On Fri, Jan 27, 2012 at 4:38 PM, Sandwichman <[email protected]> wrote: > Often what is termed market failure by orthodox definition is indeed cost > shifting success. There would be some cases, though, where market failure > results in deadweight loss.
Quite so. Having just finished the final writing step in a book that spends a lot of time on that kind of "market failure" (Solving the Climate Crisis stcc.be) a good example is "the energy efficiency gap" where firms and individuals don't take advantages of opportunities to save energy at a profit The most commonly discussed energy efficiency gap case: split incentives between renters and landlords when it comes to insulation. The landlord does not want to put in extra insulation because that saves the tenant's energy bill. The tenant does not want to pay for extra insulation, because that is a capital gift to the landlord and the renter may move out before getting that investment back. Plus making an improvement to your landlords property is a good way to get a rent raise - more valuable property now ya know. In this case, fear of cost shifting leads to a loss for both parties. In classical economics the result of this would be a mutually beneficial landlord/tenant deal. And it happens sometimes in the real world, but not most of the time. I guess fear of cost shifting would be close enough to cost shifting. So here is a non-energy example. Occupation health and safety. Peter Dorman did a review of the literature showing that most businesses have accounting systems that overlook between half and 90% of the costs of worker injuries to the business. This is not costs to the worker, but short term costs to the employers. In classical market theory, if an employer is not properly accounting for a cost it won't be properly controlled, meaning that worker injuries are happening at rates that are too high even from the viewpoint of a cold-hearted capitalist who only cares about his company bottom-line. Owners are harming workers through unsafe working conditions and losing money doing so. Dorman, Peter. 2000. The Economics of Safety, Health, and Well-Being at Work: An Overview. Programme on Safety and Health at Work and in the Environment (SafeWork) of the International Labour Organization (ILO). http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---safework/documents/publication/wcms_110382.pdf. > > > On Fri, Jan 27, 2012 at 4:14 PM, Eugene Coyle <[email protected]> wrote: >> >> Thanks Sean. >> Thanks Sandwichman >> Thanks Jim >> >> After I read Sean's reply I realized I wanted the orthodox definition. >> And I had previously thought of market failure as cost shifting success. >> My question was caused by reading this passage from Nobelist Michael >> Spence's article in Foreign Affairs. (Source: Foreign Affairs. 90.4 >> (July-August 2011): p28.) in Foreign Affairs, Spence, after describing how >> jobs have moved abroad, says: >> >> Highly educated U.S. workers are already gravitating toward the >> high-value-added parts of the U.S. economy, particularly in the tradable >> sector. As labor economists >> have noted, the return on education is rising. The highly educated, and >> only them, are enjoying more job opportunities and higher incomes. >> Competition for highly >> educated workers in the tradable sector spills over to the nontradable >> sector, raising incomes in the high-value-added part of that sector as well. >> But with fewer jobs in >> the lower-value-added part of the tradable sector, competition for similar >> jobs in the nontradable sector is increasing. This, in turn, further >> depresses income growth in >> the lower-value-added part of the nontradable sector. Thus, the evolving >> structure of the global economy has diverse effects on different groups of >> people in the >> United States. Opportunities are expanding for the highly educated >> throughout the economy: they are expanding in the tradable sector because >> the global economy is >> growing and in the nontradable sector because that job market must remain >> competitive with the tradable sector. But opportunities are shrinking for >> the less well >> educated. >> Faced with an undesirable economic outcome, economists tend to assume that >> its cause is a market failure. Market failures come in many forms, from >> inefficiencies >> caused by information gaps to the unpriced impacts of externalities such >> as the environment. But the effects on the U.S. economy of the global >> economy's structural >> evolution is not a market failure: it is not an economically inefficient >> outcome. (If anything, the global economy is generally becoming more >> efficient.) But it is >> nonetheless a cause for concern in that it is creating a distributional >> problem in the advanced economies. Not everyone is gaining in those >> countries, and some may be >> losing. >> >> >> So there Spence is saying the income loss for some ... "in the >> lower-value-added part of the nontradable sector" is NOT market failure. >> The global economy is becoming more efficient, he says. But nonetheless it >> is a cause for concern, he says. It is a distributional problem, not market >> failure, he says. >> >> So that is what prompted my question and I now have answers. Thanks. >> >> Gene >> >> >> On Jan 27, 2012, at 2:36 PM, Jim Devine wrote: >> >> in orthodox economics, "market failure" is defined relative to the >> Walrasian ideal of perfect markets interacting with each other (via >> prices). If the real world doesn't live up to that ideal (as per >> usual), there is market failure. Market failures are like real-world >> snakes in an imaginary free-market Eden. (This is basically in >> agreement with the Sandwichman.) >> >> Consider a pharmaceutical company which develops a drug after the >> >> expenditure of say $1 billion and is able to produce a daily dose for 50 >> >> cents. The company considers the volume to be sold and realizes that it >> >> must get, say, $5.00 per pill to make a profit. The formula for the pill >> is >> >> public. Without a patent on the drug it can't sell for $5.00, so it needs >> >> patent protection to be profitable. >> >> >> Is the need for patent protection "market failure" or is that something >> >> else? >> >> >> This is an example of a (beneficial) externality, in which the >> production of knowledge about what drug to make and how to produce it >> (via research, testing, etc.) leads to others having knowledge without >> paying for it. So the original producer cannot capture all of the >> profits that would result from the production of the knowledge by >> selling the drug (so that it might not be profitable to produce any of >> it at all). It might also be thought of as a case of public-goods >> production, in which the other companies are "free riders" on the >> research, testing, etc. Seen in a third way, private property rights >> (in knowledge) are not defined well. Again, all externalities are >> "market failures" as defined relative to the Walrasian utopia. >> >> In this case, some non-market or non-competitive solution is needed >> (such as patent monopolies, but that's not the only alternative, as >> Sean points out). >> >> By the way, because "market failures" are ubiquitous, there's no >> reason to assume that a correction for one "failure" will actually >> move the world toward the unknown ideal of Pareto poop. (This is the >> "Theory of the Second Best.") So-called welfare economics seems to be >> able to talk about only one or two "imperfections" at a time. >> Nonetheless, neoliberal powers such as the IMF assume that any move >> toward market perfection implies an improvement is welfare. >> -- >> Jim Devine / It's time to Occupy the New Year! >> _______________________________________________ >> pen-l mailing list >> [email protected] >> https://lists.csuchico.edu/mailman/listinfo/pen-l >> >> >> >> _______________________________________________ >> pen-l mailing list >> [email protected] >> https://lists.csuchico.edu/mailman/listinfo/pen-l >> > > > > -- > Sandwichman > > _______________________________________________ > pen-l mailing list > [email protected] > https://lists.csuchico.edu/mailman/listinfo/pen-l > -- Facebook: Gar Lipow Twitter: GarLipow Grist Blog: http://www.grist.org/member/1598 Static page: http://www.nohairshirts.com _______________________________________________ pen-l mailing list [email protected] https://lists.csuchico.edu/mailman/listinfo/pen-l
