Greetings -
I have a quick question that I hope someone will have a quick answer. I
have tried to use the R function "system" with the MS-DOS command "type"
to display the full content of a text file. But it always returns with a
message saying the text file is not found. I could accomplish the sa
This is in followup to an earlier message about bootstrap confidence
intervals for the difference in two medians. I'll touch on three
topics:
* bootstrap theory for one vs two samples
* special case of median
* bootstrap small samples
ONE VS TWO SAMPLES
Brian Ripley wrote (the complete posting
The iwpca() in Bioconductor package aroma.light takes a matrix of
column vectors and "fits an R-dimensional hyperplane using iterative
re-weighted PCA". From ?iwpca.matrix:
"Arguments:
X N-times-K matrix where N is the number of observations and K is the
number of dimensions.
Details:
This
One simple possibility -- if you can generate the X matrix in dense
form is
the coercion
X <- as.matrix.csr(X)
Unfortunately, there is no current way to go from a formula to a
sparse X
matrix without passing through a dense version of X first.
Otherwise you
need to use new() to
This is a test to get my new subscription upgraded. forgive me.
thank you
Joe
Joe Byers wrote:
> All,
>
> I am glad all of you have benefited from the posting of the RMySQL 5-10
> zip file on my university website. I am asking for some help from the
> group, I am leaving the university at th
Jonathon Kopecky asks:
-Original Message-
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
[mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] On Behalf Of Jonathon Kopecky
Sent: Tuesday, 30 January 2007 5:52 AM
To: r-help@stat.math.ethz.ch
Subject: [R] Need to fit a regression line using orthogonal residuals
I'm trying to fit a simple li
And here is an alternative to the regular expressions (although again
I don't think you really need any of this):
> capture.output(dput(strsplit("col1 col2 col3", " ")[[1]]))
[1] "c(\"col1\", \"col2\", \"col3\")"
On 1/30/07, Gabor Grothendieck <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> Both spaces and tabs are
Greetings R-helpers,
I am attempting to fit an lme() while specifying a correlation
structure, but I'm getting into trouble long before I get to that point.
I am receiving the error:
Error in y[revOrder] - Fitted : non-conformable arrays
It doesn't seem to matter how simple or complex the model I
I'm trying to use stepAIC on sparse matrices, and I need some help.
The documentation for slm.fit suggests:
slm.fit and slm.wfit call slm.fit.csr to do Cholesky decomposition and then
backsolve to obtain the least squares estimated coefficients. These functions
can be
called directly if the user
On Tue, 2007-01-30 at 17:23 -0500, Kimpel, Mark William wrote:
> The main problem I am trying to solve it this:
>
> I am importing a tab delimited file whose first line contains only one
> column, which is a descriptor of the form "col_1 col_2 col_3", i.e. the
> colnames are not tab delineated but
Both spaces and tabs are whitespace so this
should be good enough (unless you can
have empty fields):
read.table("myfile.dat", header = TRUE)
See the sep= argument in ?read.table .
Although I don't think you really need this, here are
some regular expressions for processing a header
into the for
Also have a look at the excellent Bayesian CRAN task view
http://CRAN.R-project.org/src/contrib/Views/Bayesian.html
Z
On Tue, 30 Jan 2007, Giovanni Petris wrote:
> Have you tried a search of CRAN? Seaching r-help archives may result
> in useful information as well.
>
> As formulated, the questi
Andrew John Duba wrote:
> I am trying to compile R-2.4.1 in 64-bit on Solaris 10 running on AMD
> hardware. I am trying to do this with Sun Studio 11.
>
>
Oi!! We heard you the first three times. And you are still on the wrong
list (this belongs on r-devel.)
Spamming the list will only annoy
It depends on the 'message'. In this case
> library(VGAM, warn.conflicts=FALSE)
> suppressMessages(library(VGAM))
both work. (How did you manage to miss the first?)
In general, it depends on whether the 'message' is a message in the sense
of message() or produced some other way. sink() would
The main problem I am trying to solve it this:
I am importing a tab delimited file whose first line contains only one
column, which is a descriptor of the form "col_1 col_2 col_3", i.e. the
colnames are not tab delineated but are separated by whitespace. I would
like to parse this first line and m
We really don't want this three times!
It looks like the archives (.a) you are making are broken, possibly
because your path does not include the approriate Solaris tools such as
ranlib. To take the first example, cg_ should be in src/appl/libappl.a.
There is a pre-compiled version of R-2.4.1
Have you tried a search of CRAN? Seaching r-help archives may result
in useful information as well.
As formulated, the questions are difficult to answer. There are
packages that use MCMC, Gibbs Sampling, Metropolis Hastings for
specific classes of models.
Best,
Giovanni Petris
> Date: Tue, 30
I am trying to compile R-2.4.1 in 64-bit on Solaris 10 running on AMD
hardware. I am trying to do this with Sun Studio 11.
My config.site looks like this:
#! /bin/sh
AR="/usr/ccs/bin/ar"
TEX="/usr/local/teTeX/bin/i386-pc-solaris2.10/tex"
LATEX="/usr/local/teTeX/bin/i386-pc-solaris2.10/latex"
PD
Try this:
library(lattice)
dotplot(variety ~ yield | site, data = barley, groups = year,
auto.key = list(space = "right"),
xlab = "Barley Yield (bushels/acre) ",
aspect=0.5, layout = c(1,6), ylab=NULL,
par.settings = list(superpose.symbol = list(
I am trying to compile R-2.4.1 in 64-bit on Solaris 10 running on AMD
hardware. I am trying to do this with Sun Studio 11.
My config.site looks like this:
#! /bin/sh
AR="/usr/ccs/bin/ar"
TEX="/usr/local/teTeX/bin/i386-pc-solaris2.10/tex"
LATEX="/usr/local/teTeX/bin/i386-pc-solaris2.10/latex"
PD
I am trying to compile R-2.4.1 in 64-bit on Solaris 10 running on AMD
hardware. I am trying to do this with Sun Studio 11.
My config.site looks like this:
#! /bin/sh
AR="/usr/ccs/bin/ar"
TEX="/usr/local/teTeX/bin/i386-pc-solaris2.10/tex"
LATEX="/usr/local/teTeX/bin/i386-pc-solaris2.10/latex"
I am trying to compile R-2.4.1 in 64-bit on Solaris 10 running on AMD
hardware. I am trying to do this with Sun Studio 11.
My config.site looks like this:
#! /bin/sh
AR="/usr/ccs/bin/ar"
TEX="/usr/local/teTeX/bin/i386-pc-solaris2.10/tex"
LATEX="/usr/local/teTeX/bin/i386-pc-solaris2.10/latex"
P
On Tue, 2007-01-30 at 15:27 -0500, John Kane wrote:
> I am clearly misunderstanding something about dates
> and my reading of the help and RSiteSearch have not
> turned up anything.
>
> I have a variable of class "Date" and I want to add
> include it in a data.frame. However when do a cbind
> the
Hi,
how can I change the plotting symbol for the groups in a trellis panel dotplot.
My graph is similar to:
library(trellis)
dotplot(variety ~ yield | site, data = barley, groups = year,
key = simpleKey(levels(barley$year), space = "right"),
xlab = "Barley Yield (bushel
> It is probably something blindingly simple but can
> anyone suggest something?
You need to use the format code "%Y" for 4-digits years.
You need to create a data frame using 'data.frame()' (cbind() creates a
matrix when given just vectors).
> as.Date(c("2005/01/24" ,"2006/01/23" ,"2006/01/23
Try this. We first load the dependent packages to avoid the loading message:
library(splines)
library(stats4)
library(VGAM, warn.conflicts = FALSE)
On 1/30/07, johan Faux <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> I would like to turn off all the messages during
> library(aPackage) or
> require(aPackage)
>
>
This is a lifesaver. Thanks!!!
David
===
David Kaplan, Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Educational Psychology
University of Wisconsin - Madison
Educational Sciences, Room, 1061
1025 W. Johnson Street
Madison, WI 53706
email:
I am clearly misunderstanding something about dates
and my reading of the help and RSiteSearch have not
turned up anything.
I have a variable of class "Date" and I want to add
include it in a data.frame. However when do a cbind
the date var is coerced into a numeric.
However when I tried to cre
I would like to turn off all the messages during
library(aPackage) or
require(aPackage)
I tried different commands: invisible, capture.output, sink but none of them is
working.
For example, loading VGAM, gives a lot of unnecessary messages:
> library(VGAM)
Attaching package: 'VGAM'
David Kaplan wrote:
> Hi all,
>
> Is there a package available in R that can be used in conjunction with
> statistical procedures to weight observations for unequal probability of
> selection?
http://cran.r-project.org/doc/packages/survey.pdf
RSiteSearch("complex survey")
> Thanks in advance.
Hi all,
Is there a package available in R that can be used in conjunction with
statistical procedures to weight observations for unequal probability of
selection?
Thanks in advance.
David
--
===
David Kaplan, Ph.D.
Prof
On 1/30/07, Benjamin Tyner <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> Thanks...what I really want is to be able to access the value of the
> 'color' argument the user gave in their call to trellis.device(). I
> mistakenly assumed it would be stored in 'lattice.theme' but this does
> not seem to be the case?
It
Yes, it can be done. It is not currently easy because multcomp doesn't
have the syntax yet. Making this easy is on Torsten's to-do list for the
multcomp package.
See the MMC.WoodEnergy example in the HH package. The current version on
CRAN
is HH_1.17. Please see the discussion of this example
On 1/28/07, Benjamin Tyner <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> Say I have
>
> library(lattice)
>
> x<-runif(256)
> y<-runif(256)
> f<-gl(16,16)
> g1<-rep(1:4,each=64)
> g2<-rep(1:4,times=64)
>
> plot<-xyplot(y~x|f,
> groups=g1,
> pch=as.character(1:4),
> panel=functi
Amy,
I have also had this issue with randomForest, that is, you lose the
ability to explain the classifier in a simple way to
non-specialists (everyone can understand the single decision tree.)
As far as comparing the accuracy of the two, I think that you are
correct in comparing them by the actua
As I understand from the WoodEnergy example in package HH, You are
proposing to compute a separate lm for each level of YEAR factor to
compare TIL means.
This is the way I used to do this kind of analysis.
But now, it is also possible, with PROC GLM, to adjust only the general
model (variable ~ BL
Here's a warning about that:
http://tolstoy.newcastle.edu.au/R/help/04/12/8827.html
Bob
=
Bob Muenchen (pronounced Min'-chen), Manager
Statistical Consulting Center
U of TN Office of Information Technology
200 Stokely Management C
I think there is an entry for each device in lattice.theme and the
color would be in the device's entry. Check the source of
trellis.device to be sure.
On 1/30/07, Benjamin Tyner <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> Thanks...what I really want is to be able to access the value of the
> 'color' argument t
Thanks...what I really want is to be able to access the value of the
'color' argument the user gave in their call to trellis.device(). I
mistakenly assumed it would be stored in 'lattice.theme' but this does
not seem to be the case?
Ben
__
R-help@sta
Try:
lattice.theme <- get("lattice.theme", envir = lattice:::.LatticeEnv)
On 1/30/07, Benjamin Tyner <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> I'm using lattice 0.14. As of version 0.5 the Changes says there is a
> global list called 'lattice.theme'. How can I access this? I have tried
> many ways, includin
I'm using lattice 0.14. As of version 0.5 the Changes says there is a
global list called 'lattice.theme'. How can I access this? I have tried
many ways, including
options(lattice.theme)
lattice.getOption("lattice.theme")
get("lattice.theme", envir = .LatticeEnv)
getFromNamespace("lattice.theme",
Or perhaps
rep(4:6,3)+9*rep(0:2,rep(3,3))
with changes as necessary for longer sequences
Ben Fairbank
-Original Message-
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
[mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] On Behalf Of Adrian DUSA
Sent: Tuesday, January 30, 2007 8:29 AM
To: r-help@stat.math.ethz.ch
Subject: [R] jump in
Thanks, that does the trick. I guess with two grouping variables it is
best to bypass 'groups' entirely.'
Ben
Gabor Grothendieck wrote:
> Try:
>
> xyplot(y ~ x | f, pch = g1, col = g2, panel = function(x, y,
> subscripts, ..., pch, col)
> panel.xyplot(x, y, ..., col = col[subscripts], pch =
I know this should not go to [Rd], but the original post was there and
the replies as well.
Thank you all who expressed interest in the "Step-by-step guide for
using C/C++ in R"! Answering some of you, yes it is by me and was
written to assist other group members to start adding c/c++ code to
Hi,
Do any body know which packages of R I need to go for the below topics?
1. Monte Carlo Markov chain (MCMC)
2. Gibbs Sampling
3. Metropolis Hastings
Thanks in advance...
Shubha
[[alternative HTML version deleted]]
___
thanks for all those who added great comments (and solutions) to my problem!!
thanks-
jh
jiho.han wrote:
>
> hi,
>
> i have a list of data.frame that has same structure. i would like to know
> a efficient way of rbind-ing it.
> right now, i write:
>
>
> n = length(temp) # 'temp' is a
On Tue, 2007-01-30 at 22:29 +0800, zhijie zhang wrote:
> Dear Rusers,
>
> I have met a difficult problem on explaining the differences of principal
> component analysis(PCA) between R,S-PLUS and SAS/STATA/SPSS, which wasn't
> met before.
>
> Althought they have got the same eigenvalues, their
> f <- function(n){as.vector(sweep(matrix(4:6,nrow=3,ncol=n),2,seq
(from=0,by=9,len=n),"+"))}
> f(10)
[1] 4 5 6 13 14 15 22 23 24 31 32 33 40 41 42 49 50 51 58 59 60 67
68 69 76 77 78 85 86 87
>
HTH
rksh
On 30 Jan 2007, at 14:29, Adrian DUSA wrote:
> Dear list,
>
> This should be a s
zhijie zhang wrote:
> Dear Rusers,
>
> I have met a difficult problem on explaining the differences of principal
> component analysis(PCA) between R,S-PLUS and SAS/STATA/SPSS, which wasn't
> met before.
>
> Althought they have got the same eigenvalues, their coeffiecients were
> different.
>
>
On Tuesday 30 January 2007 16:38, Peter Dalgaard wrote:
> >[...snip...]
> Is this it?
>
> > as.vector(outer(0:2,seq(4,22,9),"+"))
>
> [1] 4 5 6 13 14 15 22 23 24
Indeed it is :))
Thanks,
Adrian
--
Adrian Dusa
Romanian Social Data Archive
1, Schitu Magureanu Bd
050025 Bucharest sector 5
Romani
Adrian DUSA wrote:
> Dear list,
>
> This should be a simple one, I just cannot see it.
> I need to generate a sequence of the form:
> 4 5 6 13 14 15 22 23 24
>
> That is: starting with 4, make a 3 numbers sequence, jump 6, then another 3
> and so on.
> I can create a whole vector with:
> myvec <-
On Tue, 2007-01-30 at 10:03 -0300, Mauricio Cardeal wrote:
> Hi.
>
> I have the data frame xyz below and I´d like to perform a sequencial
> frequency table using some unique function instead of making 3 different
> one-by-one table (table x, table y and table z). But I´can´t figure out
> the co
is it sth like:
as.integer(sapply(seq(4, 22, by=9), seq, length.out=3))
you're looking for?
b
On Jan 30, 2007, at 9:29 AM, Adrian DUSA wrote:
> Dear list,
>
> This should be a simple one, I just cannot see it.
> I need to generate a sequence of the form:
> 4 5 6 13 14 15 22 23 24
>
> That is
Dear Rusers,
I have met a difficult problem on explaining the differences of principal
component analysis(PCA) between R,S-PLUS and SAS/STATA/SPSS, which wasn't
met before.
Althought they have got the same eigenvalues, their coeffiecients were
different.
First, I list my results from R,S-P
Adrian DUSA wrote:
> Dear list,
>
> This should be a simple one, I just cannot see it.
> I need to generate a sequence of the form:
> 4 5 6 13 14 15 22 23 24
>
> That is: starting with 4, make a 3 numbers sequence, jump 6, then another 3
> and so on.
> I can create a whole vector with:
> myvec <-
Dear list,
This should be a simple one, I just cannot see it.
I need to generate a sequence of the form:
4 5 6 13 14 15 22 23 24
That is: starting with 4, make a 3 numbers sequence, jump 6, then another 3
and so on.
I can create a whole vector with:
myvec <- rep(rep(c(F, T, F), rep(3, 3)), 3)
Dr. med. Peter Robinson wrote:
>
> I have used the image() function to show a heat plot of a matrix of data
> whose intensity is color-coded. I have two questions that I have not
> been able to solve by using the help system or google.
>
> 1) How can one add a scale/legend that shows what nu
Hi.
I have the data frame xyz below and I´d like to perform a sequencial
frequency table using some unique function instead of making 3 different
one-by-one table (table x, table y and table z). But I´can´t figure out
the correct way.
x <- c(2,3,2,4)
y <- c(3,1,1,1)
z <- c(4,2,1,4)
xyz <- as.d
Hi
> library(gtools)
> combinations(5,3)
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,]123
[2,]124
[3,]125
[4,]134
[5,]135
[6,]145
[7,]234
[8,]235
[9,]245
[10,]345
>
On 30 Jan 2007, at 12:
Dear List,
I have used the image() function to show a heat plot of a matrix of data
whose intensity is color-coded. I have two questions that I have not
been able to solve by using the help system or google.
1) How can one add a scale/legend that shows what numerical values a
given color corr
> help.search('combination')
> ?combn
> combn(1:5,3)
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10]
[1,]111111222 3
[2,]222334334 4
[3,]345455455 5
>
On 1/30/07, michel
> ar1 <- array(data=c(1:16),dim=c(4,4))
> ar2 <- array(data=c(1:16),dim=c(4,4))
> colnames(ar1)<-c("A","B","D","E")
> colnames(ar2)<-c("C","A","E","B")
>
> ar1
A B D E
[1,] 1 5 9 13
[2,] 2 6 10 14
[3,] 3 7 11 15
[4,] 4 8 12 16
> ar2
C A E B
[1,] 1 5 9 13
[2,] 2 6 10 14
[3,] 3 7 11 1
Dear R-Users,
I need a matrix containing line by line all possible permutations with
length 'i' of the integers 1:N, given the restriction that the
integers in each row have to be in ascending order.
For example: N = 5, length i = 3, should result in a matrix like this:
1 2 3
1 2 4
1 2 5
1
You can use 'rle'
> search_range <- c (0.021, 0.029) # inclusive searching
> search_length <- 5 # find ALL series of 5 members within search_range
> my_data <- c(0.900, 0.900, 0.900, 0.900, 0.900,
+ 0.900, 0.900, 0.900, 0.900, 0.900,
+ 0.900, 0.028, 0.024, 0.027, 0.023,
+
At 01:49 30/01/2007, Ed Holdgate wrote:
>Hello:
>
>I have a vector with 120,000 reals
>between 0.0 and 0.
>
>They are not sorted but the vector index is the
>time-order of my measurements, and therefore
>cannot be lost.
>
>How do I use R to find the starting and ending
>index of ANY and AL
dfr1<-merge(ar1,ar2,all=TRUE)
result<-as.matrix(dfr1[apply(dfr1,2,function(x)!any(is.na(x)))])
Federico Abascal wrote:
>
> Dear all,
>
> I have a problem that may be someone of you can help. I am a newbie and
> do not find how to do it in manuals.
>
> I have two arrays, for example:
>
> ar1
see ?order
ar2[,order(colnames(ar2))]
Federico Abascal wrote:
>
> I have another question: how can I sort the columns of an array
> according to its column names (for ar2, change CAEB to ABCE)?
>
--
View this message in context:
http://www.nabble.com/-R--how-to-join-two-arrays-using-their-c
I have found something that partially works. Just to illustrate what am
I looking for:
for(a in colnames(ar1)) {if(a %in% colnames(ar2)) { cat(a, "\t",
ar1[,a],"\t",ar2[,a],"\n")}}
A1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
B5 6 7 8 13 14 15 16
E13 14 15 16 9 10 11 12
I think I
I suggest the following appraoch
This gives TRUE for all data within the search_range
A1 = my_data > search_range[1] & my_data < search_range[2]
which() gives us the indices
A2 = which(A1)
and diff() the gaps between those intervals
A3 = diff(A2)
Hence, if A3 > search_le
I would try using na.contiguos from package stats.
R.utils has seqToIntervals.defaul,
which "Gets all contigous intervals of a vector of indices".
(I didn't use the latter, help.search("contiguous") gave me that name).
--
View this message in context:
http://www.nabble.com/-R--How-to-find-ser
Dear all,
I have a problem that may be someone of you can help. I am a newbie and
do not find how to do it in manuals.
I have two arrays, for example:
ar1 <- array(data=c(1:16),dim=c(4,4))
ar2 <- array(data=c(1:16),dim=c(4,4))
colnames(ar1)<-c("A","B","D","E")
colnames(ar2)<-c("C","A","E","B")
On Tue, 30 Jan 2007, Shubha Vishwanath Karanth wrote:
> 1.The above rbind function for the zoo objects doesn't take care
> of the column names while merging. Example: Column 'a' of y1 is appended
> with column 'b' of y2. Why is this so?
We do not check the column names at all. This should pro
Hello:
I have a vector with 120,000 reals
between 0.0 and 0.
They are not sorted but the vector index is the
time-order of my measurements, and therefore
cannot be lost.
How do I use R to find the starting and ending
index of ANY and ALL the "series" or "sequences"
in that vector whe
The original poster is correct that the loop can be
astoundingly inefficient. The issue is not so much
overwriting a variable, but increasing its size as it
is overwritten.
In cases where 'do.call' won't do, then a good approach
is to create the object with its final size and then
subscript into
That is how rbind in the core of R works too and rbind.zoo works the same.
Try:
rbind(y1, y2[, colnames(y1)])
On 1/30/07, Shubha Vishwanath Karanth <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> Hi R,
>
>
>
> y1 <- zoo(matrix(1:10, ncol = 2), 1:5)
>
> colnames(y1)=c("a","b")
>
> y2 <- zoo(matrix(rnorm(10), ncol
J.M. Breiwick wrote:
> Hi,
>
> I have a contour plot and I want to shade a polygon (the area below a line)
> but the polygon shading wipes out the contour lines. Does anybody know how
> to shade the polygon and still see the contour lines? Thanks.
>
Hi Jeff,
If you're talking about polygon.shad
You can use rbind.zoo if the times do not overlap.
On 1/30/07, Shubha Vishwanath Karanth <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> Hi everybody,
>
>
>
> How do we append (note: it's not merging) two zoo objects with the same
> column names?
>
>
>
> Thanks,
>
> Shubha
>
>
>[[alternative HTML version del
Hi R,
y1 <- zoo(matrix(1:10, ncol = 2), 1:5)
colnames(y1)=c("a","b")
y2 <- zoo(matrix(rnorm(10), ncol = 2), 6:10)
colnames(y2)=c("b","a")
> y1
a b
1 1 6
2 2 7
3 3 8
4 4 9
5 5 10
> y2
b a
6 0.9070204 0.3527630
7 1.2405943 0.8275001
8 -0.169
Dear R-er:
I want to use invisible function in some packages.
I know that triple colon operater is available.
However, how can I use all invisible functions in some packages.
One solution is , of course, to use ":::" in every use, but is there
any workaround?
It is similar to "using namespace"
stat stat wrote:
> I want to see at which row minimum value of the second column occures.
>
> Therefore I made the following loop:
[snip while-loop]
>
> Is there any more effective way to do that in terms of time consumption?
I don't know about timing, but I understand that loops are
?which.min
>
>Dear all R users,
>
> Suppose I have a dataset like that, data =
>
> 1 1.957759e-09
>2 1.963619e-09
>3 1.962807e-09
>4 1.973951e-09
>5 1.983401e-09
>6 1.990894e-09
>7 2.000935e-09
>8
Does anyone use FAR manager?
If yes, does that one use the Colorer plugin with the FAR?
And, if yes, does that one have a file for Colorer, describing R syntax? :)
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Dear all R users,
Suppose I have a dataset like that, data =
1 1.957759e-09
2 1.963619e-09
3 1.962807e-09
4 1.973951e-09
5 1.983401e-09
6 1.990894e-09
7 2.000935e-09
8 1.998391e-09
9
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