I would strongly recommend getting a copy of the excellent "Opamps for 
Everyone", 5th ed. by Bruce Carter  & Ron Mancini. It's one of my go-to 
books...

https://www.amazon.co.uk/Op-Amps-Everyone-Bruce-Carter-dp-012811648X/dp/012811648X
 

This is a highly revised version of the original Rev B version of Texas 
Instruments' book by Mancini that is available for free from TI's at 
https://e2echina.ti.com/cfs-file/__key/telligent-evolution-components-attachments/00-52-01-00-00-04-59-46/OP-amp-for-everyone.pdf

TI (and others) have great free analogue design guides... for some more of 
TI's, see

https://www.ti.com/amplifier-circuit/op-amps/technical-documents.html

HTH

Nick

On Friday, 2 April 2021 at 16:03:17 UTC+1 Chuck wrote:

> Makes perfect sense.  Thank you.   So far I've used op amps for a few 
> simple things but still need lots of study and practice to become more 
> proficient with them.
>
> To date my experience with op amps has all been cookie-cutter cookbook 
> applications.   They work, but much more study is required.  At least I now 
> know a little more
>
> about the proper way to tie off the unused ones.   Thanks.   -Chuck
>  
>
> ---- Original Message ----
> From: "gregebert" <[email protected]>
> Sent: 4/1/2021 7:36:20 PM
> To: "neonixie-l" <[email protected]>
> Subject: Re: [neonixie-l] LM-324 op amp
>
> An op-amp is a high-gain amplifier, so if both inputs are tied to the same 
> voltage, then noise will amplified thru the op-amp and cause the output to 
> jump around. As others have said, this can lead to oscillation. Noise is 
> not just what is present at the inputs; it's also inherent in the op-amp 
> itself. Even the pullup or pulldown resistors you use are a source of noise.
>  
> By tying the unused output to the inverting input, you have a stable 
> unity-gain amplifier, thanks to the internal compensation. You can then tie 
> the non-inverting input to gnd, vcc, or preferably something inbetween.
>
>  
>
>  
> On Thursday, April 1, 2021 at 12:21:55 PM UTC-7 jrehwin wrote:
>
>> > That actually sounds kind of like the old military practice of 
>> grounding unused TTL inputs through a 1k resistor.
>>
>> I thought the military practice was to tie unused inputs high (instead of 
>> grounding them) through a resistor: TTL takes less current to pull high 
>> than to pull low.
>>
>> - John
>>  
>
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