|
YAYASAN
ADIL SEJAHTERA The
CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY and The signing of the CBD at the Environment Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 acknowledges the need to respect, preserve and maintain the traditional knowledge, innovation and practices relevant to the conservation of biological diversity and sustainable use of its components of many inidigenous and local communities embodying traditional lifestyles', their close dependence on biological resources, desirability of promoting the wide application of their knowledge with their approval and involvement, and of exchanging such information. It obliges the parties, subject to national legeslation, to 'encourage' the equitable sharing of the benefit arising from utilization of such knowledge innovations and practices. Indonesia has ratified the Convention into Law Number 5 year 1994. Along with another programmes which were developed and had been implemented before the Earth Summit Conference, this law makes Indonesia to be able to realize its commitments on the management of biological diversity or sustainable development. Having just completed what is known as the First Long-term Development Period in which a succession of five-year development plans has been implemented, The New Order Regime is now embarking on the second such period. While the first period development efforts have to a large extent been concerned with establising the basic conditions for self-sustaining economic growth, it is often stated by the government that qualitative aspects of development ranging from environmental protection to popular participation will require greater emphasis in the second period. One of the watchwords which frequently appear in this connection is Decentralization, the devolution of rights responsibilities from central to local government. It is widely held that in a country as large and diverse as Indonesia solutions to the twin problems of development and environment will necessarely be diverse and need to be solved on the basis of local experience and with active involvement of local people and local authorities. Decentralized government has in fact already been instituted by the New Order Regime by a law which is now 20 years old (Act No.5 of 1974) concerning Governments in the Region), with spheres of autonomy assigned to provinces and, especially the districts (Kabupaten). Implementing this law to its full extent has in the past evidently not been a priority. However, from 1995 autonomy has been expanding on a trial basis in one district in each of 26 provinces. District autonomy is then to be implemented more fully in all districts in accordance with experience gained during a two-year period. In 1995 the National Representative Assemblies (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat) of Indonesian Government passed the Government Regulation (Peraturan Pemerintah) No. 8 of 1995 concerning Decentralization of Governance in order to enforce the above said old act. It should be noted that a degree of autonomy is also attached to village (desa) government. Village autonomy could ultimately be of even greater importance than district level decentralization when it comes to realizing participatory modes of resource management since this is the level of government closet to the greater number of people involved. In addition the Act No.5 of 1979 on Village Government is identical to that used to define autonomy at the provincial and district levels of government: i.e the village (desa) "has the right to manage its own affair" (berhak menyelenggarakan rumah tangganya sendiri). Indeed, the village headman is the only incumbent of any leadership position in the Indonesian System of Government who is subject to direct election by his constituents, his term being for no less than 8 years, however, THE EXISTING SITUATION IN THE COMMUNITY West Sumatra Province with Minangkabau as predominant ethnic are based on matrilineal and communal social structure. The custom stipulates egalitarianism and harmony within the clan/lineage. They have developed a social hierarchy with levels such as nagari, clan, sub-clan, lineage and sub-lineage. The clan is exogamous honorary kinship group by matrilineal descent or adoption, headed by its head, or the king. Lineage (or extended family) is the kinship group sharing the same grandmother, but headed by a male leader. Mother's brother show strong leadership. The nagari is a closed and corporate community unit, composed of several clans. However the nagari autonomously governed under mutual agreement of clans. Minangkabau Community have elaborated communal land forest management systems. Each nagari, clan and lineage developed its own forest and land territories under the mutual agreement of its members. No individual were allowed to own land and lineages were the primary land holding corporations. Nagari land/forest were reserved for 'community' public purposes. Farmers must ask for approval by the clan or lineage head. Farmers can grow tree crops freely with full ownership. Perennial crop inheritance depends on lineage decisions, but planter's children can inherit at least part of the trees planted. Since 1979 the Nagari has no function anymore, and traditional lineage leaders are rarely present especially in land control pattern. Socio-economic has drastically transformed Minangkabau farmer's style and changed traditional land tenure institution as welll as forest land use. In older days forest territories were created among clans/lineage. In particular, lineage were the primary forest owners. Lineage determined the borders after consultation. However they had no limitation on clearence of the forest and could open the forest as far as they wanted. The land is owned communally by the female members. Men can get nothing but land use rights. In general men work on parts of their mother's lineage land before marriage. After marriage, however, the must move to their wive's land for their daily cultivation. Men's economic life depends largely on their wive's lineage assets. Despite that they cannot participate in land affairs of their wive's lineage. In Minangkabau the land is classified into inherited and private land. The inherited land is classified into high ancestral land (pusako tinggi) and low ancestral (pusako rendah). High ancestral land is inherited communally from lineage to lineage. The land can not be inherited from parents to children, but daughters. Newly opened or purchased land is private land, held jointly by a nucleaer family. However the land is converted into low ancestral land (family land) after inheritance. After inheritance for many decades, low ancestral land becomes high ancestral land (lineage land) which is controlled by its lineage. Cultivated land is controlled by blood relationship rather than teritorial bond among lineages. Even out migrants can still lay claim to their land. In-migrations can similarly be given use rights after being accepted by local lineage (often through marriage) without particular limitations. Nagari's function and clan communal land has disappeared, probably because of: 1. Population growth and expansion of clans made it impossible to manage large communal land without strong authority, and 2. Massive in-migration resulted in disintegration of the clan/nagari communities of the area. Lineage forest authorities have also disappeared since farmers's mobility got higher. Lineage leader and members migrated out for better economic opportunities, and thus they could no longer manage their forest. In-migration has also precipitated disappearance of lineage forests. Consequently a lot of farmers have become landless. Swiddens have expanded far into the forest, but it is large farmers rather than small farmer who actively opened new land, mainly for palm oil. Farmers are being organized formally, but traditional lineage leaders are rarely present. The Act No.5 of 1979 concerning Village Government is another source of the above said problem. In general communal land control is breaking down as seen in sales of lineage land. Poor farmers often devide their plots and give the land to their children, which is prohibited by customary rules. Transformation of land tenure could bring about disputes within lineages of families (ICRAF-S.E., 1995). West Sumatra with 42,297,28 sq.km in width and 4,3 million in population facing the worst condition in natural resources management. Ecologically only 13% of the land can be changed into productive land. The others are hill and mountain where the forest can be found. Based on water-conservation concept it is impossible to extend the existing area for agriculture. Each family only has about 0,3 hectare the productive land. Growing population in the rural and urban areas recently have forced farmers to use more and more the marginal upland areas. Some forests are threatened and imperilled. Farmers clear the forest to cultivate new land, often ill suited for agriculture because they are lack of asset and knowledge to manage their land in sustainable way. There are about 120.000. hectares of ecologically critical land in this province. Meanwhile according to recent reserach overfishing and the use of sodium cyanide to catch live-reef have caused the widespread damage of 82% of the West Sumatra's richest marine environment. The noteworthy is many protected species are still be caught illegally, due to existing regulations does not run effectivelly. TOWARD THE FORMULATION OF LOCAL POLICY
In 1983 the Provincial Representative Assemblies (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat) of West Sumatra Province passed the Regional Regulation (Peraturan Daerah) No.13 of 1983 concerning Nagari. Nagari was recognized as a unit of Adat Community Law. One of the most important thing is, the Consultative Adat Forum (Kerapatan Adat Nagari) having responsibility in preserving the value of Minangkabau Culture. Unfortunately the said regional regulation does not run well as a source of strength and innovation. The role of the Act No.5 of 1979 on Village Government is too dominant. Actually the Government has been trying to encourage participation of this adat community to be involved in development which is knwon as Nagari Meeeting for Development. But no progress achieved in enhancing its role in community as well as in land tenure problem. Most of the Chief of Consultative Adat Forum is elderly. What crucial is through decentralization the relevant stakeholders of biodiversity can actively be involved in the process of development with environmental-cum-biodiversity consideration. The three sectors available that can provide the mechanism and expertise behind the biodiversity policy are government institution, Local NGOs and international organizations. All have prominent roles, but the most important thing is how to gather all three to cooperate on the same project harmoniously. AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY Art.1 of the CBD states that its purpose is the "conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefit arising out of the utilization of gentic resources ........". The Convention comprises sectors on national planning and decision making, environmental impact assessment, identification, monitoring and research, aspect of trade in biological resources, new and additional sources of funding, and protection and restoration of ecosystems. Such guidelines are required to avoid any delay in the enjoyment of the agriculture and environment benefits of new biotechnologies in the developing countries. Any such delay will be a serious risk for the world food Supply-Demand balance since world food and feed grain stock are currently at record lows. In the other hand such that guidelines are required to facilitate the international trade in agriculture commodities, which is a critical food source for many developing countries. The safe application of plant biotechnology in full compliance with national regulations is fundamental for our industries's future ON-FARM
PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES CONSERVATION The importance of on-farm conservation is gaining recognition worldwide. The approach is crucial and effective not only in Plant Genetic Resources (PGR) conservation per se but also in affecting change and development in marginalized farming communities. Agricultural diversity can not be saved without saving the farmer communities and vice versa. The foremost coustodians of diversity are the farmers themselves, hence they should occupy the control role in any effort toward PGR Conservation and Utilization --- and in the whole process of agricultural transformation . One of the many technological tools to boost agricultural production is genetic engineering. The successful field test around the globe have demonstrated that genetic engineering is a safe, efficient way to produce higher yields from less land. Current research and development is already bringing real benefits to farmers. Technology transfer---the process of passing information and skills from one country or organization to another--- is crucial to making sure developing countries receive the tools that will benefit them and, in turn, preserve biodiversi ty. 60% of the people in this province are engaged in agriculture of within many are paddy farmer and, slash-and-burn cultivator. Most of them are landless, poor, elderly and women and still use poor agriculture techniques and traditional tools such as hoes, shovels and ox-ploughs to work. The problems in this small-scale agriculture are the lack of research and poorly functioning extention service. CURRENT PROGRAM PRIORITIES 1. Designing efforts for integrating Natural Resources Management in objectives with the goals of Minangkabau Cultural preservation and local economic development. 2. Implementing Biodiversity Conservation Program by using applied technology as well as biotechnology and bioprospecting strategy. 3. Implementing AGENDA 21, Convention on Biological Diversity and another International Agreement by promoting Bio-Regional Management RUNNING ACTIVITIES
Developing Rubber-based Agroforestry within the Minangkabau Perspective. Teluk Embun is one of 18 villages in Lubuk Sikaping Subdistrict, Pasaman District, West Sumatra located on the banks of the Paninggalan River and socio-culturally home to three Sub-clans who established the village several hundred years ago. They are Peto Suman, Peto Salam and Peto Kaciak. Each of mentioned subclans has their own descendans and land. Rapid economic exchange recently has changed the role of the each said Petos in community. Nowadays most of their descendant work individually and Minangkabau tradition seem has disappeared in this community. but in some cases leaders role is still recognizad such as in disputes within lineage of family especially in land tenure problem. The village has population of 1,156 devided among 266 household. Residents describe themselves principally as farmers who cultivate the flood plain of the river. Farmers have long lived on rice, but commodity crops are increasingly important for farmer's economic needs, and thus swiddens have expanded, mainly foe rubber. The traditional forest control system has disappeared as well as nagari forest. Territorial forest control is relatively weak. Forest Land is no longer controlled locally, especially with the increase in absentee land owners. Farmer can get land and grow crops easily in the inner forest is free from lineage control. Land use and Farming System in this area can be devided into wetland rice field (Sawah), shrub land (beluka, locally called samak), and kebun. Most of kebun is old small holder (dominated by jungle rubber) since not be managed well financially an institutionally. The project is trying to integrate natural resources management objectives with the goals of cultural preservation and local economic development. |
Title: YAYASAN ADIL SEJAHTERA
- [RantauNet] Nagari Damrus Lukman
- [RantauNet] Nagari Damrus Lukman
- Re: [RantauNet] Nagari Sjamsir Sjarif
- RE: Re: [RantauNet] Nagari Abrar YUSUF
- [RantauNet] Nagari Damrus Lukman
