Hello Qiyuan,

For the question regarding the Hertzian contact, if you have a good 
estimate of the material properties, such as stiffness and damping, it 
should model the physics decently. Though hard to measure the *accurate​* 
contact force, what we do know is, the Hertzian contact model leads to 
macroscopic behavior of the dynamics system that can be measured and have 
been validated. Note that you need a small step size for the solver to be 
stable, in your case, it's a box-triangle mesh contact, so it could be time 
consuming. 

The good thing about Chrono is, you can have a user-defined contact model 
for your application. Take a look at the class ContactForce in 
demo_MBS_callbackSMC.cpp 
<https://github.com/projectchrono/chrono/blob/main/src/demos/mbs/demo_MBS_callbackSMC.cpp#L113>,
 
you can implement whatever you want for your tire-bump contact, it does not 
have to be Hertzian or Hookean. 

Thank you,
Luning
On Tuesday, March 28, 2023 at 8:33:18 PM UTC-5 [email protected] wrote:

> Hi
>
> I've spent the past few weeks working on creating a model using Project 
> Chrono to place bounds on a rather catastrophic failure mode in an electric 
> scooter I have purchased. The project has given me some reasonable results, 
> and is a more in-depth description is available on the project's Github 
> page: https://github.com/keonjoe/Nami-Simulator
>
> There is still some work to be done on the correlation side and tweaks to 
> the contact model to be made. In this regard, I do have a few questions:
>
>    1. Could somebody please comment on how accurate the standard Hertzian 
>    contact model has been for handling the vertical forces (i.e. from hitting 
>    a sharp bump) from tire-road contacts? Are there any recommendations for 
>    how to tweak the contact model to better approximate the behavior of a 
> tire 
>    over a bump if the Hertzian contact model is not a good fit for this 
>    application?
>    2. I noticed that when using a lower stiffness value for the 
>    ChElementBeamIGA elements I used to create a part in my model that some 
>    spurrious low frequency oscillations are present. When I was working at GT 
>    helping customers troubleshoot these types of issues in their models, the 
>    solution was usually to increase the alpha term in the material Rayleigh 
>    damping model. However, I noticed in the comments in the code that it is 
>    not possible to apply the alpha Rayleigh damping term. Is there an 
>    explanation for why this cannot be done for ChElementBeamIGA? Surely there 
>    is a mass matrix being assembled at some point in the solution process on 
>    which the alpha term can be applied.
>
> Thank you in advance for your help!
>
> Qiyuan
>

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