It's true...a historic and meaningful day for Indonesians...but not all
Indonesians share your statement.
You need to look back into the past ...what has Soeharto done for his country
sofar! He is leaving Indonesia with an unhealthy economic fundamentals and
moreover ...corruption is rampant, thanks to Soeharto.
Right or wrong(my country,my leader)? Don't be silly, your remarks indicate
that you are not more than a chauvinist.
People, like you who doesn't have an inkling about decency can utter
statement like this. To expect a bright future one must have the courage as a
matter of decency to consider all positives and negatives, and to draw a
lesson. Don't let precedents take hold.
Apanya yang sampeyan maksud dengan l"ight history"? Coba sodorkan disini. Aku
bilang Soeharto sudah meletakkan fondasi, setidak-tidaknya fondasi :..kultur
ber-korupsi ria, sehingga duit rakyat amblas masuk kantong anak2 ,cucu2nya
serta begundal2nya.
Orang yang berpendirian.."right or wrong" itu bisa diklasifikasi ...orang
bebel(sorry), simple as that! Ngak bisa maju karena bersikukuh misalnya ada
kesalahan tapi tetap saja di geluti...itu namanya bebelnya ungkapan....right or
wrong...????
Harry Adinegara
Patricia Devita Sihwardoyo <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
Jan, 27-2008 was a historic day for Indonesians, Soeharto was died.
As a nationalist, I have to appreciate my national leader history very
much...., right or wrong...!
Bagaimanapun juga, dia telah jadi bagian dan mengukir sejarah bangsa ini.
Ya..., walau ada dark history..., tetapi light history-nya jangan
ditenggelamkan...!
Patricia
Harry Adinegara wrote:
> Hari ini tanggal 27 Januari, penduduk dunia memperingati International
> Holocaust Rememberance Day, yang anehnya juga bertepatan dengan meninggalnya
> mantan presiden RI ke II Soeharto. Aku katakan aneh karena 27 Januari
> memperingati suatu genocide yang telah terjadi terhadap orang Jahudi dimasa
> perang dunia ke 2. Aneh juga karena angka dua menyertai satu peristiwa atau
> hal yang sama, PD ke 2 dan mantan presiden ke 2
> Untuk memberikan gambaran dari satu coin(mata uang) perlu kita melihat kedua
> sisi coin(mata uang) itu. Bahkan manusia itu sendiri dikuasai oleh
> kecenderungan berbuat baik dan segi jahatnya.
> Terutama bagi generasi muda, termasuk aku yang setengah muda/setengah tua,
> ada baiknya apabila kita berusaha untuk melihat dua sisi dari satu coin dalam
> kejadian kematian-mya mantan presiden Soeharto.
> Biarlah tiap individu memberikan penilaiannya sendiri2, soal mantan presiden
> ke II ini, dan menentukan sikapnya demi kelangsungan hidup NKRI. Tanpa
> menginsyafi dan mengetahui dua sisi dari satu coin, kiranya bukanlah sesuatu
> yang baik bagi perkembangan negara NKRI, karena aspek dua sisi dari satu coin
> bisa memberikan faedah yang sangat baik. Yang baik diturut dan yang jelek
> kita buang.
> Semua pihak rupanya saatnya tiba untuk mengambil sikap, karena tanpa adanya
> evaluasi/introspeks i, apalagi yang kita hadapi sekarang adalah suatu
> kejadian dimana satu sosok mantan presiden ini bisa kita jadikan sebagai
> acuan/contoh dalam aspek baik buruknya.
> Apakah kita amini segala2nya yang mantan presiden ini pernah perbuat selama
> hidup dan selama mantan presiden ini berkuasa?, ataukah kita tanpa melihat
> kebelakang kita persolek semua perbuatannya mantan presiden ini.
> Pentingnya melihat kebelakang, mempertimbangkan kedua aspek dari dua sisi
> satu coin akan membuahkan fondasi positip bagi perkembangan negara.
> Harry Adinegara
> @import url( /css/main.css );
> ------------ --------- --------- ---
> moreorless : heroes & killers of the 20th century
> Search [input] [input]
> home
> heroes
> killers
> background
> about this site
> contact
> killer file
> SUHARTO
> country
> kill tally
> background
> mini biography
> comment
> more information
> reflections on killers
> Suharto (Suharto can also be spelt Soeharto.)
> Country: Indonesia.
> Kill tally: Up to two million killed following an alleged coup attempt in
> 1965 (most reports estimate the number at around 500,000). Over 250,000
> deaths following the invasion of East Timor in 1975. Thousands more killed in
> various Indonesian provinces.
> Background: The Indonesian archipelago is first exposed to the West in the
> 16th Century when the Portuguese attempt to monopolise the lucrative spice
> trade and spread Christianity. The Portuguese are supplanted by the Dutch in
> the first half of the 17th Century. During the 19th Century the Dutch extend
> their colonial rule across the archipelago, bringing all the land area of
> modern Indonesia, with the exception of Portuguese East Timor, under their
> control.
> The country proclaims its independence on 17 August 1945 then fights a war
> with the Dutch when they attempt to reimpose control. In December 1949 the
> Republic of the United States of Indonesia (RUSI) is established with
> independence activist Sukarno as president. When the Indonesian Communist
> Party (PKI) supposedly attempts a coup d'état in September 1965, the army
> steps in. Sukarno is deposed. Major-general Suharto rises to power,
> establishing a 'New Order' (Orde Baru). More background.
> Mini biography: Born on 8 June 1921 in the village of Kemusu Argamulja in
> Central Java, Indonesia. Though his family are simple peasants, Suharto
> receives a relatively good education.
> 1940 - After working in a village bank, then as a labourer, Suharto enlists
> for a three-year term in the Dutch colonial army, the KNIL (Koninklijk
> Nederlandsch Indisch Leger - Royal Netherlands East Indies Army), beginning
> his service in June.
> 1941 - Suharto is accepted for training as a sergeant at a military school at
> Gombong in Central Java. A week after his training begins the Dutch surrender
> to the invading Japanese.
> 1942 - He joins the occupation police force then, in 1943, becomes a
> battalion commander in the Peta (Defenders of the Fatherland), a
> Japanese-trained militia.
> 1945 - On 14 August Japan surrenders unconditionally, ending the Second World
> War.
> Suharto officially joins the Indonesian Army on the same day it is founded, 5
> October. He fights against the Dutch during the war for independence, is
> appointed commander of the Third Regiment, and distinguishes himself during
> an attack on Yogyakarta on 1 March 1949.
> Following independence, Suharto remains in the military. He serves on the
> island of Sulawesi, then returns to Central Java.
> 1953 - In March Suharto is posted to Solo as commander of Infantry Regiment
> 15.
> 1955 - At Indonesia's first democratic election held on 29 September no party
> wins a majority of seats in the country's single House of Parliament,
> although Sukarno's Indonesian Nationalist Union (PNI) wins more votes than
> any other party. The resulting political instability is heightened by the
> self-serving actions of military officers in some regional areas and by the
> growth of an Islamic separatist movement.
> 1957 - In attempt to prevent the new republic from breaking apart Sukarno
> proclaims martial law on 14 March and turns to the PKI and the armed forces
> (ABRI) to assist with his plan for the introduction of a 'Guided Democracy'.
> At the end of the year, PKI-controlled unions lead a movement to nationalise
> Dutch-owned companies. The Royal Packetship Company (which controls most of
> the archipelago' s shipping) and Royal Dutch Shell are seized and 46,000
> Dutch nationals are expelled from the country. Officers from ABRI are given a
> role in managing the nationalised firms.
> Meanwhile, Suharto is promoted to regional commander in the Diponegoro
> Division in Central Java, with the rank of full colonel. In this position he
> begins to engage in business ventures to help fund his command, a practice
> that is common throughout the Indonesian military.
> 1958 - Military and Muslim political figures rebel against Sukarno in
> February, proclaiming the Revolutionary Government of the Indonesian
> Republic. The rebellion is quashed by the middle of the year. The United
> States' covert support of the rebels pushes Sukarno closer to the Soviet
> Union and the People's Republic of China.
> 1959 - The success of Suharto's extra-military business activities attracts
> the attention of the high command. Suharto is implicated in sugar smuggling
> and other corrupt practices. He is removed from his command and ordered to
> take a course at the Army Staff and Command School in Bandung, West Java.
> However, despite this reprimand, Suharto will be promoted to
> brigadier-general in January 1960.
> In July Sukarno dissolves the House of Representatives and formally
> introduces 'Guided Democracy'. A new parliament established in March 1960
> contains a majority of directly appointed representatives, including blocks
> from the military (later known as the Golkar party) and from the PKI. The
> leader of the PKI heads a newly formed House of Assembly.
> The influence of the PKI expands in the early 1960s. Membership of the party
> reaches two million. Affiliated unions and peasant organisations have as many
> as nine million members. The PKI is directly involved in the implementation
> of land and social reforms encompassed by the 'Guided Democracy' credo and is
> active in pursuing an independent foreign policy aligning Indonesia with
> China. By 1964 fears of a communist takeover of the country become
> widespread.
> 1960 - Sukarno breaks diplomatic relations with the Dutch and sets up the
> Army Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad), a special military unit formed to
> recover West New Guinea, which is still occupied by the Dutch. Suharto
> commands the unsuccessful 'Operation Mandala' to drive the Dutch out.
> Full-scale war is averted by a United Nations (UN) and US-brokered settlement
> that sees the territory handed to Indonesia in May 1963. However, under the
> 'New York Agreement' the territory will have the right after five years to
> make an "act of free choice" to determine its future.
> 1961 - Suharto is posted to Army Headquarters in Jakarta. Following this
> posting, he embarks on his first overseas trip.
> 1962 - At the start of the year Suharto is promoted to major-general and
> placed in charge of the Diponegoro Division.
> 1963 - On 23 September Sukarno begins a confrontation with the newly formed
> state of Malaysia, across the Strait of Malacca to the north of Sumatra. The
> low-level conflict draws in Britain, the US and the Soviet Union and lasts
> until 1964, the so-called 'Year of Living Dangerously' . Meanwhile, Suharto
> is made commander of Kostrad, which now acts as a special alert force.
> 1964 - Golkar (the Joint Secretariat of Functional Groups) is established by
> the military and backed financially and organisationally by the government.
> 1965 - Suspicions that the communists will attempt to take over the country
> are raised when the PKI, with Chinese backing, proposes to establish a "fifth
> force" of armed peasants and workers. The military divides into factions,
> with one group supporting Sukarno and the PKI, and the other opposed.
> Suharto, who is now army chief-of-staff, sides with the opponents.
> On 30 September pro-communist military officers (the so-called September 30
> Movement) attempt to stage a coup d'état, allegedly to prevent a coup by
> their opponents in the military. Six anti-Sukarno generals and a lieutenant
> are kidnapped and killed by the pro-communists. Suharto, who had been
> informed of the anti-Sukarno coup plot but failed to head it off, leads a
> counter force that puts down the pro-communists and allows him to take
> control of the army.
> The failure of the coup will result in widespread reprisals against the
> communists, although the role of the PKI in the coup attempt is unclear.
> Suharto's position is formalised on 16 October when Sukarno appoints him as
> minister for and commander of the army. Suharto subsequently orders the
> military to "clean up" the PKI.
> PKI members and Chinese are targeted by the military, military-backed
> militias and violent mobs, with up to two million being murdered (most
> reports estimate the number at around 500,000). The military is purged of
> pro-Sukarno elements. Sukarno is now politically and militarily isolated,
> allowing Suharto to rise to ultimate power.
> 1966 - On 11 March Sukarno transfers supreme authority to Suharto, who
> quickly acts to introduce his 'New Order' (Orde Baru). The PKI is banned on
> 12 March. PKI members are purged from the parliament. Labour organisations
> are banned and controls on the press are tightened. The confrontation with
> Malaysia is ended, relations with Western powers are reestablished, and ties
> with China are suspended. All power is centralised on Suharto, who is the
> final arbiter of all political decisions.
> Overall spending on the military is increased, with some financial assistance
> coming from the US, and the armed forces are given a central and permanent
> role in civil governance and economic management, setting the ground for the
> later development of endemic corruption. Two new intelligence gathering
> agencies are established to prevent the reemergence of the PKI - the
> Operational Command for the Restoration of Security and Order (Kopkamtib) and
> the State Intelligence Coordination Agency (Bakin).
> The military detains about 200,000 people allegedly involved in the attempted
> coup, with the detainees being divided into three categories. Those in 'Group
> A' (PKI leaders and associates "directly involved") are sentenced by military
> courts to death or long terms in prison; 'Group B' detainees (those less
> actively involved) are sent to prison, in some cases until 1980; those in
> 'Group C' (mostly rank and file PKI members) are generally released.
> Executions of detainees continue until as late as 1990.
> 1967 - On 12 March the House of Assembly strips Sukarno of all political
> power and installs Suharto as acting president. Sukarno is kept under virtual
> house arrest until his death on 21 June 1970. During the year Indonesia joins
> with Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Singapore to form a new
> regional and officially nonaligned grouping, the Association of Southeast
> Asian Nations (ASEAN). Indonesia's diplomatic relations with China are broken
> and most Chinese-language newspapers are closed.
> In August Suharto places all the divisions of the armed forces under his
> control. Full political control is also ensured when the Assembly agrees that
> the government will directly appoint one third of its members. Suharto
> handpicks judges, the governor of the central bank, the board of directors of
> each state-owned company and the chairman of the Security and Exchange
> Commission.
> 1968 - On 21 March Suharto is formally elected for a five-year term as
> president. He will remain in the position until 1998, standing unopposed for
> successive five-year terms in 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993 and 1998.
> 1969 - Suharto honours the 'New York Agreement' and allows West New Guinea to
> vote on the UN-monitored "act of free choice" to determine if it wants to
> join the Indonesian Republic. The vote is carried but the method of the
> referendum throws the result into question. Rather than a general plebiscite
> the vote is restricted to 1025 selected community representatives. After the
> UN General Assembly ratifies the vote in November West New Guinea becomes the
> 26th province of Indonesia and is renamed Irian Jaya (Victorious Irian).
> The local resistance, the Free Papua Movement (OPM), rejects the referendum
> result and begins an ongoing low-level insurgency, operating from sanctuaries
> along the border with neighbouring Papua New Guinea (PNG). The OPM advocates
> unification with PNG.
> The Indonesian military establish a permanent presence in Irian Jaya to
> control the indigenous population, who become increasingly concerned by the
> influx of mainly Javanese immigrants brought in under the government's
> transmigration program.
> 1970 - On 22 January student protests are banned following a series of
> demonstrations against corruption. In July a Suharto-appointed commission
> finds that corruption is widespread throughout government. The commission is
> shut down.
> 1971 - Golkar wins 62.8% of the vote in general elections held in July. It
> becomes entrenched as the dominant political force in Indonesia, winning
> 62.1, and 64.3 percent of the popular vote respectively in the general
> elections of 1977 and 1982. Other parties are marginalised and forced to
> amalgamate and have their activities restricted.
> By 1973 there are only three political parties allowed to operate in
> Indonesia - Golkar, the United Development Party, and the Indonesian
> Democratic Party. Suharto directly appoints over 20% of the members of the
> House of Representatives. All Indonesia's public servants are required to
> join a Golkar-controlled association and are compelled to vote for Golkar at
> elections.
> 1974 - A military coup in Portugal sees the installation of a new Portuguese
> Government determined to sever the ties with its colonies, including East
> Timor and the small enclave of Oecusse on the north coast of Timor. The
> decision divides the East Timorese population.
> The Timorese Democratic Union (UDT) initially favours a continued association
> with Portugal. The Marxist Revolutionary Front for East Timor's Independence
> (Fretilin) calls for full independence. When the UDT shifts its position the
> two groups join in an independence campaign. The Popular Democratic
> Association of Timor (Apodeti) favours integration with Indonesia and
> receives backing from the Indonesian Government, which also wants to see the
> province integrated.
> Indonesia's policy on East Timor hardens following a meeting in September
> between Suharto and Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam, who acknowledges
> that it may be best if the province joins Indonesia, if the East Timorese so
> wish.
> 1975 - The rise in the influence of Fretilin causes concern in Indonesia,
> which fears that East Timor may turn communist. On 28 November Fretilin
> proclaims the Democratic Republic of East Timor. The opposition groups call
> on Jakarta to intervene.
> Indonesia invades on 7 December, landing forces at the capital Dili and at
> Baukau, 100 kilometres to the east, and installing a puppet government
> composed of members of UDT and Apodeti.
> The occupation takes place with the blessing of US President Gerald Ford and
> US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, who meet with Suharto in Jakarta on 6
> December, the day before the Indonesian troops are mobilised.
> "I would like to speak to you, Mr President, about another problem, Timor.
> ... Fretilin is infected the same as is the Portuguese Army with communism
> ... We want your understanding if we deem it necessary to take rapid or
> drastic action," Suharto tells the visitors.
> Ford replies, "We will understand and will not press you on this issue. We
> understand the problem you have and the intentions you have."
> Kissinger says, "You appreciate that the use of US-made arms could create
> problems. ... It depends on how we construe it; whether it is in self-defence
> or is a foreign operation. It is important that whatever you do succeeds
> quickly. We would be able to influence the reaction in America if whatever
> happens, happens after we return."
> It is estimated that 60,000 East Timorese or 10% of the population are killed
> in the first two months of the invasion. All told, up to 250,000 of East
> Timor's 1975 population of about 650,000 will die as a result of the
> occupation, which will last for 24 years.
> 1976 - The extent of corruption within Pertamina, the national oil producer,
> is revealed when the company begins to default on debt repayments. The
> company's total debt is estimated at more than US$10 billion.
> 1978 - Widespread student demonstrations against the regime result in a
> tightening of control over university campuses and the press.
> 1980s - Political and economic corruption emerges as a major issue. Ties to
> Suharto are seen as an essential prerequisite to doing business in Indonesia,
> with those in favour being given lucrative government contracts often at the
> expense of economic efficiency. Cronies of the regime use their positions for
> personal enrichment and to enhance their political power. Suharto's six
> children use their privileged position to launch questionable business
> ventures.
> Nevertheless, the number of Indonesians living in absolute poverty drops from
> 60% to 14% between 1970 and 1990.
> 1980 - On 5 May a group called the 'Petition of Fifty', composed of former
> generals, political leaders, academics, students, and others, calls for
> greater political freedom. The petition is not reported in the Indonesian
> media. Restrictions are placed on the signatories to the petition. The
> government takes no action on the concerns they have raised.
> 1982 - In September a new press-licensing scheme is introduced that allows
> the government to close down an entire publishing house for an unfavourable
> article published in a single newspaper or magazine.
> 1983 - A cease-fire agreement is signed between the Indonesian Government and
> Fretilin on 23 March, however, the Indonesian Army resumes its offensive on
> 31 August.
=== message truncated ===
---------------------------------
Make the switch to the world's best email. Get the new Yahoo!7 Mail now.
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
