > > > completely disregard reality as we know it. At least I try to keep > > > within the framework. Whereas he demands us to accept that the laws > > > of physics can break down and sho no evidence of that (example, his > > > theoretical wavelengths that are shorter than the Planck Length). I > > > don't care much for singularities, either. Which is why my definition > > > of a 'white hole' is just an area/volume of space-time that is > > > completely filled (and in complete accordance with the laws of physics > > > as we know them), rather than some black hole turned inside-out. > > > Perhaps white holes haven't been empirically observed because they, as > > > I purport, only can exist insode of super-massive black holes and the > > > surrounding blackness prohibits us from observing the whiteness...if > > > you see what I mean? > > > > > >While there are many hypotheses floating around that > > > > establish relationships between black holes and white holes (such as > a > > > > black hole creating a "Big Bang" which creates another universe which > > > > would, from its point of view, interpret that as a white hole) I > > > > haven't seen anything that establishes a direct relationship betwen > > > > white holes and quasars. From what I've seen the consensus is that > the > > > > energy of a quasar comes from *outside* the black hole. > > > > > The truth, I'm afraid, might elude us for some time, as it's bloody > > > dangerous to get too close to one; plus, they're all fairly far away > > > and would take scores of generations to reach one, and we just don't > > > have the technology for that. So we'll have to settle for seeing what > > > we can see from our relatively safe distance. > > > > > > > -- > > > > > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google > > > Groups ""Minds Eye"" group. > > > > > To post to this group, send email to [email protected]. > > > > > To unsubscribe from this group, send email to > > > [email protected]<minds-eye%[email protected]> > <minds-eye%[email protected]> > > > . > > > > > For more options, visit this group athttp:// > > > groups.google.com/group/minds-eye?hl=en. > > > > > > -- > > > > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google > Groups > > > ""Minds Eye"" group. > > > > To post to this group, send email to [email protected]. > > > > To unsubscribe from this group, send email to > > > [email protected]<minds-eye%[email protected]> > <minds-eye%[email protected]> > > > . > > > > For more options, visit this group athttp:// > > > groups.google.com/group/minds-eye?hl=en.- Hide quoted text - > > > > > > - Show quoted text - > > > > > -- > > > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google > Groups > > > ""Minds Eye"" group. > > > To post to this group, send email to [email protected]. > > > To unsubscribe from this group, send email to > > > [email protected]<minds-eye%[email protected]> > <minds-eye%[email protected]> > > > . > > > For more options, visit this group at > > >http://groups.google.com/group/minds-eye?hl=en. > > > > -- > > ( > > ) > > I_D Allan > > > > -- > > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > ""Minds Eye"" group. > > To post to this group, send email to [email protected]. > > To unsubscribe from this group, send email to > [email protected]<minds-eye%[email protected]> > . > > For more options, visit this group athttp:// > groups.google.com/group/minds-eye?hl=en.- Hide quoted text - > > > > - Show quoted text - > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > ""Minds Eye"" group. > To post to this group, send email to [email protected]. > To unsubscribe from this group, send email to > [email protected]<minds-eye%[email protected]> > . > For more options, visit this group at > http://groups.google.com/group/minds-eye?hl=en. > > -- ( ) I_D Allan -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups ""Minds Eye"" group. To post to this group, send email to [email protected]. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to [email protected]. For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/minds-eye?hl=en.
