Re: Fully Homomorphic Encryption and Consciousness

[auxon]

I've been reading and researching this as well.  No time right now, but I have 
Deep Thoughts about this topic.

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Re: Fully Homomorphic Encryption and Consciousness

[Bruno Marchal]

On 01 Jan 2017, at 19:51, Jason Resch wrote:

Fully Homomorphic Encryption ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homomorphic_encryption 
 ) is a recently discovered concept in the field of cryptography  
(the science of hiding information).


Basic encryption primer, skip if you are familiar with this already:

With conventional encryption, some message M is encrypted using some  
secret key K, to yield a ciphertext C. We can view the encryption  
operation as a function that takes two parameters:


C = Encrypt(M, K)

The ciphertext appears as complete gibberish to anyone who sees it,  
and absent knowledge of the key K, will be unable to make sense of  
it. A simple example of an encryption function is to assume M is a  
number between 0 and 999. K could be a randomly chosen number on the  
same range (0, 999), and the encryption function computes the  
remainder of (M + K) / 1000.


With knowledge of the key, however, there is a corresponding  
decryption function, that takes the ciphertext and the key and  
returns the original message:


M = Decrypt(C, K)

However, absent knowledge of the key, C could represent any possible  
message, in a sense it is only determined when K is provided. An  
example decryption example, based on the previous encryption  
example, is to compute the remainder of (1000 + C - K) / 1000.



Now to Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE), FHE enables any sequence  
of multiplications and additions to be performed on a cipher text by  
an entity who has no knowledge of the key. For example:


M = 10
C = Encrypt(M, K)

C_1 = FHE_MUL(C, 2)
C_2 = FHE_ADD(C_1, 5)

20 = M*2 = Decrypt(C_1, K)
25 = M*2+5 = Decrypt(C_2, K)

The magic here is that FHE_MUL and FHE_ADD are functions that  
operate on encrypted data--data that is meaningless without  
knowledge of the key. And when we decrypt the modified encrypted  
data we get the result we would expect.


The ability to perform multiplication and addition may seem trivial,  
but actually any logic circuit can be made from stringing together  
additions and multiplications in the proper sequence. Therefore, any  
computable function can be implemented and applied to encrypted data.


Now on to the philosophy, what if we create a FHE circuit that  
computes the state of a brain at time t2, given the state of the  
brain at time t1. Perhaps it does a molecular simulation of all the  
particles in a person's brain, and runs the physical simulation to  
advance it some period of time. For example:


BrainState_Time-(n+1) = BrainSim(BrainState_Time-n)

We then create the proper circuit of logic gates to implement the  
function BrainSim, and convert it to a series of multiply and add  
operations. Applied to any input. Finally, we replace all the adds  
and multiplies with FHE_ADD's and FHE_MUL's.


I can now provide an encrypted brain state to another entity, who  
can compute as many time cycles on the brain state as desired. Let's  
say I provide you my encrypted brain state file, and you compute one  
year's worth of time sequences of the brain state, and return this  
encrypted result to me.


When I decrypt the result, I will have a brain state file  
representing the state of my brain one as it will have evolved over  
one year's worth of time.


Many questions arise from such a thought experiment considering FHE  
brain simulation on encrypted brain state files:



1. Is the consciousness recovered by running the FHE emulation?
a) If yes, we are faced with the difficulty of how this mind can  
access itself and its own mental states without knowledge of the  
encryption key.
b) If no, we are faced wit the difficulty that this mind emulation  
is a philosophical zombie, at least until we decrypt it?


2. Is the decryption step at the end necessary or irrelevant to  
recovering consciousness?


3. If we perform the decryption at each step of the way, does that  
recover consciousness along the way?


4. Does skipping steps along the way without performing the  
decryption of the intermediate steps impact what the simulated mind  
experiences (if it experiences anything ay all)


5. What if the key is deleted before the FHE computations are  
performed?


Nothing would change from the first person view of the encrypted brain  
state, except that he would have a low probability to be able to  
manifest itself relatively to the the person who can no more decrypt it.






6. Is FHE emulation the ultimate key to information privacy when we  
say yes to the doctor, or is it the ultimate disaster when we  
accidentally zombiefy ourselves by uploading our encrypted brain  
states to be processed in the cloud?


There is no problem, except the relative one mentionned above. The  
encrypted data would only change the destination (in the arithmetical  
reality).







7. Would you say yes to the FHE doctor?


I would say NO, not because I would fear to die in that process, but I  
would fail to arrive where I intend to access to, I think.
Of course the 

Re: Fully Homomorphic Encryption and Consciousness

[Stathis Papaioannou]

On 2 January 2017 at 05:51, Jason Resch  wrote:


> Fully Homomorphic Encryption ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
> Homomorphic_encryption ) is a recently discovered concept in the field of
> cryptography (the science of hiding information).
>
> Basic encryption primer, skip if you are familiar with this already:
>
>
> With conventional encryption, some message M is encrypted using some
> secret key K, to yield a ciphertext C. We can view the encryption operation
> as a function that takes two parameters:
>
> *C = Encrypt(M, K)*
>
> The ciphertext appears as complete gibberish to anyone who sees it, and
> absent knowledge of the key K, will be unable to make sense of it. *A
> simple example of an encryption function is to assume M is a number between
> 0 and 999. K could be a randomly chosen number on the same range (0, 999),
> and the encryption function computes the remainder of (M + K) / 1000.*
>
> With knowledge of the key, however, there is a corresponding decryption
> function, that takes the ciphertext and the key and returns the original
> message:
>
> *M = Decrypt(C, K)*
>
> However, absent knowledge of the key, C could represent any possible
> message, in a sense it is only determined when K is provided. *An example
> decryption example, based on the previous encryption example, is to compute
> the remainder of (1000 + C - K) / 1000.*
>
>
>
> Now to Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE), FHE enables any sequence of
> multiplications and additions to be performed on a cipher text by an entity
> who *has no knowledge* of the key. For example:
>
> M = 10
> C = Encrypt(M, K)
>
> C_1 = FHE_MUL(C, 2)
> C_2 = FHE_ADD(C_1, 5)
>
> 20 = M*2 = Decrypt(C_1, K)
> 25 = M*2+5 = Decrypt(C_2, K)
>
> The magic here is that FHE_MUL and FHE_ADD are functions that operate on
> encrypted data--data that is meaningless without knowledge of the key. And
> when we decrypt the modified encrypted data we get the result we would
> expect.
>
> The ability to perform multiplication and addition may seem trivial, but
> actually any logic circuit can be made from stringing together additions
> and multiplications in the proper sequence. Therefore, any computable
> function can be implemented and applied to encrypted data.
>
>
> Now on to the philosophy, what if we create a FHE circuit that computes
> the state of a brain at time t2, given the state of the brain at time t1.
> Perhaps it does a molecular simulation of all the particles in a person's
> brain, and runs the physical simulation to advance it some period of time.
> For example:
>
> *BrainState_Time-(n+1) = BrainSim(BrainState_Time-n)*
>
> We then create the proper circuit of logic gates to implement the function
> BrainSim, and convert it to a series of multiply and add operations.
> Applied to any input. Finally, we replace all the adds and multiplies with
> FHE_ADD's and FHE_MUL's.
>
> I can now provide an encrypted brain state to another entity, who can
> compute as many time cycles on the brain state as desired. Let's say I
> provide you my encrypted brain state file, and you compute one year's worth
> of time sequences of the brain state, and return this encrypted result to
> me.
>
> When I decrypt the result, I will have a brain state file representing the
> state of my brain one as it will have evolved over one year's worth of time.
>
>
> Many questions arise from such a thought experiment considering FHE brain
> simulation on encrypted brain state files:
>
>
> 1. Is the consciousness recovered by running the FHE emulation?
> a) If yes, we are faced with the difficulty of how this mind can access
> itself and its own mental states without knowledge of the encryption key.
> b) If no, we are faced wit the difficulty that this mind emulation is a
> philosophical zombie, at least until we decrypt it?
>
> 2. Is the decryption step at the end necessary or irrelevant to recovering
> consciousness?
>
> 3. If we perform the decryption at each step of the way, does that recover
> consciousness along the way?
>
> 4. Does skipping steps along the way without performing the decryption of
> the intermediate steps impact what the simulated mind experiences (if it
> experiences anything ay all)
>
> 5. What if the key is deleted before the FHE computations are performed?
>
> 6. Is FHE emulation the ultimate key to information privacy when we say
> yes to the doctor, or is it the ultimate disaster when we accidentally
> zombiefy ourselves by uploading our encrypted brain states to be processed
> in the cloud?
>
> 7. Would you say yes to the FHE doctor?
>
>
> I am interested in hearing everyone's thoughts on the matter.
>

I can't "decrypt" my own brain, in the sense that I'm not aware of the
neural processes happening in it and even if I were I would not be able to
correlate them to thoughts, so I don't see why encryption with FHE should
make a diffference.


-- 
Stathis Papaioannou

-- 
You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google 

Fully Homomorphic Encryption and Consciousness

[Jason Resch]

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homomorphic_encryption ) is a recently
discovered concept in the field of cryptography (the science of hiding
information).

Basic encryption primer, skip if you are familiar with this already:


With conventional encryption, some message M is encrypted using some secret
key K, to yield a ciphertext C. We can view the encryption operation as a
function that takes two parameters:

*C = Encrypt(M, K)*

The ciphertext appears as complete gibberish to anyone who sees it, and
absent knowledge of the key K, will be unable to make sense of it. *A
simple example of an encryption function is to assume M is a number between
0 and 999. K could be a randomly chosen number on the same range (0, 999),
and the encryption function computes the remainder of (M + K) / 1000.*

With knowledge of the key, however, there is a corresponding decryption
function, that takes the ciphertext and the key and returns the original
message:

*M = Decrypt(C, K)*

However, absent knowledge of the key, C could represent any possible
message, in a sense it is only determined when K is provided. *An example
decryption example, based on the previous encryption example, is to compute
the remainder of (1000 + C - K) / 1000.*



Now to Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE), FHE enables any sequence of
multiplications and additions to be performed on a cipher text by an entity
who *has no knowledge* of the key. For example:

M = 10
C = Encrypt(M, K)

C_1 = FHE_MUL(C, 2)
C_2 = FHE_ADD(C_1, 5)

20 = M*2 = Decrypt(C_1, K)
25 = M*2+5 = Decrypt(C_2, K)

The magic here is that FHE_MUL and FHE_ADD are functions that operate on
encrypted data--data that is meaningless without knowledge of the key. And
when we decrypt the modified encrypted data we get the result we would
expect.

The ability to perform multiplication and addition may seem trivial, but
actually any logic circuit can be made from stringing together additions
and multiplications in the proper sequence. Therefore, any computable
function can be implemented and applied to encrypted data.


Now on to the philosophy, what if we create a FHE circuit that computes the
state of a brain at time t2, given the state of the brain at time t1.
Perhaps it does a molecular simulation of all the particles in a person's
brain, and runs the physical simulation to advance it some period of time.
For example:

*BrainState_Time-(n+1) = BrainSim(BrainState_Time-n)*

We then create the proper circuit of logic gates to implement the function
BrainSim, and convert it to a series of multiply and add operations.
Applied to any input. Finally, we replace all the adds and multiplies with
FHE_ADD's and FHE_MUL's.

I can now provide an encrypted brain state to another entity, who can
compute as many time cycles on the brain state as desired. Let's say I
provide you my encrypted brain state file, and you compute one year's worth
of time sequences of the brain state, and return this encrypted result to
me.

When I decrypt the result, I will have a brain state file representing the
state of my brain one as it will have evolved over one year's worth of time.


Many questions arise from such a thought experiment considering FHE brain
simulation on encrypted brain state files:


1. Is the consciousness recovered by running the FHE emulation?
a) If yes, we are faced with the difficulty of how this mind can access
itself and its own mental states without knowledge of the encryption key.
b) If no, we are faced wit the difficulty that this mind emulation is a
philosophical zombie, at least until we decrypt it?

2. Is the decryption step at the end necessary or irrelevant to recovering
consciousness?

3. If we perform the decryption at each step of the way, does that recover
consciousness along the way?

4. Does skipping steps along the way without performing the decryption of
the intermediate steps impact what the simulated mind experiences (if it
experiences anything ay all)

5. What if the key is deleted before the FHE computations are performed?

6. Is FHE emulation the ultimate key to information privacy when we say yes
to the doctor, or is it the ultimate disaster when we accidentally zombiefy
ourselves by uploading our encrypted brain states to be processed in the
cloud?

7. Would you say yes to the FHE doctor?


I am interested in hearing everyone's thoughts on the matter.

Jason

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