I've found that the larger DR2000-type tubes do run stone cold, but the 
IV-9 and IV-16s will heat up a bit (warm to the touch) in continuous use.  
I've only made devices with a few digits - up to six.  Sixteen could 
dissipate a reasonable amount of heat, but consider that there also must be 
a fair viewing area for that many tubes, even if there is a bezel with a 
thin lens, through which heat can escape.  Twelve watts shouldn't be too 
bad at that size - perhaps 1" x 6" (25mm x 150mm) or so?  especially if 
there are cooling vents somewhere in the bottom and top of the enclosure.
~~
Mark

On Saturday, May 9, 2026 at 12:09:57 AM UTC-7 newxito wrote:

> To keep the segments warm, my plan was to use just PWM. Maybe it would be 
> easier to add just a bias resistor for each segment. On the other hand, 
> there are 128 segments, so it wouldn't be that simple after all.
> To limit the current I will configure the TLC5921 to deliver 19mA on the 
> outputs. 
> For the 4.5V 3A power supply I've found the AP62301WU-7. It needs just a 
> few external components and is cheap, small and easy to solder.
>
> gregebert schrieb am Samstag, 9. Mai 2026 um 01:56:23 UTC+2:
>
>> I also recommend current-limiting so that you dont get surge-current on 
>> cold filaments. I put preheat hardware and software in place; during 
>> preheat, all segments get just enough current to make them warm, but not 
>> glowing. This reduces the thermal shock when turning them on as well as off.
>>
>> I dont have enough numitrons to generate any lifetime data, and I dont 
>> run those clocks very often...only to gawk at them every few months. Then 
>> back to standby.
>>
>>
>> On Friday, May 8, 2026 at 9:02:34 AM UTC-7 newxito wrote:
>>
>>> Good point. I will add the thermal monitoring to the firmware. I will 
>>> use the same firmware as for the nixie calculators, I just have to add a 
>>> numitron display driver.
>>> The idea is to also reuse the same case, which already has ventilation 
>>> slots at the top and bottom.
>>> This is my first numitron project. I'm now designing a 3A 4.5V power 
>>> supply that will replace the HV PSU and a new driver board with 8 x 
>>> TLC5921. 
>>> I'll upload a thermal image once I've finished the project.
>>>
>>

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