Man's earliest footsteps may be lost forever
Storms and trees threaten prints of an apeman's escape from a volcano
a.. Robin McKie, science editor
b.. The Observer,
c.. Sunday January 13 2008
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This article appeared in the Observer on Sunday January 13 2008 on p15 of the
UK news section. It was last updated at 23:43 on January 12 2008.
They are the world's oldest human tracks, a set of footprints pressed into
volcanic ash that have lain perfectly preserved for more than three-and-a-half
million years. Made by a group of ancient apemen, the prints represent one of
the most important sites in human evolutionary studies, for they show that our
ancestors had already stopped walking on four legs and had become upright
members of the primate world.
But now the Laetoli steps in northern Tanzania are in danger of destruction.
The footprints, although reburied 10 years ago and covered by a special
protective coating, are suffering storm erosion, while trees and plants begin
to grow through the historic outlines.
The Laetoli steps were discovered in 1976 by scientists led by the late Mary
Leakey, mother of conservationist Richard Leakey. They found a couple of prints
that had been exposed by the wind and then uncovered a trail that led across an
expanse of volcanic ash, like footprints left behind by holidaymakers walking
on a wet beach.
The researchers could make out the arch of each foot, the big toe - even the
heel. The prints had clearly been made by creatures who had long adapted to
walking on two legs. Yet tests showed the prints had been made about 3.6
million years ago.
At that time, the area was populated by short, small-brained species of apeman,
known as Australopithicus afarensis, an ancestor of modern human beings. Most
scientists believe these were the creators of the Laetoli footprints,
individuals who may have been escaping an eruption of the nearby Sadiman
volcano. By studying the prints, scientists conclude that a smaller individual
- presumed by Leakey to be a female - stopped in her tracks and glanced at some
threat or sound to her left. 'This motion, so intensely human, transcends
time,' Leakey wrote in National Geographic. 'Three million , six hundred
thousand years ago, a remote ancestor - just as you or I - experienced a moment
of doubt.' It is this window on human behaviour that makes Laetoli so
important, say scientists.
But a study presented at an international conference last month warns that
unless urgent action is taken, the Laetoli steps - 'the rarest, oldest and most
important evidence' documenting humans' ability to walk on two legs - will be
lost to civilisation.
'The protective blanket over the prints is already breaking up,' said Dr
Charles Musiba of the University of Colorado, Denver. 'Unless something is done
within the next five years, the site is going to suffer serious, irreparable
damage.'
He added: 'The footprints are currently buried for their own protection - which
means we can no longer study them, and that is crazy. We could use scanners and
other modern tools to learn all sorts of things about the people who made these
prints. We need to expose them but protect them as well. Building a museum over
them is the perfect solution.'
Palaeontologists agree that action is needed, but claim that constructing a
building over the steps in remote Laetoli is impossible and would only lead to
further degradation. 'No matter how good the intentions, any attempt to
preserve them in place is doomed to failure,' said one of the steps'
discoverers, Tim White of the University of Berkeley, California. 'Laetoli is
remote, inaccessible, and would require infrastructure currently not available
or foreseeable to preserve these prints in place.'
Professor Terry Harrison of New York University said: 'The local people around
Laetoli, the Masai, do not appreciate having structures built on their land.
They tend to smash things up. These are pastoral people who do not have a sense
of property and can be destructive. You would need to guard the museum
constantly and carefully.'
Harrison and White believe the whole sequence of steps, about 23 metres in
length, should be cut from the local hillside, transported to Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania's capital, and installed in a museum. The technology for such an
endeavour has precedents. In 1968, engineers relocated the Egyptian temple of
Abu Simbel when it was threatened by the creation of the Aswan Dam.
Sites under threat
Lascaux caves, Dordogne, France
17,000-year-old paintings are threatened by bacterial and fungal infection.
Stonehenge, Wiltshire
Considered for Unesco's endangered list because of harm caused by traffic.
Hill of Tara, Ireland
Motorway plans put the site on World Monuments Watch's endangered list.
Jarlshof, Shetland
Site showing occupation over 4,200 years at risk from rising sea levels.
Wadi Mathendous rock art, Libya
Tourism and vibrations from oil-drilling threaten prehistoric cliff carvings.
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