Lihatlah orang kafir yang mengadakan penelitian untuk memajukan kesehatan ummat
manusia...
Sementara orang Islam lebih senang menghabiskan waktunya untuk bicara tentang
tetek Claudia Shifter yang ditutup baju yang bertuliskan ayat al-Mushaf atau
kartun Denemark.
Beda nian bukan apa yang menjadi buah fikiran orang kafir yang beradab dan
orang Islam yang biadab.
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Web address:
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/
080714155301.htm
Researchers Identify Immune Cells That Block Allergic Reactions
ScienceDaily (July 16, 2008) — When it comes to allergies, both the problem and
the solution are found within us. Our immune systems respond to foreign
substances with an arsenal of cells. Some are programmed to "remember" invaders
they've encountered in the past. Normally, anything previously identified as
harmless is allowed to pass. Sometimes, however, the immune response goes awry,
triggering an allergic reaction.
Now, researchers at NYU Langone Medical Center have zeroed in on a class of
custom-made immune cells that block allergic reactions. These regulatory T
cells are manufactured according to instructions from a gene called Foxp3
whenever we eat or inhale a potential allergen for the first time, ensuring
that the next time we encounter that substance, we will not mount an allergic
response.
"We don't become allergic to lots of things--we eat all kinds of things, we
breathe all kinds of things, and what prevents us from developing allergies is
that we make regulatory T cells, which specifically recognize this allergen,"
says Maria A. Curotto de Lafaille, Ph.D., research assistant professor of
pathology at NYU Langone Medical Center. "Every time we don't react to
something or don't become allergic, it's not because nothing is happening," Dr.
de Lafaille explains. "It's because something very important is happening:
We're making these cells,"
Mucosal tissue, which lines both the respiratory and digestive tracts, has long
been known as an effective barrier against allergens, which are always protein
molecules. The NYU research shows that Foxp3-directed regulatory T cells (Treg)
are produced in the mucosal tissue and remain there to prevent allergic
reactions. New ones are tailor-made every time an unknown protein is inhaled or
ingested. The inability to make Treg cells results in high susceptibility to
becoming allergic.
The NYU researchers induced allergic reactions in mice with a Foxp3 mutation
that prevented formation of Treg cells. Exposure to the same allergen--in this
case egg protein--did not elicit an allergic response in mice that were able to
make Treg cells.
The formation of Foxp3-positive Treg cells occurs in response to any potential
allergen, so the findings are applicable to a broad range of allergic reactions
and autoimmune diseases, says Dr. de Lafaille. When people suffer from
allergies, including life-threatening ones such as asthma, something goes wrong
in the process by which Foxp3 signals Treg cell formation. The problem is not
necessarily a mutation in the Foxp3 gene, which is known to cause severe
autoimmune disease. Rather, something occurs, or fails to occur, in the lungs
or the gut that interferes with the production of allergen-specific Treg cells.
The NYU researchers also determined that Treg cells control damage from
long-term inflammation. They found high concentrations of Treg cells in
inflamed lung tissue of mice without the Foxp3 defect. "The question arose
about what these cells are doing in the tissue--are they beneficial or not?"
Dr. de Lafaille says. It turns out that even though the Treg cells did not
prevent inflammation in an ongoing allergic reaction, they kept it under
control, ensuring it did not worsen or spread to other areas of the body. "We
think that over time these regulatory T cells become more important than the
inflammatory cells and end up completely shutting off the inflammation. But
it's not overnight and it's not black and white," Dr. de Lafaille emphasizes.
This finding provides a key to one of the most serious consequences of asthma.
In addition to breathing problems during an acute attack, people with asthma
have chronic inflammation, which can permanently damage their lungs. If a means
could be found to increase the number of Treg cells in inflamed tissue, this
might be prevented. Allergic asthma, the most common and best-understood type,
affects more than 10 million people in the US, many of them children. Acute
asthma attacks are responsible for nearly 4000 deaths in the United States each
year.
Dr. de Lafaille and her colleagues have been investigating ways to grow
allergen-specific Treg cells in the lab and inject them into people who cannot
make their own. Her group published a paper in Nature Medicine in February 2008
describing a method of making the cells. "The big challenge is how to isolate
the cells that will recognize the right allergens that the person is allergic
to," she says. Another approach is to stimulate the body to manufacture the
cells itself, an area of ongoing research.
This work represents an important step in understanding the genetic and
cellular mechanisms underlying the allergic response, which may lead to more
effective therapies. Current treatment is aimed at suppressing symptoms and
reducing inflammation after an allergic reaction has already occurred. Having
identified the cell type that must be present to prevent allergies, Dr. de
Lafaille and her colleagues are now looking for the glitch that blocks
formation of those cells.
The findings are reported in the July 18, 2008, issue of the journal Immunity.
The co-authors of the study include: Dr. de Lafaille, Nino Kutchukhidze and
Shiqian Shen, former postdoctoral students in pathology, Yi Ding, a graduate
student in pathology, and Herman Yee, M.D., Ph.D., associate professor of
pathology, and Juan J. Lafaille, Ph.D., associate professor of pathology and
Medicine at NYU Langone Medical Center.
The research was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health,
the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, and the Sandler Foundation.
Adapted from materials provided by NYU Langone Medical Center / New York
University School of Medicine, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.
Need to cite this story in your essay, paper, or report? Use one of the
following formats:
APA
MLA
NYU Langone Medical Center / New York University School of Medicine (2008, July
16). Researchers Identify Immune Cells That Block Allergic Reactions.
ScienceDaily. Retrieved July 16, 2008, from http://www.sciencedaily.com
/releases/2008/07/080714155301.htm
---------------
Jusfiq Hadjar gelar Sutan Maradjo Lelo
Allah yang disembah orang Islam tipikal dan yang digambarkan oleh al-Mushaf itu
dungu, buas, kejam, keji, ganas, zalim lagi biadab hanyalah Allah fiktif.
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