John said to Horse:
Despite your superior expertise, I think you're wrong. ... And all the
expertise in the world will not obviate this fundamental truth. So there.
dmb quotes Wiki:
An expert is someone widely recognized as a reliable source of technique or
skill whose faculty for judging or deciding rightly, justly, or wisely is
accorded authority and status by their peers or the public in a specific
well-distinguished domain. An expert, more generally, is a person with
extensive knowledge or ability based on research, experience, or occupation and
in a particular area of study. Experts are called in for advice on their
respective subject, but they do not always agree on the particulars of a field
of study. An expert can be, by virtue of credential, training, education,
profession, publication or experience, believed to have special knowledge of a
subject beyond that of the average person, sufficient that others may
officially (and legally) rely upon the individual's opinion. Historically, an
expert was referred to as a sage (Sophos). The individual was usually a
profound thinker distinguished for wisdom and sound judgment.
Experts have a prolonged or intense experience through practice and education
in a particular field. In specific fields, the definition of expert is well
established by consensus and therefore it is not necessary for an individual to
have a professional or academic qualification for them to be accepted as an
expert. In this respect, a shepherd with 50 years of experience tending flocks
would be widely recognized as having complete expertise in the use and training
of sheep dogs and the care of sheep. Another example from computer science is
that an expert system may be taught by a human and thereafter considered an
expert, often outperforming human beings at particular tasks. In law, an expert
witness must be recognized by argument and authority.
Research in this area attempts to understand the relation between expert
knowledge and exceptional performance in terms of cognitive structures and
processes. The fundamental research endeavor is to describe what it is that
experts know and how they use their knowledge to achieve performance that most
people assume requires extreme or extraordinary ability. Studies have
investigated the factors that enables experts to be fast and accurate.[1]
Anti-intellectualism is the hostility towards and mistrust of intellect,
intellectuals, and intellectual pursuits, usually expressed as the derision of
education, philosophy, literature, art, and science, as impractical and
contemptible. In public discourse, anti-intellectuals usually perceive and
publicly present themselves as champions of the common folk — populists against
political elitism and academic elitism — proposing that the educated are a
social class detached from the quotidian concerns of the majority, and that
they dominate political discourse and higher education.
As a political adjective, anti-intellectual variously describes an education
system emphasising minimal academic accomplishment, and a government who
formulate public policy without the advice of academics and their scholarship.
Dictators, and their dictatorship supporters, use anti-intellectualism to gain
popular support, by accusing intellectuals of being a socially detached,
politically-dangerous class who question the extant social norms, who dissent
from established opinion, and who reject nationalism, hence they are
unpatriotic, and thus subversive of the nation. Violent anti-intellectualism is
common to the rise and rule of authoritarian political movements, such as
Italian Fascism, Soviet Stalinism in Russia, Nazism in Germany, the Khmer Rouge
in Cambodia, and Iranian theocracy, en route to establishing the national
totalitarianism.
In the 20th century, intellectuals were systematically demoted or expelled from
the power structures, and, occasionally, assassinated. In Argentina, the
biochemist César Milstein reports that when the military usurped Argentine
government via the 1962 coup d’État, they declared that “our countries would be
put in order, as soon as all the intellectuals who were meddling in the region
were expelled”. In Brazil, the educator Paulo Freire was banished for being
ignorant, according to the organizers of the coup d’ État of the moment.[1]
Extreme ideological dictatorships, such as the Khmer Rouge regime in Kampuchea
(1975–79), killed potential opponents with more than elementary education. In
achieving their Year Zero social engineering of Cambodia, they assassinated
anyone suspected of “involvement in free-market activities”. The suspected
Cambodian populace included professionals and almost every educated man and
woman, city-dwellers, and people with connections to foreign governments.
Doctrinally, the Maoist Khmer Rouge designated the farmers as the true
proletariat, as the true representatives of the working class, hence the
anti-intellectual purge. (cf. Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966–76)
Governmental anti-intellectualism ranges from closing public libraries and
public schools, to segregating intellectuals in an Ivory Tower ghetto, to
official declarations that intellectuals tend to mental illness, thus
facilitating psychiatric imprisonment, then scapegoating to divert popular
discontent from the dictatorship (vide the USSR and Fascist Italy, cf. Antonio
Gramsci).
Moreover, anti-intellectualism is neither always violent, nor oppressive,
because most any social group can exercise contempt for intellect,
intellectualism, and education. To wit, the Uruguayan writer Jorge Majfud said
that “this contempt, that arises, from a power installed in the social
institutions, and from the inferiority complex of its actors, is not a property
of ‘underdeveloped’ countries. In fact, it is always the critical
intellectuals, writers, or artists who head the top-ten lists of ‘The Most
Stupid of the Stupid’ in the country.” [2]
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