Just a basic diagnostsic checklist:

# ip l

shows the links if you're missing eth0 or wlan device you need to
investigate drivers:
lsmod
dmesg
lspci
lshw

if the links exist, what's their status?

# eth-tool <if>
# mii-tool <if>

show the link attributes (check duplex and speed--auto-negotiation
sometimes fails causing problems--you can force the mode with these
tools)

# ip a

shows ip assignment

# ip r

shows routing

# cat /etc/resolv.conf

shows your dns settings

# ps | grep dhcp

to check for dhcpcd if required, and check logs to see tthe daemon's status

If it's wireless, it will vary by distro, but:

# iwconfig

shows wireless device status/connectivity

# wpa_gui / wpa_cli

shows your wpa_supplicant status if it's running (needed for WEP/WPA,
there is also an alternative for WEP I believe)

If you have link and an address, can you ping the configured gateway
(ip r shows the gateway)
If you can ping the gateway, can you ping the dns server?
(/etc/resolv.conf shows you the dns servers)
Can you resolve names? (test w/ping, dnsip, or diig)
If so, everything should be working.

If not, you may also need to look at your iptables rules.

# iptables -t filter -nvL

will show your your filter table, you need to understand iptables to follow it..

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