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Today's Topics:
1. Re: sanskrit Digest, Vol 13, Issue 5 (J. K. Mohana Rao)
2. anusvAraH (Jay Vaidya)
3. More on Somadeva (Malolan Cadambi)
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Message: 1
Date: Wed, 07 Apr 2004 15:27:19 -0400
From: "J. K. Mohana Rao" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: [Sanskrit] Re: sanskrit Digest, Vol 13, Issue 5
To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Message-ID: <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
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[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
> 1. NitivakyAmritam of Somadeva (Malolan Cadambi)
sOmadEvasUri wrote another famous book called
yaSastilaka. This is a Jain story. It is in Sanskrit.
It describes the nature of court life, culture, daily
life, etc. in a vivid manner. It also contains metres
that were derived from Prakrit. In fact some metres
that inspired metres like ragaLe in Kannada (ragaDa
in Telugu) are found in that book. [In fact, an essay
on these metres is running in the website chandassu
and racchabanda.] The contribution of Jains to Indian
literature in general and Dravidian literature in
particular is enormous and significant.
Just for information. Regards! - J K Mohana Rao
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Message: 2
Date: Wed, 7 Apr 2004 13:38:15 -0700 (PDT)
From: Jay Vaidya <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: [Sanskrit] anusvAraH
To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Message-ID: <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
muralIkR^ishhNasyaanusvAraprashnanimittamidam --
vande!
To be clear:
There are no lexical anusvArAH : meaning the
"morphemes" or dictionary elements that go to form a
saMskR^ita word are never in the form of an anusvAra .
All anusvArAH are the result of saMdhi
transformations.
PKR says
> In
> pavarga it is already the nasal of that varga.
In fact, the anusvAra (M) is a specific sound that is
not pavarga, i.e., quite distinct from "m". It is
created from the nose alone (it can be produced with
your mouth closed [or open and covered tight with your
palm] -- all of us know how to hum -- that is the
anusvAra sound), while pronouncing "m" requires the
closing and opening of lips (touching your mouth with
the palm does not work!).
Once we keep this in mind, the complex saMdhi rules
for anusvAra become much more intuitive : that is how
saMdhi rules should be!
PKR gives a number of rules (not exhaustive), which
are very helpful. Here they are again, but somewhat
more detailed:
Generally:
1. there are no "original" (meaning lexical)
anusvArAH, they are formed by saMdhi . The anusvAra
may be OBLIGATORY, even though it is not lexically
"original". Walk through ALL of the rules before you
say "Done!" in any instance. After the rules are
internalized, you don't have to walk through them --
they are natural.
2. "m" and "n" are the only letters that have
anusvAra-forming saMdhi rules.
3. "m" and "n" that are not at the end of a "pada"
(meaning final versions of nouns, verbs, pronouns,
avyayas, etc. NOT groups of letters separated with
gaps in writing!), i.e., that are intermediate are
OBLIGATORILY changed to an anusvAra if followed by any
consonant other than y, v, r, l, JN, m, N^, N, n.
Further changes below.
4. Only "m" at the end of a word (NOT "n") is changed
to anusvAra if followed by any consonant (incl. y, v,
etc). Further changes below.
5. Within a word, anusvAra followed by any consonant
EXCEPT h, r, sh, shh, s is OBLIGATORILY converted to a
N^ for kavarga, JN for chavarga, N for Tavarga, n for
tavarga, m for pavarga, Y (nasal y) for y, V (nasal v)
for v, L (nasal l) for l following. Many of us (I am
included!) write these as an anusvAra in a slipshod
way, and readers are supposed to understand, but the
pronunciation is OBLIGATORY. The slipshod writing is
partly because of the unavailability of specialized
typefaces.
6. Rule 5 applies to anusvArAH at the end of the word
(created under rule 4), but it is OPTIONAL.
7. The anusvAra is converted to "m" in the words
related to "samrAT", such as "sAmrAjya".
8. The combinations ...Mhm..., ...Mhn..., ...Mhy...,
...Mhv... and ...Mhl... are OPTIONALLY converted to
...mhm..., ...nhn..., ...Yhy..., ...Vhv... and
...Lhl..., where Y, V, L reresent the nasal varieties
of y, v, l respectively.
9. There is a set of rules that produces the anusvArAH
in "saMskAra", "puMskokila", "kAMskAn", "nR^IMHpAhi",
"chorAMstADayati", etc. but these compounds can be
quickly spotted by the ...MH... of equivalent
combination.
Some of muralIkR^ishhNa's specific questions:
OM
oM (om) as the magical "praNava" sound is not
necessarily a saMskR^ita word. I have heard it used in
other Indian languages. Whether it is a "M" or a "m"
depends on how YOUR spiritual teacher says it. A svAmI
from the the chinmaya mission whose lectures I heard
as a child insisted on pronouncing it as a M. There is
also a saMsR^ita word "om". You may argue that it is
only a word standing for the original "pranava" (e.g.,
in English "hiccough" is a word standing for an
unpronounceable sound). Whatever it may be, the
lexical version of that word is "om", the "m" of which
may be converted to an anusvAra, or not, or
optionally, as the rules above describe.
VERSE
All the underlined "m" sounds are at the end of a word
(is kaMsa underlined?). Specifically, "mardanam", and
"jagadgurum" are at the end of a breath-group, and are
not immediately followed by anything. These latter two
CANNOT be converted to anusvAra, and MUST be be
pronounced as "m".
The other five are first OBLIGATORILY converted to
anusVarAH and then, if permitted, OPTIONALLY converted
to parasavarNas.
1. ...sutaM deva.. OR ...sutandeva...
2. ...devaM kaMsa OR ...devaN^kaMsa...
(Note: if you have a tendency to make a breath-group
of every one-quarter shloka, pronounce it as "devam";
also note kaMsa, NEVER kamsa.)
3. mardanam
4. ...aanandaM kR^ishhNa... OR
...aanandaN^kR^ishhNa...
(Note: if you have a tendency to make a breath-group
of every one-quarter shloka, pronounce it as
"aanandam"; also note aananda, NEVER aanaMdaa, in
pronunciation, OK in writing.)
5. ...kR^ishhNaM vande OR ...kR^ishhNaVvande
(where V stands for the nasal v, rarely written so
because the typeface is unavailable; also note vande,
NEVER vaMde, in pronunciation, OK in writing.)
6. jagadgurum
The rules for anusvAra formation can be found compiled
in the siddhantakaumudi (sUtras 122-129, 135-143), and
scattered in the ashhTAdhyAyI's 8th chapter.
In spite of all of these complications, do not let it
out of your sights that the rules make PRONUNCIATION
easier! Please test it for yourself: once you know how
easily the tongue moves when you follow the rules, it
is hard to break the rules!
svasti,
dhanaJNjayaH
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Message: 3
Date: Thu, 8 Apr 2004 15:50:46 +0100 (BST)
From: Malolan Cadambi<[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Subject: [Sanskrit] More on Somadeva
To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Message-ID: <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1
Malolan Cadambi wrote:
> Is this sOmadEvasUri the same one as sOmadEva of Kashmir (11th
> century)? Is there any biography of the author of NitivakyAmirtam?
sOmadEvasUri of yaSastilaka lived during the tenth century
in the Dharwar area of the present Karnataka state. The
RashtrakUTa kings were the rulers at that time. He belonged
to the dEvasaMgha Jain order of monks. yaSastilka was
written prior to nItivAkyAmRta. yaSastilka itself was
wriiten around 959 AD.
Regards! - J K Mohana Rao
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