> On Apr 1, 2021, at 8:52 AM, chuckrr <[email protected]> wrote:
> 
> Doing do on an LM-324 runs the output at around 7.45 volts
> when the chip is operating from a single 9 volt supply.


This reminds me of an aspect of the LM324 worth including in this thread. It's 
the kind of real-world issue that doesn't come up until the second or third 
chapter of an operational amplifiers textbook. I doubt that it's a concern for 
the original poster but I'm a bit hazy on details myself so I'm hoping that 
someone else can remind me.

The LM324 is capable of working reliably on both bipolar and single power 
supplies. This versatility combined with its low price makes it a good 
all-around choice for a wide variety of less critical applications.

A friend of mine, someone much cleverer than I'll ever be, ran into what he 
assumed to be limitation imposed by its single supply capability. He was 
designing a circuit with a bipolar PS and simply couldn't get the 324 to 
behave. IIRC, he told me that there's glitch that occurs when the output 
crosses zero volts while slewing from negative to positive.

He ended up using something else, problem solved. Has anyone else heard of this?


Terry Bowman, KA4HJH
"The Mac Doctor"

https://www.astarcloseup.com/

“...the book said something astonishing, a very big thought. The stars, it 
said, were suns but very far away. The Sun was a star but close up.”—Carl 
Sagan, "The Backbone Of Night", Cosmos, 1980


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