sadpandajoe commented on code in PR #43770:
URL: https://github.com/apache/superset/pull/43770#discussion_r4176537872


##########
superset/mcp_service/chart/chart_helpers.py:
##########
@@ -615,75 +1112,459 @@ def require_column(value: Any, field_name: str) -> Any:
     start_time = require_column(form_data.get("start_time"), "start_time")
     end_time = require_column(form_data.get("end_time"), "end_time")
     category = require_column(form_data.get("y_axis"), "y_axis")
-
     raw_series = form_data.get("series")
     series_columns = (
         [require_column(raw_series, "series")] if raw_series is not None else 
[]
     )
-
-    raw_tooltip_columns = form_data.get("tooltip_columns") or []
-    raw_tooltip_metrics = form_data.get("tooltip_metrics") or []
-    if not isinstance(raw_tooltip_columns, list) or len(raw_tooltip_columns) > 
50:
+    raw_tooltips = form_data.get("tooltip_columns") or []
+    raw_metrics = form_data.get("tooltip_metrics") or []
+    if not isinstance(raw_tooltips, list) or len(raw_tooltips) > 50:
         raise ValueError("Gantt tooltip_columns must contain at most 50 
entries")
-    if not isinstance(raw_tooltip_metrics, list) or len(raw_tooltip_metrics) > 
50:
+    if not isinstance(raw_metrics, list) or len(raw_metrics) > 50:
         raise ValueError("Gantt tooltip_metrics must contain at most 50 
entries")
     tooltip_columns = [
         require_column(column, f"tooltip_columns[{index}]")
-        for index, column in enumerate(raw_tooltip_columns)
+        for index, column in enumerate(raw_tooltips)
     ]
+    orderby = _parse_orderby(form_data.get("order_by_cols"))
+    columns = _dedupe_query_fields(
+        [
+            start_time,
+            end_time,
+            category,
+            *series_columns,
+            *tooltip_columns,
+            *(item[0] for item in orderby),
+        ],
+        _column_label,
+    )
+    return columns, list(raw_metrics), orderby, series_columns
 
-    raw_order = form_data.get("order_by_cols") or []
-    if not isinstance(raw_order, list) or len(raw_order) > 100:
-        raise ValueError("Gantt order_by_cols must contain at most 100 
entries")
-    orderby: list[list[Any]] = []
-    for index, entry in enumerate(raw_order):
-        if isinstance(entry, str):
-            if len(entry) > 1000:
-                raise ValueError(f"Gantt order_by_cols[{index}] is too long")
-            try:
-                entry = utils_json.loads(entry)
-            except (TypeError, ValueError) as ex:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    f"Gantt order_by_cols[{index}] is not valid JSON"
-                ) from ex
+
+def _table_time_offsets(form_data: dict[str, Any], query: dict[str, Any]) -> 
list[Any]:
+    """Resolve the Table plugin's custom/inherit comparison offsets."""
+    if not _time_comparison(form_data, query.get("metrics") or []):
+        return []
+    offsets: list[Any] = []
+    for offset in _as_list(form_data.get("time_compare")):
+        if offset == "custom":
+            offset = form_data.get("start_date_offset")
+        elif offset == "inherit":
+            offset = "inherit"
+        if offset is not None and offset not in offsets:
+            offsets.append(offset)
+    extra = form_data.get("extra_form_data")
+    if isinstance(extra, dict):
+        offset = extra.get("time_compare")
+        if offset is not None and offset not in offsets:
+            offsets = [offset]
+    return offsets
+
+
+def _table_totals_metrics(metrics: list[Any], aggregate: Any) -> list[Any]:
+    """Mirror ``getTotalsMetrics`` for Table summary queries."""
+    if aggregate not in {"SUM", "AVG"}:
+        return metrics
+    result: list[Any] = []
+    for metric in metrics:
+        if isinstance(metric, dict) and metric.get("expressionType") == 
"SIMPLE":
+            result.append({**metric, "aggregate": aggregate})
+        else:
+            result.append(metric)
+    return result
+
+
+def _temporal_column(column: Any, form_data: dict[str, Any]) -> Any:
+    """Apply the frontend BASE_AXIS wrapper for a physical temporal column."""
+    if not isinstance(column, str) or not form_data.get("time_grain_sqla"):
+        return column
+    lookup = form_data.get("temporal_columns_lookup")
+    if not isinstance(lookup, dict) or not lookup.get(column):
+        return column
+    return {
+        "timeGrain": form_data["time_grain_sqla"],
+        "columnType": "BASE_AXIS",
+        "sqlExpression": column,
+        "label": column,
+        "expressionType": "SQL",
+        **(
+            {"isColumnReference": True}
+            if str(form_data.get("datasource", "")).endswith("__semantic_view")
+            else {}
+        ),
+    }
+
+
+def _normalize_orderby(query: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+    """Mirror ``normalizeOrderBy`` without dropping independent mixed state."""
+    orderby = query.get("orderby")
+    if (
+        isinstance(orderby, list)
+        and orderby
+        and isinstance(orderby[0], (list, tuple))
+        and len(orderby[0]) == 2
+        and orderby[0][0]
+        and isinstance(orderby[0][1], bool)
+    ):
+        return
+    query.pop("orderby", None)
+    target = query.get("series_limit_metric") or query.get("legacy_order_by")
+    if target is None:
+        metrics = query.get("metrics") or []
+        target = metrics[0] if metrics else None
+    if target is not None:
+        query["orderby"] = [[target, not query.get("order_desc", True)]]
+
+
+def _time_comparison(form_data: dict[str, Any], metrics: list[Any]) -> bool:
+    return bool(
+        metrics
+        and _as_list(form_data.get("time_compare"))
+        and form_data.get("comparison_type")
+        in {"values", "difference", "percentage", "ratio"}
+    )
+
+
+def _timeseries_post_processing(  # noqa: C901
+    form_data: dict[str, Any],
+    query: dict[str, Any],
+    *,
+    operator_metrics: list[Any] | None = None,
+    complete_timeseries_contract: bool = False,
+) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+    """Build the frontend Mixed/Timeseries post-processing contract.
+
+    Timeseries passes its pre-extra-metric QueryObject to every operator, while
+    adding ``extractExtraMetrics`` only to its final query and normal pivot.
+    Mixed passes each layer QueryObject and implements the smaller operator set
+    in its own frontend builder.
+    """
+    metrics = (
+        list(operator_metrics)
+        if operator_metrics is not None
+        else list(query.get("metrics") or [])
+    )
+    metric_labels = [label for metric in metrics if (label := 
_metric_label(metric))]
+    x_axis = form_data.get("x_axis")
+    x_label = (
+        _column_label(x_axis)
+        if x_axis
+        else ("__timestamp" if form_data.get("granularity_sqla") else None)
+    )
+    series = _query_series_columns(query)
+    series_labels = [label for column in series if (label := 
_column_label(column))]
+    offsets = _as_list(form_data.get("time_compare"))
+    comparison = _time_comparison(form_data, metrics)
+    offset_map = {
+        f"{metric}__{offset}": metric for metric in metric_labels for offset 
in offsets
+    }
+    pivot_metrics = (
+        [*offset_map.values(), *offset_map.keys()]
+        if comparison
+        else [
+            *metric_labels,
+            *(
+                [
+                    label
+                    for metric in _timeseries_extra_metrics(form_data)
+                    if (label := _metric_label(metric))
+                ]
+                if complete_timeseries_contract
+                else []
+            ),
+        ]
+    )
+    chain: list[dict[str, Any] | None] = []
+    if x_label and pivot_metrics:
+        chain.append(
+            {
+                "operation": "pivot",
+                "options": {
+                    "index": [x_label],
+                    "columns": series_labels,
+                    "aggregates": {
+                        metric: {"operator": "mean"} for metric in 
pivot_metrics
+                    },
+                    "drop_missing_columns": not form_data.get(
+                        "show_empty_columns", False
+                    ),
+                },
+            }
+        )
+    method = form_data.get("resample_method")
+    rule = form_data.get("resample_rule")
+    if method and rule:
+        zero_fill = method == "zerofill"
+        chain.append(
+            {
+                "operation": "resample",
+                "options": {
+                    "method": "asfreq" if zero_fill else method,
+                    "rule": rule,
+                    "fill_value": 0 if zero_fill else None,
+                },
+            }
+        )
+    rolling_type = form_data.get("rolling_type")
+    rolling_columns = (
+        [*offset_map.values(), *offset_map.keys()] if comparison else 
metric_labels
+    )
+    if rolling_type == "cumsum":
+        chain.append(
+            {
+                "operation": "cum",
+                "options": {
+                    "operator": "sum",
+                    "columns": {column: column for column in rolling_columns},
+                },
+            }
+        )
+    elif rolling_type in {"sum", "mean", "std"}:
+        chain.append(
+            {
+                "operation": "rolling",
+                "options": {
+                    "rolling_type": rolling_type,
+                    "window": int(form_data.get("rolling_periods") or 1),
+                    "min_periods": int(form_data.get("min_periods") or 0),
+                    "columns": {column: column for column in rolling_columns},
+                },
+            }
+        )
+    comparison_type = form_data.get("comparison_type")
+    if comparison and comparison_type != "values":
+        chain.append(
+            {
+                "operation": "compare",
+                "options": {
+                    "source_columns": list(offset_map.values()),
+                    "compare_columns": list(offset_map.keys()),
+                    "compare_type": comparison_type,
+                    "drop_original_columns": True,
+                },
+            }
+        )
+    if complete_timeseries_contract and form_data.get("contributionMode"):
+        chain.append(
+            {
+                "operation": "contribution",
+                "options": {
+                    "orientation": form_data["contributionMode"],
+                    "time_shifts": offsets if comparison else [],
+                },
+            }
+        )
+    if comparison:
+        rename: dict[str, str | None] = {}
+        for shifted, metric in offset_map.items():
+            offset = next(
+                (item for item in offsets if shifted.endswith(f"__{item}")), 
None
+            )
+            source = (
+                shifted
+                if comparison_type == "values"
+                else f"{comparison_type}__{metric}__{shifted}"
+            )
+            rename[source] = f"{metric}, {offset}" if len(metrics) > 1 else 
offset
+        if rename:
+            chain.append(
+                {
+                    "operation": "rename",
+                    "options": {"columns": rename, "level": 0, "inplace": 
True},
+                }
+            )
+    elif (
+        x_label
+        and len(metrics) == 1
+        and (series_labels or len(offsets) > 1)
+        and form_data.get("truncate_metric") is not None
+        and form_data.get("truncate_metric")
+    ):
+        chain.append(
+            {
+                "operation": "rename",
+                "options": {
+                    "columns": {metric_labels[0]: None},
+                    "level": 0,
+                    "inplace": True,
+                },
+            }
+        )
+    if complete_timeseries_contract:
+        x_axis_sort = form_data.get("x_axis_sort")
+        x_axis_sort_asc = form_data.get("x_axis_sort_asc")
+        sortable_labels = [
+            label
+            for label in [
+                x_label,
+                *(
+                    _metric_label(metric)
+                    for metric in _as_list(form_data.get("metrics"))
+                ),
+                *(
+                    _metric_label(metric)
+                    for metric in _timeseries_extra_metrics(form_data)
+                ),
+            ]
+            if label
+        ]
         if (
-            not isinstance(entry, (list, tuple))
-            or len(entry) != 2
-            or not isinstance(entry[0], str)
-            or not entry[0]
-            or not isinstance(entry[1], bool)
+            x_axis_sort is not None
+            and x_axis_sort_asc is not None
+            and x_axis_sort in sortable_labels
+            and not _as_list(form_data.get("groupby"))
         ):
-            raise ValueError(
-                f"Gantt order_by_cols[{index}] must be [column, 
ascending_boolean]"
-            )
-        orderby.append([entry[0], entry[1]])
+            options: dict[str, Any] = {"ascending": x_axis_sort_asc}
+            if x_axis_sort == x_label:
+                options["is_sort_index"] = True
+            else:
+                options["by"] = x_axis_sort
+            chain.append({"operation": "sort", "options": options})
+    chain.append({"operation": "flatten"})
+
+    if complete_timeseries_contract and form_data.get("forecastEnabled") and 
x_label:
+        x_axis_grain = (
+            x_axis.get("timeGrain")
+            if isinstance(x_axis, dict)
+            and x_axis.get("expressionType") in {"SIMPLE", "SQL"}
+            else None
+        )
+        time_grain = (
+            x_axis_grain
+            or (query.get("extras") or {}).get("time_grain_sqla")
+            or form_data.get("time_grain_sqla")
+            or "P1D"
+        )
+        chain.append(
+            {
+                "operation": "prophet",
+                "options": {
+                    "time_grain": time_grain,
+                    "periods": int(form_data.get("forecastPeriods", 10)),
+                    "confidence_interval": float(
+                        form_data.get("forecastInterval", 0.8)
+                    ),
+                    "yearly_seasonality": 
form_data.get("forecastSeasonalityYearly"),
+                    "weekly_seasonality": 
form_data.get("forecastSeasonalityWeekly"),
+                    "daily_seasonality": 
form_data.get("forecastSeasonalityDaily"),
+                    "index": x_label,
+                },
+            }
+        )
+    return [operator for operator in chain if operator is not None]
 
-    columns: list[Any] = []
-    seen: set[str] = set()
-    for column in (
-        start_time,
-        end_time,
-        category,
-        *series_columns,
-        *tooltip_columns,
-        *(entry[0] for entry in orderby),
+
+def _mixed_layer_form_data(
+    form_data: dict[str, Any], *, secondary: bool
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Mirror MixedTimeseries remove/retainFormDataSuffix for one layer."""
+    if not secondary:
+        return {
+            key: value for key, value in form_data.items() if not 
key.endswith("_b")
+        }
+    layer = {key: value for key, value in form_data.items() if not 
key.endswith("_b")}
+    for isolated_key in (
+        "metrics",
+        "groupby",
+        "orderby",
+        "limit",
+        "series_limit",
+        "timeseries_limit_metric",
+        "series_limit_metric",
+        "order_desc",
+        "truncate_metric",
+        "time_compare",
+        "comparison_type",
+        "resample_method",
+        "resample_rule",
+        "rolling_type",
+        "rolling_periods",
+        "min_periods",
+        "show_empty_columns",
     ):
-        key = utils_json.dumps(column, sort_keys=True, default=str)
-        if key not in seen:
-            seen.add(key)
-            columns.append(column)
-    return columns, list(raw_tooltip_metrics), orderby, series_columns
+        if f"{isolated_key}_b" not in form_data:
+            layer.pop(isolated_key, None)

Review Comment:
   With shared `limit: 5`, `timeseries_limit_metric`, and `order_desc: false` 
but no corresponding `_b` overrides, this strips those controls from layer B 
even though Explore retains them, so the reconstructed secondary query ranks 
and returns a different set of series. Could unsuffixed controls remain unless 
a suffixed value overrides them?



##########
superset/mcp_service/chart/chart_helpers.py:
##########
@@ -615,75 +1112,459 @@ def require_column(value: Any, field_name: str) -> Any:
     start_time = require_column(form_data.get("start_time"), "start_time")
     end_time = require_column(form_data.get("end_time"), "end_time")
     category = require_column(form_data.get("y_axis"), "y_axis")
-
     raw_series = form_data.get("series")
     series_columns = (
         [require_column(raw_series, "series")] if raw_series is not None else 
[]
     )
-
-    raw_tooltip_columns = form_data.get("tooltip_columns") or []
-    raw_tooltip_metrics = form_data.get("tooltip_metrics") or []
-    if not isinstance(raw_tooltip_columns, list) or len(raw_tooltip_columns) > 
50:
+    raw_tooltips = form_data.get("tooltip_columns") or []
+    raw_metrics = form_data.get("tooltip_metrics") or []
+    if not isinstance(raw_tooltips, list) or len(raw_tooltips) > 50:
         raise ValueError("Gantt tooltip_columns must contain at most 50 
entries")
-    if not isinstance(raw_tooltip_metrics, list) or len(raw_tooltip_metrics) > 
50:
+    if not isinstance(raw_metrics, list) or len(raw_metrics) > 50:
         raise ValueError("Gantt tooltip_metrics must contain at most 50 
entries")
     tooltip_columns = [
         require_column(column, f"tooltip_columns[{index}]")
-        for index, column in enumerate(raw_tooltip_columns)
+        for index, column in enumerate(raw_tooltips)
     ]
+    orderby = _parse_orderby(form_data.get("order_by_cols"))
+    columns = _dedupe_query_fields(
+        [
+            start_time,
+            end_time,
+            category,
+            *series_columns,
+            *tooltip_columns,
+            *(item[0] for item in orderby),
+        ],
+        _column_label,
+    )
+    return columns, list(raw_metrics), orderby, series_columns
 
-    raw_order = form_data.get("order_by_cols") or []
-    if not isinstance(raw_order, list) or len(raw_order) > 100:
-        raise ValueError("Gantt order_by_cols must contain at most 100 
entries")
-    orderby: list[list[Any]] = []
-    for index, entry in enumerate(raw_order):
-        if isinstance(entry, str):
-            if len(entry) > 1000:
-                raise ValueError(f"Gantt order_by_cols[{index}] is too long")
-            try:
-                entry = utils_json.loads(entry)
-            except (TypeError, ValueError) as ex:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    f"Gantt order_by_cols[{index}] is not valid JSON"
-                ) from ex
+
+def _table_time_offsets(form_data: dict[str, Any], query: dict[str, Any]) -> 
list[Any]:
+    """Resolve the Table plugin's custom/inherit comparison offsets."""
+    if not _time_comparison(form_data, query.get("metrics") or []):
+        return []
+    offsets: list[Any] = []
+    for offset in _as_list(form_data.get("time_compare")):
+        if offset == "custom":
+            offset = form_data.get("start_date_offset")
+        elif offset == "inherit":
+            offset = "inherit"
+        if offset is not None and offset not in offsets:
+            offsets.append(offset)
+    extra = form_data.get("extra_form_data")
+    if isinstance(extra, dict):
+        offset = extra.get("time_compare")
+        if offset is not None and offset not in offsets:
+            offsets = [offset]
+    return offsets
+
+
+def _table_totals_metrics(metrics: list[Any], aggregate: Any) -> list[Any]:
+    """Mirror ``getTotalsMetrics`` for Table summary queries."""
+    if aggregate not in {"SUM", "AVG"}:
+        return metrics
+    result: list[Any] = []
+    for metric in metrics:
+        if isinstance(metric, dict) and metric.get("expressionType") == 
"SIMPLE":
+            result.append({**metric, "aggregate": aggregate})
+        else:
+            result.append(metric)
+    return result
+
+
+def _temporal_column(column: Any, form_data: dict[str, Any]) -> Any:
+    """Apply the frontend BASE_AXIS wrapper for a physical temporal column."""
+    if not isinstance(column, str) or not form_data.get("time_grain_sqla"):
+        return column
+    lookup = form_data.get("temporal_columns_lookup")
+    if not isinstance(lookup, dict) or not lookup.get(column):
+        return column
+    return {
+        "timeGrain": form_data["time_grain_sqla"],
+        "columnType": "BASE_AXIS",
+        "sqlExpression": column,
+        "label": column,
+        "expressionType": "SQL",
+        **(
+            {"isColumnReference": True}
+            if str(form_data.get("datasource", "")).endswith("__semantic_view")
+            else {}
+        ),
+    }
+
+
+def _normalize_orderby(query: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+    """Mirror ``normalizeOrderBy`` without dropping independent mixed state."""
+    orderby = query.get("orderby")
+    if (
+        isinstance(orderby, list)
+        and orderby
+        and isinstance(orderby[0], (list, tuple))
+        and len(orderby[0]) == 2
+        and orderby[0][0]
+        and isinstance(orderby[0][1], bool)
+    ):
+        return
+    query.pop("orderby", None)
+    target = query.get("series_limit_metric") or query.get("legacy_order_by")
+    if target is None:
+        metrics = query.get("metrics") or []
+        target = metrics[0] if metrics else None
+    if target is not None:
+        query["orderby"] = [[target, not query.get("order_desc", True)]]
+
+
+def _time_comparison(form_data: dict[str, Any], metrics: list[Any]) -> bool:
+    return bool(
+        metrics
+        and _as_list(form_data.get("time_compare"))
+        and form_data.get("comparison_type")
+        in {"values", "difference", "percentage", "ratio"}
+    )
+
+
+def _timeseries_post_processing(  # noqa: C901
+    form_data: dict[str, Any],
+    query: dict[str, Any],
+    *,
+    operator_metrics: list[Any] | None = None,
+    complete_timeseries_contract: bool = False,
+) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+    """Build the frontend Mixed/Timeseries post-processing contract.
+
+    Timeseries passes its pre-extra-metric QueryObject to every operator, while
+    adding ``extractExtraMetrics`` only to its final query and normal pivot.
+    Mixed passes each layer QueryObject and implements the smaller operator set
+    in its own frontend builder.
+    """
+    metrics = (
+        list(operator_metrics)
+        if operator_metrics is not None
+        else list(query.get("metrics") or [])
+    )
+    metric_labels = [label for metric in metrics if (label := 
_metric_label(metric))]
+    x_axis = form_data.get("x_axis")
+    x_label = (
+        _column_label(x_axis)
+        if x_axis
+        else ("__timestamp" if form_data.get("granularity_sqla") else None)
+    )
+    series = _query_series_columns(query)
+    series_labels = [label for column in series if (label := 
_column_label(column))]
+    offsets = _as_list(form_data.get("time_compare"))
+    comparison = _time_comparison(form_data, metrics)
+    offset_map = {
+        f"{metric}__{offset}": metric for metric in metric_labels for offset 
in offsets
+    }
+    pivot_metrics = (
+        [*offset_map.values(), *offset_map.keys()]
+        if comparison
+        else [
+            *metric_labels,
+            *(
+                [
+                    label
+                    for metric in _timeseries_extra_metrics(form_data)
+                    if (label := _metric_label(metric))
+                ]
+                if complete_timeseries_contract
+                else []
+            ),
+        ]
+    )
+    chain: list[dict[str, Any] | None] = []
+    if x_label and pivot_metrics:
+        chain.append(
+            {
+                "operation": "pivot",
+                "options": {
+                    "index": [x_label],
+                    "columns": series_labels,
+                    "aggregates": {
+                        metric: {"operator": "mean"} for metric in 
pivot_metrics
+                    },
+                    "drop_missing_columns": not form_data.get(
+                        "show_empty_columns", False
+                    ),
+                },
+            }
+        )
+    method = form_data.get("resample_method")
+    rule = form_data.get("resample_rule")
+    if method and rule:
+        zero_fill = method == "zerofill"
+        chain.append(
+            {
+                "operation": "resample",
+                "options": {
+                    "method": "asfreq" if zero_fill else method,
+                    "rule": rule,
+                    "fill_value": 0 if zero_fill else None,

Review Comment:
   A saved timeseries chart with `resample_fill_time_range: true` and 
observations only in the middle of the requested period loses its leading and 
trailing zero-filled days here, because the resample operator never receives 
`fill_time_range`. Could this preserve the flag that Explore sends so the 
server supplies the requested time boundaries?



##########
superset/mcp_service/semantic_layer/tool/get_table.py:
##########
@@ -366,23 +372,25 @@ def _build_response(
     is_builtin: bool,
     display_name: str,
     query_result: dict[str, Any],
+    data: list[dict[str, Any]],
+    raw_columns: list[str],
+    coltypes: list[int | GenericDataType],
     query_duration_ms: int,
     warnings: list[str],
     temporal_columns: set[str] | None = None,
     valid_grains: dict[str, dict[str, str]] | None = None,
 ) -> GetTableResponse:
     """Format the query result into a GetTableResponse."""
-    data = query_result.get("data", [])
-    raw_columns = query_result.get("colnames", [])
     cache_status = get_cache_status_from_result(
         query_result, force_refresh=request.force_refresh
     )
+    columns_meta = format_data_columns(data, raw_columns, coltypes)

Review Comment:
   Every nonempty table response profiles all columns here and then discards 
that result when profiling again below with temporal overrides; a 5,000-row, 
200-column result therefore repeats one million value inspections and their 
allocations. Could this first call be limited to the empty-result branch, 
leaving one profiling pass for nonempty data?



##########
superset/mcp_service/chart/preview_utils.py:
##########
@@ -339,6 +414,532 @@ def _generate_safe_ascii_bar_chart(data: List[Dict[str, 
Any]]) -> str:
     return "\n".join(lines)
 
 
+def _form_metric_label(metric: Any) -> str | None:
+    """Return the result-column label for a native QueryFormMetric."""
+    if type(metric) is str:
+        return metric
+    if type(metric) is not dict:
+        return None
+    if label := dict.get(metric, "label"):
+        return label if type(label) is str else None
+    if dict.get(metric, "expressionType") == "SQL":
+        expression = dict.get(metric, "sqlExpression")
+        return expression if type(expression) is str and expression else None
+    column = dict.get(metric, "column")
+    column_name = dict.get(column, "column_name") if type(column) is dict else 
column
+    aggregate = dict.get(metric, "aggregate")
+    if type(column_name) is str and type(aggregate) is str:
+        return f"{aggregate}({column_name})"
+    return None
+
+
+def _form_column_label(column: Any) -> str | None:
+    """Return the result-column label for a native QueryFormColumn."""
+    if type(column) is str:
+        return column
+    if type(column) is not dict:
+        return None
+    for key in ("label", "column_name"):
+        if type(value := dict.get(column, key)) is str and value:
+            return value
+    return None
+
+
+def _canonical_result_field(label: str | None, row: Dict[str, Any]) -> str | 
None:
+    """Resolve an exact or one unambiguous casefold result-field match."""
+    if label is None:
+        return None
+    if label in dict.keys(row):
+        return label
+    matches = [
+        field
+        for field in dict.keys(row)
+        if type(field) is str and field.casefold() == label.casefold()
+    ]
+    return matches[0] if len(matches) == 1 else None
+
+
+def _require_result_field(label: str | None, row: dict[str, Any], role: str) 
-> str:
+    """Resolve a role without falling back to an unrelated result field."""
+    if not label:
+        raise BulletOutputError(f"Bullet {role} has no declared result alias")
+    if label in dict.keys(row):
+        return label
+    matches = sorted(
+        field
+        for field in dict.keys(row)
+        if type(field) is str and field.casefold() == label.casefold()
+    )
+    if len(matches) == 1:
+        return matches[0]
+    if matches:
+        raise BulletOutputError(
+            f"Bullet {role} alias {label!r} is ambiguous; candidates: "
+            f"{', '.join(matches)}"
+        )
+    raise BulletOutputError(
+        f"Bullet {role} alias {label!r} is missing from query output"
+    )
+
+
+def _safe_enum_backing(value: Any) -> Any:
+    """Extract Enum's stored value without public descriptors/conversions."""
+    value_type = type(value)
+    try:
+        mro = type.__getattribute__(value_type, "__mro__")
+    except (AttributeError, TypeError):  # pragma: no cover - normal types 
have MRO
+        return value
+    if type(mro) is not tuple or not any(base is Enum for base in mro):
+        return value
+    try:
+        backing = object.__getattribute__(value, "_value_")
+    except Exception as ex:
+        raise BulletOutputError("Bullet output contains an unreadable enum") 
from ex
+    if not any(type(backing) is allowed for allowed in _ENUM_SCALAR_TYPES):
+        raise BulletOutputError("Bullet output contains an unsupported enum 
value")
+    return backing
+
+
+def _decimal_javascript_string(value: Decimal) -> str:
+    """Render an exact binary64 spelling with JavaScript Number thresholds."""
+    sign, digits_tuple, exponent = Decimal.as_tuple(value)
+    if type(exponent) is not int:  # finite Decimals always have an integer 
exponent
+        raise BulletOutputError("Bullet dimension contains a non-finite 
Decimal")
+    if not any(digits_tuple):
+        return "0"
+
+    digits = "".join(str(digit) for digit in digits_tuple)
+    adjusted = len(digits) + exponent - 1
+    prefix = "-" if sign else ""
+    if -6 <= adjusted < 21:
+        point = len(digits) + exponent
+        if point <= 0:
+            text = f"0.{('0' * -point)}{digits}"
+        elif point >= len(digits):
+            text = digits + ("0" * (point - len(digits)))
+        else:
+            text = f"{digits[:point]}.{digits[point:]}"
+        if "." in text:
+            text = text.rstrip("0").rstrip(".")
+        return prefix + text
+
+    fraction = digits[1:].rstrip("0")
+    coefficient = digits[0] + (f".{fraction}" if fraction else "")
+    exponent_text = f"+{adjusted}" if adjusted >= 0 else str(adjusted)
+    return f"{prefix}{coefficient}e{exponent_text}"
+
+
+def _javascript_number_string(value: int | float | Decimal) -> str:
+    """Apply JSON-number -> IEEE-754 Number -> JavaScript String semantics.
+
+    Exact result scalars can retain precision that the frontend cannot: JSON
+    parsing first rounds a numeric token to binary64, and ``String`` then emits
+    the shortest round-tripping decimal with fixed notation for exponents in
+    [-6, 20].  Converting exact builtin scalars to an exact builtin float keeps
+    the path hook-free.  Python and JavaScript use the same shortest
+    round-tripping binary64 digits; ``_decimal_javascript_string`` only adjusts
+    the notation thresholds and exponent spelling.
+
+    A finite integer or Decimal outside binary64's range becomes an infinity
+    after JSON parsing, matching JavaScript.  Non-finite source values are
+    rejected by the trusted scalar normalizer before this helper is called.
+    """
+    value_type = type(value)
+    if value_type not in {int, float, Decimal}:
+        raise BulletOutputError("Bullet dimension contains an unsupported 
number")
+    if value_type is float and not math.isfinite(value):
+        raise BulletOutputError("Bullet dimension contains a non-finite 
number")
+    if isinstance(value, Decimal) and not Decimal.is_finite(value):
+        raise BulletOutputError("Bullet dimension contains a non-finite 
Decimal")
+    try:
+        number = float(value)
+    except OverflowError:
+        number = -math.inf if value < 0 else math.inf
+
+    if math.isinf(number):
+        return "-Infinity" if number < 0 else "Infinity"
+    if number == 0:
+        # String(-0) is "0" even though JSON.parse preserves negative zero.
+        return "0"
+    return _decimal_javascript_string(Decimal(float.__repr__(number)))
+
+
+def _bullet_category_value(  # noqa: C901
+    value: Any, dimension: str, row_index: int
+) -> tuple[Any, str]:
+    """Return a JSON-safe value and bounded frontend ``String(value)`` text.
+
+    The trusted scalar normalizer is type-exact and does not dispatch through
+    application hooks.  Vega data retains the normalized Chart Data wire value
+    (including epoch-ms temporal numbers); only the derived category key and
+    ASCII label use the JavaScript-compatible text.
+    """
+    from superset.mcp_service.chart.query_result import (
+        _bounded_utf8_length,
+        _chart_data_duration_text,
+        _chart_data_temporal_number,
+        _is_chart_data_duration_scalar,
+        _is_chart_data_temporal_scalar,
+        _normalize_trusted_scalar,
+    )
+
+    normalized: Any
+    reason: str | None
+    if _is_chart_data_temporal_scalar(value):
+        normalized, reason = _chart_data_temporal_number(value)
+    elif _is_chart_data_duration_scalar(value):
+        normalized, reason = _chart_data_duration_text(value)
+    else:
+        normalized, reason = _normalize_trusted_scalar(
+            value, max_string_bytes=_MAX_BULLET_TEXT_BYTES
+        )
+    if reason is not None:
+        if reason == "contains an unsupported or subclassed value":
+            reason = "has an unsupported value type"
+        elif "oversized string" in reason:
+            reason = "exceeds the size limit"
+        raise BulletOutputError(
+            f"Bullet dimension {dimension!r} row {row_index} {reason}"
+        )
+
+    value_type = type(normalized)
+    if normalized is None:
+        text = "null"
+    elif value_type is str:
+        text = normalized
+    elif value_type is bool:
+        text = "true" if normalized else "false"
+    elif value_type is int or value_type is float or value_type is Decimal:
+        text = _javascript_number_string(normalized)
+    else:
+        raise BulletOutputError(
+            f"Bullet dimension {dimension!r} row {row_index} has an "
+            "unsupported value type"
+        )
+
+    if _bounded_utf8_length(text, _MAX_BULLET_TEXT_BYTES) is None:
+        raise BulletOutputError(
+            f"Bullet dimension {dimension!r} row {row_index} exceeds the size 
limit"
+        )
+    return normalized, text
+
+
+def _bullet_number(value: Any, row_index: int, metric_field: str) -> float:
+    """Apply the frontend's useful ``Number(value ?? 0)`` numeric subset."""
+    value = _safe_enum_backing(value)
+    if value is None:
+        number = 0.0
+    elif type(value) is bool:
+        raise BulletOutputError(
+            f"Bullet metric {metric_field!r} row {row_index} returned a 
boolean"
+        )
+    elif type(value) is int or type(value) is float or type(value) is Decimal:
+        try:
+            number = float(value)
+        except (TypeError, ValueError, OverflowError) as ex:
+            raise BulletOutputError(
+                f"Bullet metric {metric_field!r} row {row_index} is not 
numeric"
+            ) from ex
+    elif type(value) is str:
+        if len(value) > _MAX_BULLET_TEXT_BYTES:
+            raise BulletOutputError(
+                f"Bullet metric {metric_field!r} row {row_index} is not 
numeric"
+            )
+        stripped = value.strip()
+        if not stripped:
+            raise BulletOutputError(
+                f"Bullet metric {metric_field!r} row {row_index} is not 
numeric"
+            )
+        try:
+            number = float(Decimal(stripped))

Review Comment:
   A saved/SQL metric returning `"1_000"` is accepted here as 1000, but 
Explore's `Number(...)` produces NaN, so compilation and the MCP preview 
succeed for a chart whose measure cannot render in the browser. Could 
metric-string validation reject Decimal-only spellings, including underscore 
separators and non-ASCII digits?



##########
superset/mcp_service/chart/query_result.py:
##########
@@ -18,90 +18,1897 @@
 """Helpers for interpreting ChartDataCommand result envelopes."""
 
 import math
-from collections.abc import Mapping
-from decimal import Decimal
+import re
+import time as system_time
+from bisect import bisect_right
+from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from datetime import date, datetime, time, timedelta, timezone
+from decimal import Decimal, InvalidOperation
+from enum import Enum
 from numbers import Real
+from types import MappingProxyType
 from typing import Any, cast
+from uuid import UUID
+from zoneinfo import ZoneInfo, ZoneInfoNotFoundError
+
+import numpy as np
+import pandas as pd
+import pytz
+from dateutil import tz as dateutil_tz
+from dateutil.tz.tz import _ttinfo as dateutil_ttinfo
+from dateutil.zoneinfo import tzfile as dateutil_zoneinfo_tzfile
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+from pydantic_core import to_json
 
 from superset.mcp_service.chart.schemas import ChartError
+from superset.mcp_service.utils.serialization import decode_binary
+from superset.utils.core import GenericDataType
+from superset.utils.dates import datetime_to_epoch, EPOCH
 
 FAILED_QUERY_STATUSES = frozenset(
     {"error", "failed", "stopped", "timed_out", "cancelled", "canceled"}
 )
 
+_ERROR_KEYS = ("error", "error_message", "message", "detail")
+_MAX_ERROR_DEPTH = 32
+_MAX_ERROR_ITEMS = 256
+_MAX_SEQUENCE_ITEMS = 64
+_MAX_ERROR_PARTS = 3
+_MAX_ERROR_BYTES = 2000
+_MAX_INTEGER_DIGITS = 1000
+_MAX_QUERY_COUNT = 64
+_MAX_QUERY_COLUMNS = 4096
+_MAX_COLUMN_NAME_BYTES = 4096
+_MAX_ROW_CONTAINER_DEPTH = 32
+_MAX_ROW_CONTAINER_ITEMS = 4096
+_MAX_CACHE_STRING_BYTES = 4096
+_MAX_RESULT_ROW_COUNT = (1 << 63) - 1
 
-def _query_error_text(value: Any) -> str | None:
-    """Convert a bounded query error payload into a useful message."""
-    if value is None or value is False:
+# Chart results are routinely much larger than an MCP response should return, 
but
+# legitimate exports and high-cardinality chart queries still need useful room.
+# Each query may return Superset's configured 50k ROW_LIMIT. The aggregate row
+# budget admits both legs of Big Number raw/trend and Mixed Timeseries results
+# at that limit, while the value budget admits twenty scalar columns on both
+# legs (plus their row containers). The complete compact JSON projection is
+# capped at 16 MiB, including scalar tokens, escaping, keys, and syntax. 
Metadata
+# profiling has a separate row-by-column work budget in ``response_utils`` so
+# wide sparse results cannot turn bounded validation into an unbounded scan.
+# Individual source-result cell strings are capped at 64 KiB and object keys at
+# 4 KiB. Derived strings in a final Pydantic response have no per-cell cap; the
+# complete compact response remains subject to the 16 MiB aggregate budget.
+# Query metadata has its own 1 MiB aggregate budget so SQL and cache metadata
+# cannot consume the row-data allowance. Row-shaped indexnames use the row-data
+# work budget while retaining the metadata byte budget. Integer/Decimal bounds
+# prevent later hashing, uniqueness, and JSON conversion from allocating by 
magnitude.
+MAX_QUERY_RESULT_ROWS = 50_000
+MAX_QUERY_RESULT_TOTAL_ROWS = 2 * MAX_QUERY_RESULT_ROWS
+MAX_QUERY_RESULT_VALUES = 2_500_000
+MAX_QUERY_RESULT_VALUE_BYTES = 16 * 1024 * 1024
+MAX_QUERY_RESULT_METADATA_BYTES = 1024 * 1024
+MAX_QUERY_RESULT_METADATA_ITEMS = 32_768
+MAX_QUERY_RESULT_WORK = MAX_QUERY_RESULT_VALUES + 
MAX_QUERY_RESULT_METADATA_ITEMS
+MAX_QUERY_RESULT_STRING_BYTES = 64 * 1024
+MAX_QUERY_RESULT_KEY_BYTES = 4096
+MAX_QUERY_RESULT_INTEGER_BITS = 4096
+MAX_QUERY_RESULT_INTEGER_DIGITS = 1234
+MAX_QUERY_RESULT_DECIMAL_DIGITS = 1024
+MAX_QUERY_RESULT_DECIMAL_EXPONENT = 4096
+MAX_QUERY_RESULT_DECIMAL_STORAGE = 2048
+_BUILTIN_SCALAR_TYPES = (str, bytes, bytearray, memoryview, int, float, bool)
+_SCALAR_BASE_TYPES = (*_BUILTIN_SCALAR_TYPES, Enum)
+_SUPPORTED_COLTYPES = frozenset(GenericDataType)
+_TRUSTED_TZINFO_TYPES = (timezone, ZoneInfo)
+_DATEUTIL_TZFILE_TYPE = dateutil_tz.tzfile
+_DATEUTIL_TZOFFSET_TYPE = type(dateutil_tz.tzoffset(None, 0))
+_DATEUTIL_TZUTC_TYPE = type(dateutil_tz.UTC)
+_DATEUTIL_TZLOCAL_TYPE = type(dateutil_tz.tzlocal())
+_MAX_DATEUTIL_TRANSITIONS = 4096
+_PYTZ_FIXED_OFFSET_TYPE = type(pytz.FixedOffset(1))
+_PYTZ_UTC_TYPE = type(pytz.UTC)
+_PYTZ_NAMED_BASE_TYPES = (pytz.tzinfo.DstTzInfo, pytz.tzinfo.StaticTzInfo)
+_NUMPY_INTEGER_TYPES = frozenset(
+    type(value)
+    for value in (
+        np.int8(0),
+        np.int16(0),
+        np.int32(0),
+        np.int64(0),
+        np.uint8(0),
+        np.uint16(0),
+        np.uint32(0),
+        np.uint64(0),
+    )
+)
+_NUMPY_FLOAT_TYPES = frozenset(
+    type(value)
+    for value in (np.float16(0), np.float32(0), np.float64(0), 
np.longdouble(0))
+)
+_NUMPY_EXTENDED_FLOAT_TYPES = frozenset(
+    type_
+    for type_ in _NUMPY_FLOAT_TYPES
+    if np.finfo(type_).nmant > np.finfo(np.float64).nmant
+)
+_PANDAS_NAT_TYPE = type(pd.NaT)
+_PANDAS_NA_TYPE = type(pd.NA)
+_PANDAS_PERIOD_TYPE = type(pd.Period("2000-01", freq="M"))
+_PANDAS_INTERVAL_TYPE = type(pd.Interval(0, 1))
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class _ErrorText:
+    """Bounded error extraction outcome."""
+
+    text: str | None = None
+    malformed: str | None = None
+
+
+@dataclass
+class _ResultBudget:
+    """Aggregate work counters shared across all queries in one result."""
+
+    rows: int = 0
+    values: int = 0
+    json_bytes: int = 0
+    metadata_items: int = 0
+    metadata_bytes: int = 0
+
+
+def _truncate_utf8(value: str, max_bytes: int) -> str:
+    """Return bounded, replacement-decoded UTF-8 text.
+
+    Encoding even the non-truncated path is intentional: Python strings may
+    contain unpaired surrogates, while MCP/JSON responses must always be valid
+    UTF-8.  Slicing by characters before encoding also prevents an
+    attacker-sized string from being encoded in full.
+    """
+    if max_bytes <= 0:
+        return ""
+    candidate = value[:max_bytes]
+    encoded = candidate.encode("utf-8", errors="replace")
+    if len(encoded) <= max_bytes and len(candidate) == len(value):
+        return encoded.decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
+    suffix = "... [truncated]"
+    suffix_bytes = suffix.encode()
+    if max_bytes <= len(suffix_bytes):
+        return suffix_bytes[:max_bytes].decode("ascii")
+    content_limit = max(0, max_bytes - len(suffix_bytes))
+    content = encoded[:content_limit].decode("utf-8", errors="ignore")
+    return content + suffix
+
+
+def _type_descriptor(value: Any, max_bytes: int) -> str | None:
+    """Describe an unsupported value without consulting its implementation."""
+    if max_bytes <= 0:
         return None
-    if isinstance(value, Mapping):
-        for key in ("error", "error_message", "message", "detail"):
-            if text := _query_error_text(value.get(key)):
-                return text
+    value_type = type(value)
+    try:
+        type_name = type.__getattribute__(value_type, "__name__")
+    except (AttributeError, TypeError):  # pragma: no cover - defensive 
metaclass
+        type_name = "unknown"
+    if type(type_name) is not str:
+        type_name = "unknown"
+    bounded_name = _truncate_utf8(type_name, max_bytes)
+    return _truncate_utf8(f"<{bounded_name} object>", max_bytes)
+
+
+def _type_mro(value_type: type[Any]) -> tuple[type[Any], ...]:
+    """Read a concrete type's MRO without consulting its metaclass 
overrides."""
+    try:
+        mro = type.__getattribute__(value_type, "__mro__")
+    except (AttributeError, TypeError):  # pragma: no cover - all normal types 
have MRO
+        return ()
+    return mro if type(mro) is tuple else ()
+
+
+def _mro_contains(
+    value_mro: tuple[type[Any], ...], base_types: tuple[type[Any], ...]
+) -> bool:
+    """Return whether an MRO contains a base, using identity-only 
comparisons."""
+    return any(
+        base is expected_base for base in value_mro for expected_base in 
base_types
+    )
+
+
+def _safe_scalar_text(value: Any, max_bytes: int) -> str | None:  # noqa: C901
+    """Render a bounded scalar without invoking attacker-controlled string 
code."""
+    value_type = type(value)
+    if _mro_contains(_type_mro(value_type), (Enum,)):
+        try:
+            enum_value = object.__getattribute__(value, "_value_")
+        except Exception:
+            return _type_descriptor(value, max_bytes)
+        if not any(
+            type(enum_value) is scalar_type for scalar_type in 
_BUILTIN_SCALAR_TYPES
+        ):
+            return _type_descriptor(value, max_bytes)
+        return _safe_scalar_text(enum_value, max_bytes)
+    if value is None or value is False:
         return None
-    if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
-        parts = [text for item in value if (text := _query_error_text(item))]
-        return "; ".join(parts[:3]) or None
-    text = str(value)
-    return text[:2000] if text else None
+    if value_type is str:
+        return _truncate_utf8(value, max_bytes) if value else None
+    if value_type is bytes or value_type is bytearray or value_type is 
memoryview:
+        try:
+            view = memoryview(value).cast("B")
+            sample = view[: max(0, max_bytes)].tobytes()
+            text = sample.decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
+            if len(view) > len(sample):
+                text += "... [truncated]"
+            return _truncate_utf8(text, max_bytes) if text else None
+        except (TypeError, ValueError):
+            return _type_descriptor(value, max_bytes)
+    if value_type is int:
+        digits = (
+            1 if value == 0 else int((abs(value).bit_length() - 1) * 
math.log10(2)) + 1
+        )
+        if digits > _MAX_INTEGER_DIGITS:
+            sign = "negative " if value < 0 else ""
+            return _truncate_utf8(
+                f"<{sign}integer with approximately {digits} decimal digits>",
+                max_bytes,
+            )
+        return _truncate_utf8(str(value), max_bytes)
+    if value_type is bool or value_type is float:
+        return _truncate_utf8(str(value), max_bytes)
+    return _type_descriptor(value, max_bytes)
+
+
+def _query_error_text(value: Any) -> _ErrorText:  # noqa: C901
+    """Iteratively extract actionable text from an untrusted error payload.
+
+    Chart backends and engine adapters can return arbitrary nested error 
shapes.
+    Depth, visited-item, sequence-width, and output-byte limits keep validation
+    deterministic even for cycles, repeated containers, and adversarial values.
+    """
+    stack: list[tuple[Any, int]] = [(value, 0)]
+    seen: set[int] = set()
+    parts: list[str] = []
+    visited = 0
+    used_bytes = 0
+
+    while stack and len(parts) < _MAX_ERROR_PARTS:
+        item, depth = stack.pop()
+        visited += 1
+        if visited > _MAX_ERROR_ITEMS:
+            return _ErrorText(malformed="error payload exceeds the item limit")
+        if depth > _MAX_ERROR_DEPTH:
+            return _ErrorText(malformed="error payload exceeds the depth 
limit")
+
+        # ChartDataCommand envelopes cross a JSON boundary. Only exact JSON
+        # containers are trusted here: ABC/isinstance checks can consult a
+        # spoofed ``__class__``, and subclass get/contains/iter/len hooks are
+        # attacker-controlled. Exact dict/list operations below are builtin and
+        # non-overridable.
+        is_mapping = type(item) is dict
+        is_sequence = type(item) is list
+        item_mro = _type_mro(type(item))
+        if not (is_mapping or is_sequence) and (
+            _mro_contains(item_mro, (dict, list, Mapping, Sequence))
+            and not _mro_contains(item_mro, _SCALAR_BASE_TYPES)
+        ):
+            return _ErrorText(
+                malformed="error payload contains an unsupported container 
type"
+            )
+        if is_mapping or is_sequence:
+            identity = id(item)
+            if identity in seen:
+                return _ErrorText(
+                    malformed="error payload contains repeated or cyclic 
containers"
+                )
+            seen.add(identity)
+
+        if is_mapping:
+            children: list[Any] = []
+            for key in _ERROR_KEYS:
+                if dict.__contains__(item, key):
+                    children.append(dict.__getitem__(item, key))
+            if not children:
+                if dict.__len__(item):
+                    return _ErrorText(
+                        malformed=(
+                            "error payload object has no recognized message 
field"
+                        )
+                    )
+            stack.extend((child, depth + 1) for child in reversed(children))
+            continue
+
+        if is_sequence:
+            width = list.__len__(item)
+            if width > _MAX_SEQUENCE_ITEMS:
+                return _ErrorText(malformed="error payload exceeds the width 
limit")
+            children = [list.__getitem__(item, index) for index in 
range(width)]
+            stack.extend((child, depth + 1) for child in reversed(children))
+            continue
+
+        remaining = _MAX_ERROR_BYTES - used_bytes - (2 if parts else 0)
+        text = _safe_scalar_text(item, remaining)
+        if text:
+            parts.append(text)
+            used_bytes += len(text.encode("utf-8", errors="replace")) + (
+                2 if len(parts) > 1 else 0
+            )
+
+    return _ErrorText(text="; ".join(parts) or None)
 
 
-def _failure_for_query_payload(
-    payload: Mapping[str, Any], label: str
+def _failure_for_query_payload(  # noqa: C901
+    payload: dict[str, Any], label: str
 ) -> ChartError | None:
     """Extract one failure from a top-level or per-query payload."""
+    malformed: str | None = None
     for key in ("error", "errors", "error_message"):
-        if message := _query_error_text(payload.get(key)):
+        extracted = _query_error_text(dict.get(payload, key))
+        if extracted.malformed:
+            malformed = malformed or extracted.malformed
+            continue
+        if message := extracted.text:
             return ChartError(
                 error=f"{label} failed: {message}", error_type="QueryError"
             )
 
-    raw_status = payload.get("status")
-    status = str(getattr(raw_status, "value", raw_status) or "")
+    raw_status = dict.get(payload, "status")
+    status = _safe_scalar_text(raw_status, 200) or ""
     normalized_status = status.strip().casefold().replace("-", "_").replace(" 
", "_")
     if normalized_status in FAILED_QUERY_STATUSES:
-        message = (
-            _query_error_text(payload.get("message"))
-            or _query_error_text(payload.get("error_message"))
-            or normalized_status
-        )
+        extracted = _query_error_text(dict.get(payload, "message"))
+        if extracted.malformed:
+            malformed = malformed or extracted.malformed
+        fallback = _query_error_text(dict.get(payload, "error_message"))
+        if fallback.malformed:
+            malformed = malformed or fallback.malformed
+        if malformed and not (extracted.text or fallback.text):
+            return _malformed_result(malformed)
+        message = extracted.text or fallback.text or normalized_status
         return ChartError(error=f"{label} failed: {message}", 
error_type="QueryError")
-    if payload.get("success") is False:
-        message = _query_error_text(payload.get("message")) or "request failed"
+    if dict.get(payload, "success") is False:
+        extracted = _query_error_text(dict.get(payload, "message"))
+        if extracted.malformed:
+            malformed = malformed or extracted.malformed
+        if malformed and not extracted.text:
+            return _malformed_result(malformed)
+        message = extracted.text or "request failed"
         return ChartError(error=f"{label} failed: {message}", 
error_type="QueryError")
     if (
         raw_status is None
-        and "data" not in payload
-        and "queries" not in payload
-        and (message := _query_error_text(payload.get("message")))
+        and "data" not in dict.keys(payload)
+        and "queries" not in dict.keys(payload)
     ):
-        return ChartError(error=f"{label} failed: {message}", 
error_type="QueryError")
+        extracted = _query_error_text(dict.get(payload, "message"))
+        if extracted.malformed:
+            malformed = malformed or extracted.malformed
+        if extracted.text:
+            return ChartError(
+                error=f"{label} failed: {extracted.text}", 
error_type="QueryError"
+            )
+    if malformed:
+        return _malformed_result(malformed)
     return None
 
 
-def query_result_failure(result: Any) -> ChartError | None:
-    """Return a structured failure embedded in a ChartDataCommand payload.
+def _malformed_result(message: str) -> ChartError:
+    """Build a stable error for an invalid ChartDataCommand envelope."""
+    return ChartError(
+        error=f"Malformed chart query result: {message}",
+        error_type="MalformedQueryResult",
+    )
 
-    ChartDataCommand can return an HTTP-successful envelope whose top level or
-    any query reports a failure. Every query is inspected before callers accept
-    data from the result. Successful statuses may carry informational messages,
-    so ``message`` alone is not treated as an error.
+
+def bounded_result_row_count(value: Any) -> int | None:
+    """Return one exact bounded row count, rejecting coercive lookalikes."""
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+    if type(value) is int:
+        count = value
+    elif type(value) is float and math.isfinite(value) and value.is_integer():
+        count = int(value)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("must be a finite non-negative integral number")
+    if count < 0:
+        raise ValueError("must be non-negative")
+    if count > _MAX_RESULT_ROW_COUNT:
+        raise ValueError("exceeds the supported bound")
+    return count
+
+
+def _bounded_utf8_length(value: str, max_bytes: int) -> int | None:
+    """Return an exact UTF-8 size without encoding attacker-sized text."""
+    if str.__len__(value) > max_bytes:
+        return None
+    try:
+        encoded = str.encode(value, "utf-8", errors="strict")
+    except UnicodeEncodeError:
+        return None
+    size = bytes.__len__(encoded)
+    return size if size <= max_bytes else None
+
+
+def _json_string_size(value: str, max_bytes: int) -> int | None:
+    """Return the exact UTF-8 size of a JSON string without serializing it."""
+    raw_size = _bounded_utf8_length(value, max_bytes)
+    if raw_size is None:
+        return None
+    escaped_size = raw_size + 2  # surrounding quotes
+    for character in value:
+        codepoint = ord(character)
+        if character in {'"', "\\"} or character in {"\b", "\t", "\n", "\f", 
"\r"}:
+            escaped_size += 1
+        elif codepoint < 0x20:
+            # Other JSON control characters use a six-byte ``\\u00xx`` escape.
+            escaped_size += 5
+    return escaped_size
+
+
+def _integer_json_size(value: int) -> int:
+    """Return an exact integer JSON size without creating its decimal 
string."""
+    magnitude = -value if value < 0 else value
+    if magnitude == 0:
+        digits = 1
+    else:
+        bits = int.bit_length(magnitude)
+        # This fixed-point log10(2) estimate is at most one digit low. Refine 
it
+        # with one bounded integer comparison rather than rendering the value.
+        digits = ((bits - 1) * 30103) // 100000 + 1
+        if magnitude >= 10**digits:
+            digits += 1
+    return digits + (value < 0)
+
+
+def _container_json_syntax_size(item_count: int, *, mapping: bool) -> int:
+    """Return braces/brackets, separators, and mapping-colon byte cost."""
+    if item_count == 0:
+        return 2
+    return 2 + item_count - 1 + (item_count if mapping else 0)
+
+
+def _trusted_timedelta_text(value: timedelta) -> str:
+    """Render an exact timedelta with Pydantic's stable ISO-8601 spelling."""
+    total_microseconds = (
+        value.days * 86_400 + value.seconds
+    ) * 1_000_000 + value.microseconds
+    sign = "-" if total_microseconds < 0 else ""
+    remaining = abs(total_microseconds)
+    days, remaining = divmod(remaining, 86_400 * 1_000_000)
+    years, days = divmod(days, 365)
+    hours, remaining = divmod(remaining, 3_600 * 1_000_000)
+    minutes, remaining = divmod(remaining, 60 * 1_000_000)
+    seconds, microseconds = divmod(remaining, 1_000_000)
+
+    date_parts = [f"{years}Y" if years else "", f"{days}D" if days else ""]
+    time_parts = [f"{hours}H" if hours else "", f"{minutes}M" if minutes else 
""]
+    if microseconds:
+        fraction = f"{microseconds:06d}".rstrip("0")
+        time_parts.append(f"{seconds}.{fraction}S")
+    elif seconds:
+        time_parts.append(f"{seconds}S")
+
+    date_text = "".join(date_parts)
+    time_text = "".join(time_parts)
+    if not date_text and not time_text:
+        time_text = "0S"
+    return f"{sign}P{date_text}{'T' if time_text else ''}{time_text}"
+
+
+def _chart_data_builtin_timedelta_text(value: timedelta) -> str:
+    """Reproduce ``format_timedelta`` without comparison or string hooks."""
+    total_microseconds = (
+        value.days * 86_400 + value.seconds
+    ) * 1_000_000 + value.microseconds
+    sign = "-" if total_microseconds < 0 else ""
+    remaining = abs(total_microseconds)
+    days, remaining = divmod(remaining, 86_400 * 1_000_000)
+    hours, remaining = divmod(remaining, 3_600 * 1_000_000)
+    minutes, remaining = divmod(remaining, 60 * 1_000_000)
+    seconds, microseconds = divmod(remaining, 1_000_000)
+    day_text = f"{days} {'day' if days == 1 else 'days'}, " if days else ""
+    fraction = f".{microseconds:06d}" if microseconds else ""
+    return f"{sign}{day_text}{hours}:{minutes:02d}:{seconds:02d}{fraction}"
+
+
+def _chart_data_pandas_timedelta_text(value: pd.Timedelta) -> str:
+    """Reproduce Chart Data ``format_timedelta`` output from exact fields."""
+    total_nanoseconds = (
+        (
+            object.__getattribute__(value, "days") * 86_400
+            + object.__getattribute__(value, "seconds")
+        )
+        * 1_000_000
+        + object.__getattribute__(value, "microseconds")
+    ) * 1_000 + object.__getattribute__(value, "nanoseconds")
+    sign = "-" if total_nanoseconds < 0 else ""
+    remaining = abs(total_nanoseconds)
+    days, remaining = divmod(remaining, 86_400 * 1_000_000_000)
+    hours, remaining = divmod(remaining, 3_600 * 1_000_000_000)
+    minutes, remaining = divmod(remaining, 60 * 1_000_000_000)
+    seconds, nanoseconds = divmod(remaining, 1_000_000_000)
+    if nanoseconds % 1_000:
+        fraction = f".{nanoseconds:09d}"
+    elif nanoseconds:
+        fraction = f".{nanoseconds // 1_000:06d}"
+    else:
+        fraction = ""
+    return f"{sign}{days} days 
{hours:02d}:{minutes:02d}:{seconds:02d}{fraction}"
+
+
+def _normalized_scalar_json_size(  # noqa: C901
+    value: Any, *, max_string_bytes: int = MAX_QUERY_RESULT_STRING_BYTES
+) -> int:
+    """Return a conservative encoded size for one normalized exact scalar."""
+    value_type = type(value)
+    if value is None:
+        return 4
+    if value_type is bool:
+        return 4 if value else 5
+    if value_type is str:
+        size = _json_string_size(value, max_string_bytes)
+        assert size is not None  # scalar normalization already bounded the 
string
+        return size
+    if value_type is int:
+        return _integer_json_size(value)
+    if value_type is float:
+        if not math.isfinite(value):
+            # Raw Gauge exports retain these markers; JSON responses use null.
+            return 4
+        # Exact builtin repr is hook-free, bounded to a shortest-round-trip
+        # spelling, and avoids pessimistically charging 24 bytes for values
+        # such as 0.0 across ordinary large numeric datasets.
+        return len(float.__repr__(value))
+    if value_type is Decimal:
+        # Decimal storage, coefficient digits, and exponent are bounded before
+        # this point. Its canonical spelling is therefore itself bounded, and
+        # Pydantic serializes Decimal values as JSON strings.
+        text = Decimal.__str__(value)
+        size = _json_string_size(text, MAX_QUERY_RESULT_STRING_BYTES)
+        assert size is not None
+        return size
+    if value_type is datetime:
+        return 40
+    if value_type is date:
+        text = date.isoformat(value)
+    elif value_type is time:
+        return 32
+    elif value_type is timedelta:
+        text = _trusted_timedelta_text(value)
+    elif value_type is UUID:
+        text = UUID.__str__(value)
+    else:
+        raise AssertionError(f"unaccounted normalized scalar: {value_type!r}")
+    size = _json_string_size(text, MAX_QUERY_RESULT_STRING_BYTES)
+    assert size is not None
+    return size
+
+
+def _pydantic_scalar_json_size(value: Any) -> int:
+    """Return the exact Pydantic wire size for a normalized scalar.
+
+    Source-result accounting deliberately retains its existing conservative
+    scalar rules.  Final response projections, however, must match
+    pydantic-core's JSON number spelling: for example, it emits ``0.00001`` for
+    ``1e-5`` and ``1e-6`` for ``1e-6`` rather than Python's repr spellings.
     """
-    if not isinstance(result, Mapping):
+    if type(value) is float:
+        return len(to_json(value))
+    return _normalized_scalar_json_size(value)
+
+
+def _charge_json_bytes(
+    budget: _ResultBudget, size: int, *, metadata: bool = False
+) -> str | None:
+    """Charge aggregate response bytes and the independent metadata 
allowance."""
+    budget.json_bytes += size
+    if budget.json_bytes > MAX_QUERY_RESULT_VALUE_BYTES:
+        return "exceeds the total JSON-encoded byte limit"
+    if metadata:
+        budget.metadata_bytes += size
+        if budget.metadata_bytes > MAX_QUERY_RESULT_METADATA_BYTES:
+            return "metadata exceeds the total JSON-encoded byte limit"
+    return None
+
+
+def _integer_failure(value: int) -> str | None:
+    """Validate exact integer magnitude before decimal rendering or hashing."""
+    bits = int.bit_length(value)
+    if bits > MAX_QUERY_RESULT_INTEGER_BITS:
+        return "contains an integer exceeding the bit-length limit"
+    digits = 1 if bits == 0 else ((bits - 1) * 30103) // 100000 + 1
+    if digits > MAX_QUERY_RESULT_INTEGER_DIGITS:
+        return "contains an integer exceeding the digit limit"
+    return None
+
+
+def _decimal_failure(value: Decimal) -> str | None:
+    """Validate exact Decimal storage, finiteness, digits, and exponent."""
+    if Decimal.__sizeof__(value) > MAX_QUERY_RESULT_DECIMAL_STORAGE:
+        return "contains a Decimal exceeding the storage limit"
+    if not Decimal.is_finite(value):
+        return "contains a non-finite Decimal"
+    parts = Decimal.as_tuple(value)
+    if tuple.__len__(parts.digits) > MAX_QUERY_RESULT_DECIMAL_DIGITS:
+        return "contains a Decimal exceeding the digit limit"
+    exponent = parts.exponent
+    if type(exponent) is not int or abs(exponent) > 
MAX_QUERY_RESULT_DECIMAL_EXPONENT:
+        return "contains a Decimal exceeding the exponent limit"
+    return None
+
+
+def _exact_object_namespace(value: Any) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+    """Read an object's concrete storage without descriptor dispatch."""
+    try:
+        namespace = object.__getattribute__(value, "__dict__")
+    except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+        return None
+    return namespace if type(namespace) is dict else None
+
+
+def _dateutil_timezone_name_without_hooks(tzinfo: Any) -> str | None:
+    """Read a dateutil tzfile's IANA name from exact internal storage."""
+    tzinfo_type = type(tzinfo)
+    if tzinfo_type not in {_DATEUTIL_TZFILE_TYPE, dateutil_zoneinfo_tzfile}:
+        return None
+    namespace = _exact_object_namespace(tzinfo)
+    if namespace is None:
+        return None
+    filename = dict.get(namespace, "_filename")
+    if type(filename) is not str or _bounded_utf8_length(filename, 4096) is 
None:
+        return None
+    if tzinfo_type is dateutil_zoneinfo_tzfile:
+        name = filename
+    else:
+        marker = "/zoneinfo/"
+        marker_offset = str.find(filename, marker)
+        if marker_offset >= 0:
+            name = str.__getitem__(filename, slice(marker_offset + 
len(marker), None))
+        elif not str.startswith(filename, "/") and str.find(filename, "\\") < 
0:
+            name = filename
+        else:
+            return None
+    parts = str.split(name, "/")
+    if not parts or any(part in {"", ".", ".."} for part in parts):
+        return None
+    return name if _bounded_utf8_length(name, 256) is not None else None
+
+
+def _dateutil_ttinfo_without_hooks(
+    value: Any,
+) -> tuple[int, timedelta] | None:
+    """Read one exact dateutil transition record without user-hook dispatch."""
+    if type(value) is not dateutil_ttinfo:
+        return None
+    try:
+        offset = object.__getattribute__(value, "offset")
+        delta = object.__getattribute__(value, "delta")
+    except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+        return None
+    if type(offset) is not int or type(delta) is not timedelta:
+        return None
+    try:
+        if delta != timedelta(seconds=offset):
+            return None
+    except OverflowError:
+        return None
+    return offset, delta
+
+
+def _dateutil_named_offset_without_hooks(  # noqa: C901
+    value: datetime, tzinfo: Any
+) -> timezone | None:
+    """Recover the offset selected by an exact dateutil named timezone.
+
+    A dateutil tzfile's finite transition table is its wire-semantic source of
+    truth. Reinterpreting its wall time through a system ``ZoneInfo`` database
+    changes negative-DST folds, nonexistent times, and dates after the final
+    transition. This mirrors dateutil's transition selection using only exact
+    builtin containers and its exact trusted transition-record type.
+    """
+    if _dateutil_timezone_name_without_hooks(tzinfo) is None:
+        return None
+    namespace = _exact_object_namespace(tzinfo)
+    if namespace is None:
+        return None
+    transitions = dict.get(namespace, "_trans_list")
+    transition_info = dict.get(namespace, "_trans_idx")
+    standard_info = dict.get(namespace, "_ttinfo_std")
+    before_info = dict.get(namespace, "_ttinfo_before")
+    transition_count = tuple.__len__(transitions) if type(transitions) is 
tuple else 0
+    if (
+        type(transitions) is not tuple
+        or type(transition_info) is not tuple
+        or tuple.__len__(transitions) != tuple.__len__(transition_info)
+        or transition_count > _MAX_DATEUTIL_TRANSITIONS
+        or _dateutil_ttinfo_without_hooks(standard_info) is None
+        or (
+            transition_count > 0 and 
_dateutil_ttinfo_without_hooks(before_info) is None
+        )
+    ):
+        return None
+
+    previous: int | None = None
+    for transition in transitions:
+        if (
+            type(transition) is not int
+            or int.bit_length(transition) > 63
+            or (previous is not None and transition < previous)
+        ):
+            return None
+        previous = transition
+    if any(_dateutil_ttinfo_without_hooks(info) is None for info in 
transition_info):
+        return None
+
+    naive = datetime(
+        value.year,
+        value.month,
+        value.day,
+        value.hour,
+        value.minute,
+        value.second,
+        value.microsecond,
+    )
+    try:
+        timestamp = (naive - EPOCH).total_seconds()
+    except (OverflowError, TypeError, ValueError):
+        return None
+
+    index: int | None = (
+        bisect_right(transitions, timestamp) - 1 if transition_count else None
+    )
+
+    def info_at(selected: int | None) -> Any:
+        if selected is None or selected + 1 >= transition_count:
+            return standard_info
+        if selected < 0:
+            return before_info
+        return tuple.__getitem__(transition_info, selected)
+
+    if index is not None and index != 0:
+        current = _dateutil_ttinfo_without_hooks(info_at(index))
+        prior = _dateutil_ttinfo_without_hooks(info_at(index - 1))
+        if current is None or prior is None:
+            return None
+        offset_delta = prior[0] - current[0]
+        transition = tuple.__getitem__(transitions, index)
+        is_ambiguous = timestamp < transition + offset_delta
+        index -= int(not value.fold and is_ambiguous)
+
+    selected = _dateutil_ttinfo_without_hooks(info_at(index))
+    if selected is None:
+        return None
+    try:
+        return timezone(selected[1])
+    except ValueError:
+        return None
+
+
+def _pytz_timezone_name_without_hooks(tzinfo: Any) -> str | None:
+    """Read and verify one generated pytz named-zone implementation."""
+    value_type = type(tzinfo)
+    if not _mro_contains(_type_mro(value_type), _PYTZ_NAMED_BASE_TYPES):
+        return None
+    try:
+        namespace = type.__getattribute__(value_type, "__dict__")
+    except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+        return None
+    if type(namespace) is not MappingProxyType:
+        return None
+    zone = namespace.get("zone")
+    if type(zone) is not str or _bounded_utf8_length(zone, 256) is None:
+        return None
+    try:
+        canonical = pytz.timezone(zone)
+    except (KeyError, ValueError):
+        return None
+    # A user subclass can inherit pytz's base and spoof ``zone``. Only the
+    # concrete class generated and cached by pytz for that name is trusted.
+    return zone if type(canonical) is value_type else None
+
+
+def _fixed_offset_without_hooks(tzinfo: Any) -> timezone | None:
+    """Reconstruct trusted dateutil/pytz fixed offsets from exact storage."""
+    if type(tzinfo) not in {_DATEUTIL_TZOFFSET_TYPE, _PYTZ_FIXED_OFFSET_TYPE}:
+        return None
+    namespace = _exact_object_namespace(tzinfo)
+    if namespace is None:
+        return None
+    offset = dict.get(namespace, "_offset")
+    if type(offset) is not timedelta:
+        return None
+    try:
+        return timezone(offset)
+    except ValueError:
+        return None
+
+
+def _pytz_named_offset_without_hooks(tzinfo: Any) -> timezone | None:
+    """Return a localized pytz instance's stored offset without its hooks."""
+    if _pytz_timezone_name_without_hooks(tzinfo) is None:
+        return None
+    namespace = _exact_object_namespace(tzinfo)
+    if namespace is None:
+        return None
+    offset = dict.get(namespace, "_utcoffset")
+    if type(offset) is not timedelta:
+        return None
+    try:
+        return timezone(offset)
+    except ValueError:
+        return None
+
+
+def _dateutil_local_offset_without_hooks(
+    value: datetime, tzinfo: Any
+) -> timezone | None:
+    """Select an exact dateutil-local offset using builtin system time data."""
+    if type(tzinfo) is not _DATEUTIL_TZLOCAL_TYPE:
+        return None
+    namespace = _exact_object_namespace(tzinfo)
+    if namespace is None:
+        return None
+    standard_offset = dict.get(namespace, "_std_offset")
+    daylight_offset = dict.get(namespace, "_dst_offset")
+    has_daylight = dict.get(namespace, "_hasdst")
+    if (
+        type(standard_offset) is not timedelta
+        or type(daylight_offset) is not timedelta
+        or type(has_daylight) is not bool
+    ):
+        return None
+    selected_offset = standard_offset
+    if has_daylight:
+        epoch = datetime(1970, 1, 1)
+        naive = datetime(
+            value.year,
+            value.month,
+            value.day,
+            value.hour,
+            value.minute,
+            value.second,
+            value.microsecond,
+        )
+        timestamp = (naive - epoch).total_seconds()
+        try:
+            is_daylight = bool(
+                system_time.localtime(timestamp + 
system_time.timezone).tm_isdst
+            )
+            daylight_saved = daylight_offset - standard_offset
+            previous_is_daylight = bool(
+                system_time.localtime(
+                    timestamp
+                    - timedelta.total_seconds(daylight_saved)
+                    + system_time.timezone
+                ).tm_isdst
+            )
+        except (OverflowError, OSError, ValueError):
+            return None
+        is_ambiguous = not is_daylight and is_daylight != previous_is_daylight
+        if is_ambiguous:
+            is_daylight = not bool(value.fold)
+        selected_offset = daylight_offset if is_daylight else standard_offset
+    try:
+        return timezone(selected_offset)
+    except ValueError:
+        return None
+
+
+def _canonical_timezone(tzinfo: Any) -> timezone | ZoneInfo | None:
+    """Return an exact trusted timezone without invoking the source's 
methods."""
+    if any(type(tzinfo) is type_ for type_ in _TRUSTED_TZINFO_TYPES):
+        return tzinfo
+    if type(tzinfo) in {_DATEUTIL_TZUTC_TYPE, _PYTZ_UTC_TYPE}:
+        return timezone.utc
+    if fixed_offset := _fixed_offset_without_hooks(tzinfo):
+        return fixed_offset
+    zone_name = _dateutil_timezone_name_without_hooks(
+        tzinfo
+    ) or _pytz_timezone_name_without_hooks(tzinfo)
+    if zone_name:
+        try:
+            return ZoneInfo(zone_name)
+        except (KeyError, ValueError, ZoneInfoNotFoundError):
+            return None
+    return None
+
+
+def _timestamp_offset_without_hooks(value: pd.Timestamp) -> timezone | None:
+    """Recover a timestamp's stored wall-clock offset without timezone 
hooks."""
+    unit_multipliers = {"s": 1_000_000_000, "ms": 1_000_000, "us": 1_000, 
"ns": 1}
+    multiplier = unit_multipliers.get(value.unit)
+    if multiplier is None:
         return None
+    try:
+        instant_ns = int(value.asm8.view("i8")) * multiplier
+        epoch_ordinal = date.toordinal(date(1970, 1, 1))
+        wall_ns = (
+            (
+                (datetime.toordinal(value) - epoch_ordinal) * 86_400
+                + value.hour * 3600
+                + value.minute * 60
+                + value.second
+            )
+            * 1_000_000_000
+            + value.microsecond * 1000
+            + value.nanosecond
+        )
+        offset_ns = wall_ns - instant_ns
+        if offset_ns % 1000:
+            return None
+        return timezone(timedelta(microseconds=offset_ns // 1000))
+    except (OverflowError, TypeError, ValueError):
+        return None
+
+
+def _trusted_datetime_value(
+    value: datetime,
+) -> tuple[datetime | None, str | None]:
+    """Return an exact datetime rebuilt with only trusted timezone types."""
+    tzinfo = value.tzinfo
+    canonical_value = value
+    if tzinfo is not None and not any(
+        type(tzinfo) is trusted for trusted in _TRUSTED_TZINFO_TYPES
+    ):
+        canonical_tz: timezone | ZoneInfo | None
+        if _dateutil_timezone_name_without_hooks(tzinfo) is not None:
+            # A recognized dateutil tzfile must use its own finite transition
+            # table. Falling through to ZoneInfo would silently reinterpret a
+            # source-selected gap/fold or post-table wall time.
+            canonical_tz = _dateutil_named_offset_without_hooks(value, tzinfo)
+        else:
+            canonical_tz = (
+                _pytz_named_offset_without_hooks(tzinfo)
+                or _dateutil_local_offset_without_hooks(value, tzinfo)
+                or _canonical_timezone(tzinfo)
+            )
+        if canonical_tz is None:
+            return None, "contains a datetime with an unsupported timezone"
+        canonical_value = datetime(
+            value.year,
+            value.month,
+            value.day,
+            value.hour,
+            value.minute,
+            value.second,
+            value.microsecond,
+            tzinfo=canonical_tz,
+            fold=value.fold,
+        )
+    try:
+        # Exercise builtin validation without dispatching through a source
+        # timezone after the reconstruction above.
+        datetime.isoformat(canonical_value)
+    except (OverflowError, TypeError, ValueError):
+        return None, "contains an invalid datetime"
+    return canonical_value, None
+
+
+def _trusted_datetime_text(value: datetime) -> tuple[str | None, str | None]:
+    """Serialize an exact Python datetime through only trusted timezone 
types."""
+    canonical_value, reason = _trusted_datetime_value(value)
+    if reason is not None or canonical_value is None:
+        return None, reason or "contains an invalid datetime"
+    return datetime.isoformat(canonical_value), None
+
+
+def _trusted_time_text(value: time) -> tuple[str | None, str | None]:
+    """Serialize an exact Python time through only trusted timezone types."""
+    tzinfo = value.tzinfo
+    canonical_value = value
+    if tzinfo is not None and not any(
+        type(tzinfo) is trusted for trusted in _TRUSTED_TZINFO_TYPES
+    ):
+        canonical_tz = _canonical_timezone(tzinfo)
+        if canonical_tz is None and type(tzinfo) is _DATEUTIL_TZLOCAL_TYPE:
+            namespace = _exact_object_namespace(tzinfo)
+            if namespace is None or type(dict.get(namespace, "_hasdst")) is 
not bool:
+                return None, "contains a time with an unsupported timezone"
+            if dict.get(namespace, "_hasdst"):
+                canonical_tz = None
+            else:
+                standard_offset = dict.get(namespace, "_std_offset")
+                if type(standard_offset) is not timedelta:
+                    return None, "contains a time with an unsupported timezone"
+                try:
+                    canonical_tz = timezone(standard_offset)
+                except ValueError:
+                    return None, "contains a time with an unsupported timezone"
+        elif canonical_tz is None:
+            return None, "contains a time with an unsupported timezone"
+        canonical_value = time(
+            value.hour,
+            value.minute,
+            value.second,
+            value.microsecond,
+            tzinfo=canonical_tz,
+            fold=value.fold,
+        )
+    try:
+        return time.isoformat(canonical_value), None
+    except (OverflowError, TypeError, ValueError):
+        return None, "contains an invalid time"
+
+
+def _trusted_timestamp_value(
+    value: pd.Timestamp,
+) -> tuple[pd.Timestamp | None, str | None]:
+    """Return a timestamp rebuilt with only trusted timezone 
implementations."""
+    tzinfo = value.tzinfo
+    try:
+        if tzinfo is not None and not any(
+            type(tzinfo) is trusted for trusted in _TRUSTED_TZINFO_TYPES
+        ):
+            if (
+                _canonical_timezone(tzinfo) is None
+                and type(tzinfo) is not _DATEUTIL_TZLOCAL_TYPE
+            ):
+                return (
+                    None,
+                    "contains a pandas timestamp with an unsupported timezone",
+                )
+            if (canonical_tz := _timestamp_offset_without_hooks(value)) is 
None:
+                return None, "contains an invalid pandas timestamp"
+            # Rebuild from the stored instant and resolution. No method on the
+            # original pytz/dateutil object is called, and the recovered fixed
+            # offset preserves the timestamp's selected fold.
+            raw_value = value.asm8.view("i8")
+            value = pd.Timestamp(raw_value, unit=value.unit, 
tz="UTC").tz_convert(
+                canonical_tz
+            )
+        # Validate the retained resolution and selected UTC offset.
+        pd.Timestamp.isoformat(value)
+    except (KeyError, OverflowError, TypeError, ValueError):
+        return None, "contains an invalid pandas timestamp"
+    return value, None
+
+
+def _trusted_timestamp_text(value: pd.Timestamp) -> tuple[str | None, str | 
None]:
+    """Convert an exact pandas timestamp to its canonical JSON 
representation."""
+    canonical_value, reason = _trusted_timestamp_value(value)
+    if reason is not None or canonical_value is None:
+        return None, reason or "contains an invalid pandas timestamp"
+    # ISO output preserves nanoseconds and the UTC offset selected by fold.
+    text = pd.Timestamp.isoformat(canonical_value)
+    if _bounded_utf8_length(text, MAX_QUERY_RESULT_STRING_BYTES) is None:
+        return None, "contains an oversized pandas timestamp"
+    return text, None
+
+
+def _normalize_trusted_scalar(  # noqa: C901
+    value: Any, *, max_string_bytes: int = MAX_QUERY_RESULT_STRING_BYTES
+) -> tuple[Any, str | None]:
+    """Normalize one exact trusted pandas/NumPy scalar or validate a builtin.
+
+    Type identity is checked before every conversion. This deliberately does 
not
+    accept subclasses or generic ``np.generic``/pandas extension objects, whose
+    conversion hooks are outside the trusted ChartData materialization 
contract.
+    """
+    value_type = type(value)
+    enum_seen: set[int] = set()
+    while _mro_contains(_type_mro(value_type), (Enum,)):
+        identity = id(value)
+        if identity in enum_seen or len(enum_seen) >= _MAX_ROW_CONTAINER_DEPTH:
+            return None, "contains a recursive enum"
+        enum_seen.add(identity)
+        try:
+            value = object.__getattribute__(value, "_value_")
+        except Exception:
+            return None, "contains an unsupported enum"
+        value_type = type(value)
+
+    if value is None or value_type is bool:
+        return value, None
+    if value_type is str:
+        size = _bounded_utf8_length(value, max_string_bytes)
+        return (
+            (value, None)
+            if size is not None
+            else (
+                None,
+                "contains an invalid or oversized string",
+            )
+        )
+    if value_type is int:
+        return value, _integer_failure(value)
+    if value_type is float:
+        if math.isnan(value):
+            return None, None
+        if math.isinf(value):
+            return None, "contains a non-finite number"
+        return value, None
+    if value_type is Decimal:
+        return value, _decimal_failure(value)
+
+    if value_type is datetime:
+        return _trusted_datetime_text(value)
+    if value_type is time:
+        return _trusted_time_text(value)
+    if value_type is date:
+        return date.isoformat(value), None
+    if value_type is timedelta:
+        return _trusted_timedelta_text(value), None
+    if value_type is UUID:
+        return UUID.__str__(value), None
+
+    if value_type is _PANDAS_NAT_TYPE or value_type is _PANDAS_NA_TYPE:
+        return None, None
+    if value_type is pd.Timestamp:
+        return _trusted_timestamp_text(value)
+    if value_type is pd.Timedelta:
+        if pd.isna(value):
+            return None, None
+        text = pd.Timedelta.isoformat(value)
+        if _bounded_utf8_length(text, MAX_QUERY_RESULT_STRING_BYTES) is None:
+            return None, "contains an oversized pandas timedelta"
+        return text, None
+    if value_type is _PANDAS_PERIOD_TYPE or value_type is 
_PANDAS_INTERVAL_TYPE:
+        # The concrete extension scalar implementations are trusted, unlike an
+        # arbitrary subclass's ``__str__`` implementation.
+        text = str(value)
+        if _bounded_utf8_length(text, MAX_QUERY_RESULT_STRING_BYTES) is None:
+            return None, "contains an oversized pandas scalar"
+        return text, None
+
+    if any(value_type is type_ for type_ in _NUMPY_INTEGER_TYPES):
+        normalized_integer = int(value)
+        return normalized_integer, _integer_failure(normalized_integer)
+    if any(value_type is type_ for type_ in _NUMPY_EXTENDED_FLOAT_TYPES):
+        if np.isnan(value):
+            return None, None
+        if not np.isfinite(value):
+            return None, "contains a non-finite NumPy number"
+        # JSON has no extended floating-point type. Preserve the trusted scalar
+        # as a round-trippable decimal string instead of narrowing to binary64.
+        return np.format_float_scientific(value, unique=True, trim="-"), None
+    if any(value_type is type_ for type_ in _NUMPY_FLOAT_TYPES):
+        normalized_float = float(value)
+        if math.isnan(normalized_float):
+            return None, None
+        if math.isinf(normalized_float):
+            return None, "contains a non-finite NumPy number"
+        return normalized_float, None
+    if value_type is np.bool_:
+        return bool(value), None
+    if value_type is np.str_:
+        text = str(value)
+        if _bounded_utf8_length(text, MAX_QUERY_RESULT_STRING_BYTES) is None:
+            return None, "contains an invalid or oversized NumPy string"
+        return text, None
+    if value_type is np.datetime64:
+        if np.isnat(value):
+            return None, None
+        try:
+            timestamp = pd.Timestamp(value)
+        except (OverflowError, TypeError, ValueError):
+            return None, "contains an invalid NumPy datetime"
+        return _trusted_timestamp_text(timestamp)
+    if value_type is np.timedelta64:
+        if np.isnat(value):
+            return None, None
+        try:
+            delta = pd.Timedelta(value)
+            text = pd.Timedelta.isoformat(delta)
+        except (OverflowError, TypeError, ValueError):
+            return None, "contains an invalid NumPy timedelta"
+        if _bounded_utf8_length(text, MAX_QUERY_RESULT_STRING_BYTES) is None:
+            return None, "contains an oversized NumPy timedelta"
+        return text, None
+
+    if value_type is bytes or value_type is bytearray or value_type is 
memoryview:
+        # Exact binary column values follow the documented serialization
+        # contract: UTF-8 text, otherwise a ``base64:``-prefixed string.
+        try:
+            raw_size = value.nbytes if value_type is memoryview else len(value)
+        except (TypeError, ValueError):
+            return None, "contains an unreadable binary value"
+        if raw_size > max_string_bytes:
+            return None, "contains an oversized binary value"
+        try:
+            text = decode_binary(value)
+        except (TypeError, ValueError):
+            return None, "contains an unreadable binary value"
+        if _bounded_utf8_length(text, max_string_bytes) is None:
+            return None, "contains an oversized binary value"
+        return text, None
+
+    return None, "contains an unsupported or subclassed value"
+
+
+def _is_chart_data_temporal_scalar(value: Any) -> bool:
+    """Return whether an exact scalar has Chart Data temporal wire 
semantics."""
+    return type(value) in {
+        date,
+        datetime,
+        pd.Timestamp,
+        np.datetime64,
+        _PANDAS_NAT_TYPE,
+    }
+
+
+def _is_chart_data_duration_scalar(value: Any) -> bool:
+    """Return whether an exact scalar has Chart Data duration semantics."""
+    return type(value) in {timedelta, pd.Timedelta, np.timedelta64}
+
+
+def _chart_data_duration_text(value: Any) -> tuple[str | None, str | None]:
+    """Project an exact duration through Chart Data's public JSON spelling.
+
+    Builtin and pandas durations are ``timedelta`` instances consumed by
+    ``format_timedelta``. Exact NumPy durations model the real DataFrame
+    producer boundary: unambiguous units are promoted to a pandas Timedelta,
+    NaT becomes JSON null, and ambiguous or overflowing units fail closed.
+    """
+    value_type = type(value)
+    if value_type is timedelta:
+        text = _chart_data_builtin_timedelta_text(value)
+    elif value_type is pd.Timedelta:
+        text = _chart_data_pandas_timedelta_text(value)
+    elif value_type is np.timedelta64:
+        if np.isnat(value):
+            return None, None
+        try:
+            pandas_value = pd.Timedelta(value)
+        except (OverflowError, TypeError, ValueError):
+            return None, "contains an invalid NumPy duration"
+        text = _chart_data_pandas_timedelta_text(pandas_value)
+    else:
+        return None, "contains an unsupported duration value"
+    if _bounded_utf8_length(text, MAX_QUERY_RESULT_STRING_BYTES) is None:
+        return None, "contains an oversized duration"
+    return text, None
+
+
+def _chart_data_temporal_number(  # noqa: C901
+    value: Any,
+) -> tuple[float | None, str | None]:
+    """Project an exact date/datetime through Chart Data's epoch-ms wire form.
+
+    The public Chart Data API uses ``json_int_dttm_ser`` before the browser
+    parses the payload. Trusted canonicalizers first validate or replace
+    timezone implementations without arbitrary hooks, then the production
+    ``datetime_to_epoch`` helper preserves its exact float behavior.
+    """
+    value_type = type(value)
+    if value_type is _PANDAS_NAT_TYPE:
+        # json_int_dttm_ser produces NaN and the Chart Data response's
+        # ``ignore_nan=True`` projects it to JSON null.
+        return None, None
+    if value_type is np.datetime64:
+        if np.isnat(value):
+            return None, None
+        try:
+            value = pd.Timestamp(value)
+        except (OverflowError, TypeError, ValueError):
+            return None, "contains an invalid NumPy datetime"
+        value_type = type(value)
+    if value_type is pd.Timestamp:
+        canonical_timestamp, reason = _trusted_timestamp_value(value)
+        if reason is not None or canonical_timestamp is None:
+            return None, reason or "contains an invalid pandas timestamp"
+        try:
+            return datetime_to_epoch(canonical_timestamp), None
+        except (OverflowError, TypeError, ValueError):
+            return None, "contains an invalid pandas timestamp"
+    if value_type is datetime:
+        canonical_datetime, reason = _trusted_datetime_value(value)
+        if reason is not None or canonical_datetime is None:
+            return None, reason or "contains an invalid datetime"
+        try:
+            return datetime_to_epoch(canonical_datetime), None
+        except (OverflowError, TypeError, ValueError):
+            return None, "contains an invalid datetime"
+    if value_type is date:
+        return (value - EPOCH.date()).total_seconds() * 1000, None
+    return None, "contains an unsupported temporal value"
+
+
+def _add_result_value_to_budget(value: Any, budget: _ResultBudget) -> str | 
None:
+    """Account for one normalized row value and its JSON scalar size."""
+    budget.values += 1
+    if budget.values > MAX_QUERY_RESULT_VALUES:
+        return "contains too many total values"
+    if budget.values + budget.metadata_items > MAX_QUERY_RESULT_WORK:
+        return "exceeds the total work limit"
+    if type(value) is not list and type(value) is not dict:
+        if reason := _charge_json_bytes(budget, 
_normalized_scalar_json_size(value)):
+            return reason
+    return None
+
+
+def _metadata_failure_for_value(  # noqa: C901
+    value: Any, budget: _ResultBudget, *, row_shaped: bool = False
+) -> str | None:
+    """Bound metadata, charging row-shaped indexes to the row-data work 
budget."""
+    stack: list[tuple[Any, int, bool]] = [(value, 0, False)]
+    active_containers: set[int] = set()
+    while stack:
+        item, depth, leaving = stack.pop()
+        if leaving:
+            active_containers.remove(id(item))
+            continue
+        if row_shaped:
+            budget.values += 1
+            if budget.values > MAX_QUERY_RESULT_VALUES:
+                return "metadata contains too many total values"
+        else:
+            budget.metadata_items += 1
+            if budget.metadata_items > MAX_QUERY_RESULT_METADATA_ITEMS:
+                return "metadata exceeds the item limit"
+        if budget.values + budget.metadata_items > MAX_QUERY_RESULT_WORK:
+            return "metadata exceeds the total work limit"
+        if depth > _MAX_ROW_CONTAINER_DEPTH:
+            return "metadata exceeds the nesting depth limit"
+
+        if type(item) is dict:
+            identity = id(item)
+            if identity in active_containers:
+                return "metadata contains cyclic containers"
+            active_containers.add(identity)
+            stack.append((item, depth, True))
+            item_count = dict.__len__(item)
+            if item_count > _MAX_ROW_CONTAINER_ITEMS:
+                return "metadata contains an oversized object"
+            if reason := _charge_json_bytes(
+                budget,
+                _container_json_syntax_size(item_count, mapping=True),
+                metadata=True,
+            ):
+                return reason
+            for key, child in dict.items(item):
+                if type(key) is not str:
+                    return "metadata contains a non-string object key"
+                key_size = _json_string_size(key, MAX_QUERY_RESULT_KEY_BYTES)
+                if key_size is None:
+                    return "metadata contains an invalid or oversized object 
key"
+                if reason := _charge_json_bytes(budget, key_size, 
metadata=True):
+                    return reason
+                stack.append((child, depth + 1, False))
+            continue
+
+        if type(item) is list:
+            identity = id(item)
+            if identity in active_containers:
+                return "metadata contains cyclic containers"
+            active_containers.add(identity)
+            stack.append((item, depth, True))
+            width = list.__len__(item)
+            # Chart Data emits one indexname per row. Only that outer array
+            # receives the row limit; containers within an index stay bounded.
+            max_items = (
+                MAX_QUERY_RESULT_ROWS
+                if row_shaped and depth == 0
+                else _MAX_ROW_CONTAINER_ITEMS
+            )
+            if width > max_items:
+                return "metadata contains an oversized array"
+            if reason := _charge_json_bytes(
+                budget,
+                _container_json_syntax_size(width, mapping=False),
+                metadata=True,
+            ):
+                return reason
+            stack.extend(
+                (list.__getitem__(item, index), depth + 1, False)
+                for index in range(width)
+            )
+            continue
+
+        normalized, reason = _normalize_trusted_scalar(
+            item, max_string_bytes=MAX_QUERY_RESULT_METADATA_BYTES

Review Comment:
   A successful pivot with two index dimensions produces `indexnames: [("US", 
"East")]` via `list(df.index)`, but this treats the tuple as an unsupported 
scalar and rejects the entire chart result, including JSON and CSV/Excel 
requests. Could bounded exact tuples be accepted as metadata containers as well 
as row-data containers?



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