[biofuel] PSA - Oxygen source

2004-07-23 Thread Walt Patrick

One of the most interesting new developments to come down the pike in 
the 
past decade involves the use of ceramic membranes to separate out gases 
such as hydrogen and oxygen from gas streams.

This process, called Pressure Swing Adsorption, allows oxygen to be 
separated from low pressure air, thereby making autothermal reforming of 
biowaste much more feasible for small plants.

My question is this; is anyone familiar with a source for the ceramic 
guts 
for one of the these units? I notice that China is starting to produce 
PSA-O2 units; is anyone familiar with their products?

with appreciation,

Walt
http://www.windward.org/  




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[biofuel] Anyone in NJ, USA??

2004-07-23 Thread Michael Tayvah

Dear all:

I'm taking Keith's advice and keeping the biodiesel in
New Jersey, USA onlist. I've not yet received any
replies to my first post.  If you're in the NJ area
(and Delaware Valley -- eastern PA) please identify
yourself! I'd love to get to know the local biodiesel
scene!

Michael Tayvah 

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[biofuel] Re: inline glow plug for SVO heating?

2004-07-23 Thread rob crowley

I like the idea of inline heating of the SVO, but...

The size of the fuse does not regulate the current in a glow plug; it 
only breaks the circuit once the current exceeds the fuse rating.  The 
simple formula V=I*R is helpful here.  Or turn it around to I=V/R. 
 Measure the resistance with a good digital ohmmeter.  For example, if 
you have 1.0 ohm on the glow plug and 13V on a battery, then the glow 
plug wants 13 amps.  In this case, a 10A fuse would simply blow 
immediately.  The power requirement would be 13A * 13V = 169Watts.

Another idea to consider is to use two glow plugs wired in series to 
reduce the power.  This doubles the resistance.  With P=V*I and I=V/R 
you get the formula P=V*V/R =13*13/2 = 85Watts.  This would require 
6.5Amps.  

Also, it was suggested by someone else that the glow plug fuel heater 
should be placed upstream of the fuel filter. I believe the Ford 
Powerstroke diesel has a heater wire in the fuel filter bowl in order to 
preheat the fuel. Furthermore, this fuel bowl is nestled in the V of the 
block and so benefits from the engine block heat.  You might want to 
look at this concept, maybe even retro this fuel filter/heater assembly 
into your setup.

Good luck,
 Rob
---
Martin Klingensmith wrote:

Joshua wrote:
  

Your typical triac phase-shaping dimmer will not work on DC, this can't 
be what they're using.
If it turns out that they need a control, I could make a simple one.
  

Quite right, we're using an automotive dimmer for a heater... it's
great, even says HEAT on it.  ;)  We haven't actually tested it yet,
though, so we're not sure how low it'll get the glow plug.




120 watts on the small surface area of a glow plug is probably too much 
for oil. I'm guessing about 30 watts would be decent.
  

I'm not exactly sure about watts, but we've got it run through a 20
amp fuse, though we might put a 10 amp on there.

Cheers,
Joshua



A 10 amp fuse means the current would have to stay somewhere below 13v * 
  10 amps = 130 watts. 20 amps would be less than 260 watts.
Let us know how it works our for you.


  






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Re: [biofuel] Anyone in NJ, USA??

2004-07-23 Thread James Prange

Hello Michael,
I am in elkton, md just 1 mile south of Delaware line off I 95. I am
making test batches and thinking I should have a processor built and in
operation by fall. I would love to chat with you. Where are youu located?

Jim

On Thu, 22 Jul 2004 12:13:45 -0700 (PDT) Michael Tayvah
[EMAIL PROTECTED] writes:
 Dear all:
 
 I'm taking Keith's advice and keeping the biodiesel in
 New Jersey, USA onlist. I've not yet received any
 replies to my first post.  If you're in the NJ area
 (and Delaware Valley -- eastern PA) please identify
 yourself! I'd love to get to know the local biodiesel
 scene!
 
 Michael Tayvah 
 
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[biofuel] Environment

2004-07-23 Thread Ross Cannon

Bush seems to regularly follow the wishes of his donors on environmental
decisions. When will this stop?
In 2000, President Bush promised that, if elected, he would work to
reduce carbon dioxide emissions that contribute to global warming.[1]
Yet, upon taking office, he withdrew American support from the Kyoto
Treaty to regulate carbon dioxide,[2] and he dismissed a report from his
own Environmental Protection Agency pointing out carbon dioxide's
critical role in global warming.[3] Now, with the White House having done
nothing to address the growing problem, elected attorneys from New York
City and eight states filed a lawsuit this week to force five utilities
to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.[4] 
 
Why has President Bush reversed his position on carbon dioxide/global
warming, and why has he refused to confront these energy companies
himself? Because they are among the top donors to Republicans and the
Bush-Cheney campaign. 
 
Among the defendants in the case are: 
 
Southern Company, a company that has given almost a half million dollars
to Republicans congressional candidates[5] since 2000; has given more
than $1.1 million in soft money to the Republican Party;[6] and whose
executives[7] and political action committee[8] have given more than
$79,000 directly to the Bush-Cheney campaign. 
 
American Electric Power Company, a company that has given more than
$550,000 to Republican congressional candidates[9] since 2000 and whose
executives[10] and political action committee[11] have given $24,000 to
the Bush-Cheney campaign. 
 
Cinergy Corporation, a company that has given almost $200,000 to
Republican congressional candidates[12] since 2000; has given more than
$360,000 in soft money to the Republican Party;[13] and whose
executives[14] and political action committee[15] have given more than
$27,000 to the Bush-Cheney campaign. 
 
Sources: 
 
1. Representative Tom Allen Criticizes Bush Broken Promise on CO2
Emissions from Power Plants, Representative Tom Allen, 03/14/01,
http://daily.misleader.org/ctt.asp?u=2875998l=47281. 
2. USA withdraws from Kyoto protocol , Directorate of Environmental
Affairs, 3/29/01, http://daily.misleader.org/ctt.asp?u=2875998l=47282. 
3. Bush Disses Global Warming Report , CBSnews.com, 06/04/02,
http://daily.misleader.org/ctt.asp?u=2875998l=47283. 
4. Suit targets carbon dioxide emissions by utilities , Indystar.com,
07/22/04, http://daily.misleader.org/ctt.asp?u=2875998l=47284. 
5. Southern Co 2004 PAC Summary Data, Opensecrets.org,
http://daily.misleader.org/ctt.asp?u=2875998l=47285. 
6. Soft money donors found for Southern Co., Opensecrets.org,
http://daily.misleader.org/ctt.asp?u=2875998l=47286. 
7. Opensecrets.org, http://daily.misleader.org/ctt.asp?u=2875998l=47287.

8. Southern Co 2004 PAC Summary Data, Opensecrets.org,
http://daily.misleader.org/ctt.asp?u=2875998l=47285. 
9. American Electric Power 2004 PAC Summary Data , Opensecrets.org,
www.opensecrets.org/pacs/lookup2.asp?strID=C00096842cycle=2004. 
10. Opensecrets.org, http://daily.misleader.org/ctt.asp?u=2875998l=47288
. 
11. American Electric Power 2004 PAC Summary Data, Opensecrets.org,
http://daily.misleader.org/ctt.asp?u=2875998l=47289. 
12. Cinergy Corp 2004 PAC Summary Data, Opensecrets.org,
http://daily.misleader.org/ctt.asp?u=2875998l=47290. 
13. Soft money donors found for Cinergy, Opensecrets.org,
http://daily.misleader.org/ctt.asp?u=2875998l=47291. 
14. Opensecrets.org,
http://daily.misleader.org/ctt.asp?u=2875998l=47292. 
15. Cinergy Corp 2004 PAC Summary Data, Opensecrets.org,
http://daily.misleader.org/ctt.asp?u=2875998l=47290. 
 
Experience should teach us to be most on our guard to protect liberty
when the 
Government's purposes are beneficent. Men born to freedom are naturally
alert 
to repel invasion of their liberty by evil-minded rulers, but the
greatest dangers to 
liberty lurk in insidious encroachment by men of zeal.Justice Louis
Dembritz Brandeis


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Re: [biofuel] Drinking rain water [was: Drink Water From Dehumidifier?]

2004-07-23 Thread rico suavae

Hi Al, Martin is right.Back at the turn of the last century,rainwater was 
collected in rainbarrels and cisterns for all manner of household uses 
including drinking water.Some of your older city houses still have cisterns 
buried in their backyards,though most have been filled in.
A recent This Old House show featured a company that is producing a barrel top 
for rainbarrels that you would put under your downspout to collect the rain off 
the roof.
I know some women who swear that the best water for washing their hair is 
rainwater.
I think it depends where you live on weather you treat the water as pottable or 
grey water.If it comes off the roof just let it sit for a day to settle out and 
don't draw off the bottom.Tip the barrel over every couple of months to clean 
out the sediments.
Hey,we all gotta go some time.I wouldn't worry about a little rain water.Now 
Twinkies on the other hand..
Rico

Martin Klingensmith [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:


[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
 Hi,
 
 I am looking into building an Earthship, and I was wondering if you could
 tell me if drinking rain water is safe (I mean after it has been
 filtered like described in the Earthship books)?
 
 Thanks,
 Al
 

Hi Al,
I think rainwater is fine but in some areas it will be acidic. I'm 
downwind from Detroit, my rainwater is pretty acidic.


-- 
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Re: [biofuel] Re: Drink Water From Dehumidifier?

2004-07-23 Thread rico suavae

Hi Keith,
Related to all this.The water in the dehumidifiers is already semi 
distilled,having been been evaporated at some point into the atmosphere.It 
carries nothing with it until it comes in contact with something or some 
surface.It should be at 7Ph.
A dehumidifier is a weak sister to an air conditioner and a distant cousin to a 
refrigeration unit.All three are absorbing heat and as a byproduct produce 
condensate.The dehumidifier
does this deliberately.
When boiling water to create distilled water we create the same process but in 
a more deliberate,efficient manner.
All three of the above will and do create distilled water.It just becomes 
contaminated by its surroundings.
Rico

Keith Addison [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Hi Jonathan

I have approx. 60 gallons of distilled water in plastic milk
containers from my dehumidifier sitting in my basement.  I had
planned on using it for wash water for biodiesel on a small scale.
Can anyone see any potential problems by using this water as wash
water?  Thanks.  Jonathan.

If it's acidic your final washwater will also be acidic rather than 
pH7. Just as long as it's clear. To be safe, you might want to use 
clean water for the final wash. Remember you can re-use the 
washwater, except that for the first wash:
http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_wash.html
The Economy of Wash Water Recycling

Best wishes

Keith



--- In biofuel@yahoogroups.com, Janet Van Stoat
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
  There is significant health risk in drinking condensate.  The risk
comes mostly from the large amount of mold to be found in typical
dehumidifier condensate.  You are probably familiar with the slime
molds that commonly coat the sides of most dehumidifier condensate
collector bins.

snip



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Re: [biofuel] Tha' Ballad of Dubya [political humor]

2004-07-23 Thread rico suavae

Pretty good for a couple of Texans.Which one had the crayon?
Yankee Boy Rico

Kim  Garth Travis [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:


The Texas Hillbilly (redneck) Song (Sing to the tune of The Beverly
Hillbillies)

Come and listen to my story 'bout a boy name Bush.
His IQ was zero and his head was up his tush.
He drank like a fish while he was drivin' all about.
But that didn't matter 'cuz his daddy bailed him out.

DUI, that is. Criminal record. Cover-up.

Well, the first thing you know little Georgie goes to Yale.
He can't spell his name but they never let him fail.
He spends all his time hangin' out with student folk.
And that's when he learns how to snort a line of coke.

Blow, that is. White gold. Nose candy.

The next thing you know there's a war in Vietnam.
Kin folks say, George, stay at home with Mom.
Let the common people get maimed and scarred.
We'll buy you a spot in the Texas Air Guard.

Cushy, that is. Country clubs. Nose candy.

Twenty years later George gets a little bored.
He trades in the booze, says that Jesus is his Lord.
He said, Now the White House is the place I wanna be.
So he called his daddy's friends and they called the GOP.

Moral Majority, that is. Falwell. Jesse Helms.

Come November 7, the election ran late.
Kin folks said Jeb, give the boy your state!
Don't let those colored folks get into the polls.
So they put up barricades so they couldn't punch their holes.

Chads, that is. Duval County. Miami-Dade.

Before the votes were counted five Supremes stepped in.
Told all the voters Hey, we want George to win.
Stop counting votes! was their solemn invocation.
And that's how George finally got his coronation.

Rigged, that is. Illegitimate. No moral authority



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Re: [biofuel] please help...

2004-07-23 Thread rico suavae

Hi,as of this morning in NW Indiana Diesel is going for 1.63 per us gal.Across 
the state line it varies but is generally .20 per us gal higher due to state 
and county taxes.
Rico

baketampangetko [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
does anyone knows literature/published articles about comparative 
prices of biodiesel and petroleum diesel? need it for my school 
research.. thank you very much 

beng

p.s. 

the more recent/latest prices the better.. :)




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Re: [biofuel] Re: inline glow plug for SVO heating?

2004-07-23 Thread Martin Klingensmith



rob crowley wrote:
 I like the idea of inline heating of the SVO, but...
 
 The size of the fuse does not regulate the current in a glow plug; it 
 only breaks the circuit once the current exceeds the fuse rating. 

Hi Rob,
I said the current would be somewhat less than whatever fuse he used 
[and if the fuse blew then the current was higher]. Without knowing the 
resistance of the heater I wasn't going to speculate.

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[biofuel] Re: please help...

2004-07-23 Thread bioveging

Actually, in the US, Flying J truck stops HQ'd in Ogden Utah makes 
it a pleasure to make available their pricing as compared to all 
other competitors and if you send them an email they would most 
welcome it, I am sure.
They are known to make this data available through their monthly 
send out newsletter, I can't remember the name but they know it :)
That should give you a fairly decent cross section of diesel prices 
cross-US, although I am not certain if it reflective of consumer 
pricing or truck fleet pricing, you'd have to ask as their stations 
offer pumps for both the big rigs as well as cars using diesel fuel.

L.

--- In biofuel@yahoogroups.com, rico suavae [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
 Hi,as of this morning in NW Indiana Diesel is going for 1.63 per 
us gal.Across the state line it varies but is generally .20 per us 
gal higher due to state and county taxes.
 Rico
 
 baketampangetko [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
 does anyone knows literature/published articles about comparative 
 prices of biodiesel and petroleum diesel? need it for my school 
 research.. thank you very much 
 
 beng
 
 p.s. 
 
 the more recent/latest prices the better.. :)
 
 
 
 
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[biofuel] DUBYA aint texan nor is his dad

2004-07-23 Thread MALONEKR

Papa george and his eastern friends wrecked the independant oil men so only 
ivy league types could continue their control.They are not good ole' boy red 
necks or texans,but true counterfiets in every way.


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]




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RE: [biofuel] Re: Dutch biodiesel brewers

2004-07-23 Thread pieter van eeten

Hi Frag,

The company who delivers to BB is Breustedt, if I remember correctly they 
are based in Apeldoorn. Found them via another Dutchie on the forum. Their 
number is listed they were very helpfull in finding a BB near my house that 
sells lye!

Found mine in one of the smallest BB's in the neighborhood. But one 
surrounded by farms;)

Grtz,


From: frag_lag [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Reply-To: biofuel@yahoogroups.com
To: biofuel@yahoogroups.com
Subject: [biofuel] Re: Dutch biodiesel brewers
Date: Thu, 22 Jul 2004 11:29:13 -

--- In biofuel@yahoogroups.com, pieter van eeten [EMAIL PROTECTED]
wrote:
  Hi Frag,
 
  Got my Lye at Boerenbond/Welkoop and my methanol at a farmacist the
methanol
  I'm not sure about the purity it says nothing on the bottle. The
lye is 99%.
 
  Good luck

What does it say on it? i could only find pool stuff (small
boerenbond department here)

only have calsium there..



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Re: [biofuel] Re: inline glow plug for SVO heating?

2004-07-23 Thread Erik Lane

 For example, if 
 you have 1.0 ohm on the glow plug and 13V on a
 battery, then the glow 
 plug wants 13 amps.  In this case, a 10A fuse would
 simply blow 
 immediately.  The power requirement would be 13A *
 13V = 169Watts.

but be careful - i don't think it's quite that simple.
as the glow plugs heat up the resistance changes. i
don't know what the graph would look like, but it's
not a constant.



 
 Another idea to consider is to use two glow plugs
 wired in series to 
 reduce the power.  This doubles the resistance. 
 With P=V*I and I=V/R 
 you get the formula P=V*V/R =13*13/2 = 85Watts. 
 This would require 
 6.5Amps.  
 

another benefit of using multiple plugs in series is
having more surface area for heating of the oil. i
like that idea.


 Also, it was suggested by someone else that the glow
 plug fuel heater 
 should be placed upstream of the fuel filter. I
 believe the Ford 
 Powerstroke diesel has a heater wire in the fuel
 filter bowl in order to 
 preheat the fuel. Furthermore, this fuel bowl is
 nestled in the V of the 
 block and so benefits from the engine block heat. 
 You might want to 
 look at this concept, maybe even retro this fuel
 filter/heater assembly 
 into your setup.
 
 Good luck,
  Rob




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Re: [biofuel] DUBYA aint texan nor is his dad

2004-07-23 Thread Hakan Falk


Who cares, where is Texas? When his brother came to Spain, he talked about 
the Republic of Spain, which then amused the Royals and the Spanish people. 
For a year you could not turn on the TV, without hearing jokes about it and 
it is still referred to, on occasions. I am sure that this is one of the 
major reasons why people did not want to have troops in Iraq, they doubted 
that Dubya and his brother did not even knew where that was.

Hakan

At 07:26 23/07/2004, you wrote:
Papa george and his eastern friends wrecked the independant oil men so only
ivy league types could continue their control.They are not good ole' boy 
red
necks or texans,but true counterfiets in every way.




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Re: [biofuel] Tha' Ballad of Dubya [political humor]

2004-07-23 Thread Martin Klingensmith



rico suavae wrote:
 Pretty good for a couple of Texans.Which one had the crayon?
 Yankee Boy Rico
 
 Kim  Garth Travis [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:

This thread needs to stop right here. Keith, sorry for playing moderator 
here but I know you will agree that personal attacks are completely 
useless to any discussion group.
rico, You are allowed to disagree with what Kim/Garth said but you are 
not allowed to make rude comments about them.

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Re: [biofuel] Tha' Ballad of Dubya [political humor]

2004-07-23 Thread Kim Garth Travis

Greetings Martin,
Thanks for defending me, but let him show his ignorance.  In actuality, 
neither I or Bush are Texans.  I am a Canuck and the Bush family just 
adopted poor Texas.  I passed the song on because it was well done and funny.
Bright Blessings,
Kim

At 08:11 AM 7/23/2004, you wrote:


rico suavae wrote:
  Pretty good for a couple of Texans.Which one had the crayon?
  Yankee Boy Rico
 
  Kim  Garth Travis [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:

This thread needs to stop right here. Keith, sorry for playing moderator
here but I know you will agree that personal attacks are completely
useless to any discussion group.
rico, You are allowed to disagree with what Kim/Garth said but you are
not allowed to make rude comments about them.

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[biofuel] Electricity from WVO and Rapeseed

2004-07-23 Thread rob crowley

I heard an interesting story on the BBC World Service Europe Today 
program broadcast on July 23.  They interviewed a spokesperson from a 
British company with a patented technology to generate electrical power 
from rapeseed oil and WVO.

The process involves virgin oil and waste vegetable oil.  The rapeseed 
is pressed to extract the virgin oil for fuel. Then the soild remains 
from the pressing is mixed with waste vegetable oil and burned in a 
turbine.  In this way, the entire rapeseed is used to generate 
electricity.  

According to the interview, the technology could produce electricity for 
one thousand homes for one year using crops planted in an area of 1 
square mile (2.5 sq km).  Based on the rapeseed crops planted in the UK 
now, there is enough to supply five percent of the UK power needs.  

The article did not appear on their web site, but perhaps it will be 
available later at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/europe/europetoday/index.shtml

best regards,
 rob







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[biofuel] Re: inline glow plug for SVO heating?

2004-07-23 Thread Joshua

Okay, I'm very excited by all the interest that has been shown in this
group to the inline glow plug heater.  Here's the update!  We have
been delayed in our actual running of the bus due to a cracked head,
but we are doing the heads and will be running again in less than a week.

Yesterday we did a very promising test.  We have an automotive heater
knob with four settings (off, high, med, and low in that order) and we
have it run to the glow plug after the lighted truck switch.  We
tested the glow plug in it, and it certainly seems to get a great
range of heat.  On low, it gets just barely hot enough to burn your
hand, on med, it gets rather hot but not glowing, and on high it glows
red.  I know these are some very inacurate measurements, but they are
promising for us none the less.

As for fuses, we have tested the glow plug with a 10a and a 20a fuse,
and we have certainly not blown any yet.  Right now, I believe we have
a 20a in there, but we may lower it to 10 and see what happens.  The
lighted switch is rated to 20a, and the fuse is wired before both
switches.

Some have suggested that we need to have a filter installed after
this, and although this inline glow plug is after our special heated
Racor 900FG filter, it is before the regular fuel filter that sits
right at the top of the engine not far before the fuel goes into the
injection pump.

To make sure everyone is clear how we did it, the glow plug is
installed in a brass T in the rubber fuel lines before the fuel goes
into the transfer pump.  We put it here because we were very hesitant
to cut into and bend metal flared fuel lines.  Another element we have
installed only 5 or 6 inches from the inline glow plug is a mechanical
temperature sensor run to a guage in the dash, so with the adjustable
heat on the glow plug, we should be able to fairly fine tune the
temperature of the fuel at this juncture.

Does anyone know the optimum temperature for the WVO to reach?  Does
anyone know at what fuel temperature we risk melting rubber fuel
lines?  These are the only questions that we haven't satisfactorily
answered yet.  Anyway, I will certanily keep the group informed.  I
think that the notion of using a glow plug in this way is going to
prove very effective and is rather low cost as a heating system for
fuel.  To clarify, we are using a two tank system, so we are of course
going to turn this glow plug off when we are running diesel, and this
glow plug has nothing to do with the normal functioning of glow plugs
in the head.

Anyway, that's all for now, cheers!
Joshua




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[biofuel] Jatropha book

2004-07-23 Thread Keith Addison

Free online



http://www.echonet.org/

ECHO Development Notes

ISSUE 60, MAY 1998

Edited By Martin L. Price

17391 Durrance Road, North Fort Myers, FL 33917-2239
Phone: (941) 543-3246, Fax: (941) 543-5317 USA
E-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Web site: http://www.echonet.org

New IPGRI Series Promotes Underutilized Crops.
The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) has 
published a series of books titled Promoting the conservation and 
use of underutilized and neglected crops. Each title covers a 
different crop species. The purpose is to draw attention to species 
which have been neglected in a varying degree by researchers and/or 
underutilized economically. As ECHO is very interested in 
underexploited crops, we wrote to IPGRI and obtained copies of each 
title in the series.

IPGRI is a research center dedicated to identifying and collecting 
plant germplasm, conserving it, and disseminating it to researchers 
developing or promoting new crops. Each book focuses on taxonomy, 
origins of species, related species, and reproduction biology. 
Ecology, propagation methods, cultivation, and germplasm conservation 
are also covered. Because of the heavy focus on germplasm topics, the 
series will not be of interest to everyone in our network. Those 
trying to identify local minor crops and possibly useful wild 
relatives or who have worked to introduce a specific crop will find 
this series helpful.

For example, Nancy Harper in Belize wrote to ECHO regarding the 
physic nut, Jatropha curcas. The physic nut is a shrub widely found 
in the tropics. (It is used as a living fence and as a medicinal, 
grows in arid regions, and produces a nut which when pressed yields 
an oil that can be used in making soap and has been used as a diesel 
substitute in small engines with some success in trials. Young leaves 
of the plant may be cooked and eaten. All parts of the plant have 
been used medicinally.) Most Jatropha curcas plants produce toxic 
nuts. In Mexico and Central America there are types of physic nut 
that are safe to eat when roasted. Nancy wanted to know if these 
edible types were a different species of Jatropha and if they should 
therefore propagate them by cuttings or by seed.

Using the IPGRI book on Jatropha curcas, we learned that the edible 
type is probably the same species as the toxic type, and that because 
it is pollinated by insects, the edible and toxic types may be able 
to cross pollinate if grown in the same area. We encouraged her to 
talk with local farmers, as the book seemed to indicate that in her 
region the predominant Jatropha may be the non-toxic type, making 
propagation by seed safe.

The series book on black nightshades, Solanum nigrum and related 
species, is useful for identifying local Solanum species used as 
potherbs and huckleberries, as ten species or sub-species are 
described in detail with diagrams, local names, and an identification 
key. Some botanical education would be helpful in using the key. (The 
genus Solanum includes tomato, pepper, potato and eggplant. It also 
contains many wild relatives, some of which have food potential and 
some are poisonous.)

These are the titles in print as of this time: Physic nut Jatropha 
curcas L., Yam bean Pachyrhizus DC., Coriander Coriandrum sativum L., 
Hulled wheats: Proceedings of the First International Workshop on 
Hulled Wheats Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass., Pili nut Canarium 
ovatum Engl., Safflower Carthamus tinctorius L., Chayote Sechium 
edule (Jacq.) SW., Bambara groundnut Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc., 
Breadfruit Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg, Cat's whiskers 
Cleome gynandra L., Tef Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter, Sago Palm 
Metroxylon sagu Rottb., Oregano S., Black nightshades Solanum nigrum 
L. and related species, Carob tree Ceratonia siliqua L.

IPGRI advertises that their publications are free of charge to 
institutions and libraries. We corresponded with their publications 
department for clarification. Paul Stapleton, Head of the Editorial 
and Publications Unit, replied IPGRI publications are distributed 
free of charge, so we aim to place them in libraries and institutions 
so that their potential readership is maximized. We do not want them 
to be read by one person, then filed on a bookshelf and forgotten. 
However, if the organization is going to use the information to 
benefit workers in the area, they can have as many copies of our 
material as needed. IPGRI is eager to disseminate its information 
where it can do the most good, and that is why we maintain our free 
distribution policy. Some workers can easily show that they have a 
need for a personal copy, such as laboratory researchers, university 
professors, extension agents, etc., and we gladly supply those.

If your organization is able to make use of one of the titles listed 
above or would like to know of IPGRI's many other titles related to 
germplasm conservation and breeding, write to: Paul Stapleton; Head