Hi all,
here's the italian2english translation of netsukuku's page on wikipedia.
It's a good one, in my opinion. :)
This translation *takes* everything from the italian page 'cause it's
the most detailed one.
However the actual english page has some things about QSPN that the
italian page does not include, so that ones may be kept or joined.
With this new translation i'm sure ppl can add more things to their
native (ru, fr, es...) wikipedia page.
I let you check this one, before apply the changes.
Check the attach.
Ah, plus for IT page some little improvements and grammar fixes done.
(arpunk ;) i'm ilh700! :) yeah MANY/SOME months are passed for this
translation, i know LOL! Didn't you read the messages i left for you
some evenings ago?)
'''Netsukuku''' is the name of an experimental [[peer-to-peer]] routing system,
developed by [[FreakNet MediaLab|laboratorio FreakNet]], born to build up a
distributed network, anonymous and anarchic, not necessarily separated from
[[Internet]], without the support of any [[server]], [[Internet Service
Provider|ISP]] and no central authority.
== Basic idea ==
Netsukuku borns from the idea to create a pure net, that takes advantage of the
chaos, creates and maintains autonomously, and survives by adapting to changes
in network connections, as a fractal. The combination of pure networks'
management algorithms with fractal algorithms and mathematical theories on
chaos is one of the features that allows Netsukuku to create a widespread and
distributed network, not centralised, anonymous, anarchic, not controllable,
and autonomous. Purpose of Netsukuku is to ensure that anyone, anywhere,
anytime can engage immediately to the network without having to go through
bureaucratic or contractual obligations. The IP address that identifies a
computer is chosen randomly and unambiguously (any collisions are resolved),
therefore is not associated with a precise physical location, and the routes
themselves, being formed by a countless number of nodes, tend to have a
complexity and density so high that makes tracking of a node an extremely
complicated. The speed of data transfer is limited only by the network devices'
technology.
== How it works ==
In a peer-to-peer network each node acts as a [[router]]; to solve the heavy
computational problem and store all routes of all the 2^128 nodes of the
network, in Netsukuku is used an experimental routing [[meta-algorithm]], that
exploits some [[Chaos theory|theories of chaos]] to avoid a high consumption of
computing power, and [[Fractal|fractals] algorithms to maintain the entire
network map constantly under 2 [[kilobytes]]. In order to create a different
system of domain names, no longer based on traditional [[Domain Name
Service|DNS]] servers, the [[#Abnormal Netsukuku Domain Name Anarchy|Abnormal
Netsukuku Domain Name Anarchy]] is born, a distributed, non-hierarchical and
decentralized, address management network system replacing precisely DNS.
Everything runs under [[GNU/Linux]] [[operating system]] and is released under
[[GNU GPL]] licence. Netsukuku has never been tested on a large scale (10,000
or more nodes).
The Internet Service Providers offer connectivity asking, in return, a
financial contribution; this will prevent those who did not have sufficient
resources the ability to connect to the network and communicate through its
services. The ISPs provide their services on the basis of principles of profit,
secondo regole e contratti personalizzati, which usually do not take into
account the availability of those who can not afford to pay the connection. The
hierarchy and centralized Internet creates, as a consequence, other identical
systems, which rely on it, such as DNS; domain names are in fact sold. The very
structure allows you to physically locate any computer connected to the
Internet, with considerable consequences on [[privacy]] of individual nodes.
When a node locks to Netsukuku, the network automatically suits and all other
nodes come to know the fastest and most efficient routes to communicate with
the newcomer. The nodes have no privileges or restrictions than other nodes,
are part of the network and contribute to its expansion and efficiency, being
all equal. With the increase of their number, the network grows, changes shape
and the routes are perfected. In Netsukuku there is no difference between
private and public networks and no longer has any meaning to talk about
[[LAN]]. A network based on Netsukuku can not be controlled or destroyed
because it is completely decentralized and distributed. The only way to monitor
or dismantle a network based on Netsukuku is to physically remove every single
node that comprises. It can implement effective distributed systems, such as
the Abnormal Netsukuku Domain Name Anarchy (ANDNA), which replaces the
traditional DNS system.
The dynamic network protocol of Netsukuku is called [[Npv7_HT]]. The usual
protocols and algorithms for the dynamic routing are usually used to create
small and medium networks, like [[Open_Shortest_Path_First | OSPF]],
[[Routing_Information_Protocol | RIP]] or [[Border_Gateway_Protocol | BGP]],
and use different algorithms to find the best way to reach a node in a network.
These protocols require a relevant [[CPU]] and [[Memory (computer) | memory]]
consumption, and for this reason that the Internet routers are often specially
dedicated computers. It would be impossible to adopt one of these protocols to
create and maintain a network as Netsukuku, where each node is in turn a
router, because the map of all routes would require an area of about one
hundred gigabytes on each computer connected to the network. The Npv7
structures the entire network as a fractal, and uses a special algorithm called
[[Quantum Shortest Path Netsukuku]] (QSPN) to calculate all routes necessary to
connect a node to every other node.
A [[fractal]] is a mathematical structure that can compress indefinitely,
because, within it, every part is formed by the same fractal; the QSPN exploits
an algorithm of fractal type that you have a high compression of a structure
that can expand infinitely. The technical result is that few Kb enough to keep
the entire map Netsukuku on each node. The QSPN, instead, is a meta-algorithm
because does not perform a sequence of instructions defined but uses
mathematical randomness and theories of chaos, and do not require any kind of
calculation.
=== Abnormal Netsukuku Domain Name Anarchy ===
The '''Abnormal Netsukuku Domain Name Anarchy''' ('''ANDNA''') is a
distributed system of naming and management of names, non-hierarchical and
decentralized that plays the same role the [[Domain Name Service | DNS]] does.
Il database di ANDNA รจ incluso nel sistema Netsukuku e quindi ogni nodo include
un database ANDNA che, that, at worst, may occupy 355 kilobytes of memory.
Simplifying, ANDNA works as follows:
To resolve a symbolic name the host applies a function [[Hash]] on behalf. The
Hash function returns an address that the host contacts asking for the
resolution generated by the hash. The contacted node receives a request,
searches in its ANDNA database for the address associated with the name and
returns to the applicant host. Recording is in a similar way. For example,
let's suppose that the node X should record the address ''FreakNet.andna'', X
calculates the hash name and obtains the address 11.22.33.44 associated with
node Y. The node X contacts Y requiring registration for 11.22.33.44 hash as
its own . Y stores the request in its database and any request for resulution
of 11.22.33.44 hash, will answer with the X address.
<pre>
Node X
ip: 123.123.123.123
hash( hostname: "FreakNet.andna" ) == 11.22.33.44
||
||
Node Y
ip: 11.22.33.44
{ [ FreakNet.andna in the database of node Y ]
}
{hash_11.22.33.44 <nowiki>---></nowiki>
123.123.123.123}
</pre>
The protocol is obviously more complex as the system provides an [[Asymmetrical
encryption|Public/private key]] to authenticate the hosts and prevent
unauthorized changes to ANDNA database. Furthermore, the protocol provides
redundancy database to make the protocol resistant to any failures and also
provides for the migration of the database if the network topology changes. The
protocol does not provide for the possibility of revoking a symbolic name, this
after a certain period of inactivity (currently 3 days) is simply deleted from
the database. The protocol also prevents a single host to record an excessive
number of symbolic names (at present 256 names) in order to prevent spammers to
store a high number of terms commonly used or to perform actions of
[[cybersquatting]].
== Use ==
The goal of Netsukuku network is the realization of an infrastructure that not
having to rely on the usual Internet infrastructure is more economical and
independent, allowing access to network users unable to pay a regular fee to
ISPs. The designers of the network think they can achieve this parallel network
relying heavily on future generations of [[Wireless | wireless networks]] that
having a range of several kilometers would allow the creation of a widespread
Netsukuku network. Initially, however, the developers intend to build on
existing Internet infrastructure for testing the network.
Another possible use of the Netsukuku network would be the realization of
cellular networks without the input of telephone operators. This application
starts from the consideration that the network algorithms require reduced
resources and therefore can easily run on existing phones, though for real
applications in this regard are at present only theoretical.
== Related iteams ==
* [[Self-sufficiency]]
* [[Freaknet]]
* [[Tor (anonymity software)|Tor]]
* [[Digital divide]]
== External links ==
* {{en}} [http://netsukuku.freaknet.org official WebSite]
* [http://www.freaknet.org/ FreakNet MediaLab]
* [http://www.itu.int/wsis/goldenbook/search/display.asp?Quest=8868708&lang=en
International Telecommmunication Union] in the context of "World Summit on the
Information Society" (WSIS), which aims to stimulate new projects and
partnerships to reduce the digital divide, Netsukuku is taken into account by
the ITU, as an initiative concerning the informational infrastructure and
communication
[[Category:Peer2peer]]
{{Portal|Computers}}
[[en:Netsukuku]]
[[es:Netsukuku]]
[[fr:Netsukuku]]
[[ia:Netsukuku]]
[[ru:Netsukuku]]
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