Re: Request: computation=thermodynamics paper(s)
On 15.04.2011 21:44 meekerdb said the following: Entropy and information are related. In classical thermodynamics the relation is between what constraint you impose on the substance and dQ/T. You note that it is calculated assuming constant pressure - that is a constraint; another is assuming constant energy. In terms of the phase space in a statistical mechanics model, this is confining the system to a hypersurface in the the phase space. If you had more information about the system, e.g. you knew all the molecules were moving the same direction (as in a rocket exhaust) that you further reduce the part of phase space and the entropy. If you knew the proportions of molecular species that would reduce it further. In rocket exhaust calculations the assumption of fixed species proportion is often made as an approximation - it's referred to as a frozen entropy calculation. If the species react that changes the size of phase space and hence the Boltzmann measure of entropy. Brent First how do you define information? According to Shannon? Then if we consider a thermodynamic system, the Second Law dS = dQ/T does not impose constraints as such. It is held for any closed system and for any process. The only assumption here is that the system possesses a temperature. If one can define temperature than the entropy follows according to the Second Law unambiguously and I do not see how one additionally will need information, whatever it means. If you speak about reaction chemistry, let us consider a simple exercise from classical thermodynamics. Problem. Given temperature, pressure, and initial number of moles of NH3, N2 and H2, compute the equilibrium composition. To solve the problem one should find thermodynamic properties of NH3, N2 and H2 for example in the JANAF Tables and then compute the equilibrium constant. From thermodynamics tables (all values are molar values for the standard pressure 1 bar, I have omitted the symbol o for simplicity but it is very important not to forget it): Del_f_H_298(NH3), S_298(NH3), Cp(NH3), Del_f_H_298(N2), S_298(N2), Cp(N2), Del_f_H_298(H2), S_298(H2), Cp(H2) 2NH3 = N2 + 3H2 Del_H_r_298 = Del_f_H_298(N2) + 3 Del_f_H_298(H2) - 2 Del_f_H_298(NH3) Del_S_r_298 = S_298(N2) + 3 S_298(H2) - 2 S_298(NH3) Del_Cp_r = Cp(N2) + 3 Cp(H2) - 2 Cp(NH3) To make life simple, I will assume below that Del_Cp_r = 0, but it is not a big deal to extend the equations to include heat capacities as well. Del_G_r_T = Del_H_r_298 - T Del_S_r_298 Del_G_r_T = - R T ln Kp When Kp, total pressure and the initial number of moles are given, it is rather straightforward to compute equilibrium composition. So, the entropy is there. What do you mean when you state that information is also involved? Where is in this example the related information, again whatever it is? -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups Everything List group. To post to this group, send email to everything-list@googlegroups.com. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to everything-list+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com. For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/everything-list?hl=en.
Re: Request: computation=thermodynamics paper(s)
Hi Colin, Energy cost is due to erasure of information only (Landauer principle), and you can compute without erasing anything, as you need to do if you do quantum computation. You might search on Landauer, Bennett, Zurek, and on the Maxwell daemon. Bruno On 15 Apr 2011, at 02:27, Colin Hales wrote: Hi all, I was wondering if anyone out there knows of any papers that connect computational processes to thermodynamics in some organized fashion. The sort of thing I am looking for would have statements saying cooling is (info/computational equivalent) pressure is ..(info/computational equivalent) temperature is volume is entropy is I have found a few but I think I am missing the good stuff. here's one ... Reiss, H. 'Thermodynamic-Like Transformations in Information Theory', Journal of Statistical Physics vol. 1, no. 1, 1969. 107-131. cheers colin -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups Everything List group. To post to this group, send email to everything-list@googlegroups.com. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to everything-list+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com . For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/everything-list?hl=en . http://iridia.ulb.ac.be/~marchal/ -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups Everything List group. To post to this group, send email to everything-list@googlegroups.com. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to everything-list+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com. For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/everything-list?hl=en.
Re: Request: computation=thermodynamics paper(s)
Colin, I used to work in chemical thermodynamics for awhile and I give you the answer from such a viewpoint. As this is the area that I know, then my message will be a bit long and I guess it differs from the viewpoint of people in information theory. CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS First entropy has been defined in classical thermodynamics and the best is to start with it. Basically here The Zeroth Law defines the temperature. If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. The Second Law defines the entropy. There exist an additive state function such that dS = dQ/T (The heat Q is not a state function) The Third Law additionally defines that at zero K the change in entropy is zero for all processes that allows us to define unambiguously the absolute entropy. Note that for the energy we always have the difference only (with an exception of E = mc^2). That's it. The rest follows from above, well clearly you need also the First Law to define the internal energy. I mean this is enough to determine entropy in practical applications. Please just tell me entropy of what do you want to evaluate and I will describe you how it could be done. A nice book about classical thermodynamics is The Tragicomedy of Classical Thermodynamics by Truesdell but please do not take it too seriously. Everything that he writes is correct but somehow classical thermodynamics survived until now, though I am afraid it is a bit exotic. Well, if someone needs numerical values of the entropy, then people do it the usual way of classical thermodynamics. STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS Statistical thermodynamics was developed after the classical thermodynamics and I guess many believe that it has completely replaced the classical thermodynamics. The Boltzmann equation for the entropy looks so attractive that most people are acquainted with it only and I am afraid that they do not quite know the business with heat engines that actually were the original point for the entropy. Here let me repeat that I have written recently to this list about heat vs. molecular motion, as this give you an idea about the difference between statistical and classical thermodynamics (replace heat by classical thermodynamics and molecular motion by statistical). At the beginning, the molecules and atoms were considered as hard spheres. At this state, there was the problem as follows. We bring a glass of hot water in the room and leave it there. Eventually the temperature of the water will be equal to the ambient temperature. According to the heat theory, the temperature in the glass will be hot again spontaneously and it is in complete agreement with our experience. With molecular motion, if we consider them as hard spheres there is a nonzero chance that the water in the glass will be hot again. Moreover, there is a theorem (Poincaré recurrence) that states that if we wait long enough then the temperature of the glass must be hot again. No doubt, the chances are very small and time to wait is very long, in a way this is negligible. Yet some people are happy with such statistical explanation, some not. Hence, it is a bit too simple to say that molecular motion has eliminated heat at this level. INFORMATION ENTROPY Shannon has defined the information entropy similar way to the Boltzmann equation for the entropy. Since them many believe that Shannon's entropy is the same as the thermodynamic entropy. In my view this is wrong as this is why http://blog.rudnyi.ru/2010/12/entropy-and-artificial-life.html I believe that here everything depends on definitions and if we start with the entropy as defined by classical thermodynamics then it has nothing to do with information. INFORMATION AND THERMODYNAMIC ENTROPY Said above, in my viewpoint there is meaningful research where people try to estimate the thermodynamic limit for the number of operations. The idea here to use kT as a reference. I remember that there was a nice description on that with references in Nanoelectronics and Information Technology, ed Rainer Waser I believe that somewhere in introduction but now I am not sure now. By the way the book is very good but I am not sure if it as such is what you are looking for. Evgenii On 15.04.2011 02:27 Colin Hales said the following: Hi all, I was wondering if anyone out there knows of any papers that connect computational processes to thermodynamics in some organized fashion. The sort of thing I am looking for would have statements saying cooling is (info/computational equivalent) pressure is ..(info/computational equivalent) temperature is volume is entropy is I have found a few but I think I am missing the good stuff. here's one ... Reiss, H. 'Thermodynamic-Like Transformations in Information Theory', Journal of Statistical Physics vol. 1, no. 1, 1969. 107-131. cheers colin -- You received this
Re: Request: computation=thermodynamics paper(s)
Entropy and information are related. In classical thermodynamics the relation is between what constraint you impose on the substance and dQ/T. You note that it is calculated assuming constant pressure - that is a constraint; another is assuming constant energy. In terms of the phase space in a statistical mechanics model, this is confining the system to a hypersurface in the the phase space. If you had more information about the system, e.g. you knew all the molecules were moving the same direction (as in a rocket exhaust) that you further reduce the part of phase space and the entropy. If you knew the proportions of molecular species that would reduce it further. In rocket exhaust calculations the assumption of fixed species proportion is often made as an approximation - it's referred to as a frozen entropy calculation. If the species react that changes the size of phase space and hence the Boltzmann measure of entropy. Brent On 4/15/2011 12:09 PM, Evgenii Rudnyi wrote: Colin, I used to work in chemical thermodynamics for awhile and I give you the answer from such a viewpoint. As this is the area that I know, then my message will be a bit long and I guess it differs from the viewpoint of people in information theory. CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS First entropy has been defined in classical thermodynamics and the best is to start with it. Basically here The Zeroth Law defines the temperature. If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. The Second Law defines the entropy. There exist an additive state function such that dS = dQ/T (The heat Q is not a state function) The Third Law additionally defines that at zero K the change in entropy is zero for all processes that allows us to define unambiguously the absolute entropy. Note that for the energy we always have the difference only (with an exception of E = mc^2). That's it. The rest follows from above, well clearly you need also the First Law to define the internal energy. I mean this is enough to determine entropy in practical applications. Please just tell me entropy of what do you want to evaluate and I will describe you how it could be done. A nice book about classical thermodynamics is The Tragicomedy of Classical Thermodynamics by Truesdell but please do not take it too seriously. Everything that he writes is correct but somehow classical thermodynamics survived until now, though I am afraid it is a bit exotic. Well, if someone needs numerical values of the entropy, then people do it the usual way of classical thermodynamics. STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS Statistical thermodynamics was developed after the classical thermodynamics and I guess many believe that it has completely replaced the classical thermodynamics. The Boltzmann equation for the entropy looks so attractive that most people are acquainted with it only and I am afraid that they do not quite know the business with heat engines that actually were the original point for the entropy. Here let me repeat that I have written recently to this list about heat vs. molecular motion, as this give you an idea about the difference between statistical and classical thermodynamics (replace heat by classical thermodynamics and molecular motion by statistical). At the beginning, the molecules and atoms were considered as hard spheres. At this state, there was the problem as follows. We bring a glass of hot water in the room and leave it there. Eventually the temperature of the water will be equal to the ambient temperature. According to the heat theory, the temperature in the glass will be hot again spontaneously and it is in complete agreement with our experience. With molecular motion, if we consider them as hard spheres there is a nonzero chance that the water in the glass will be hot again. Moreover, there is a theorem (Poincaré recurrence) that states that if we wait long enough then the temperature of the glass must be hot again. No doubt, the chances are very small and time to wait is very long, in a way this is negligible. Yet some people are happy with such statistical explanation, some not. Hence, it is a bit too simple to say that molecular motion has eliminated heat at this level. INFORMATION ENTROPY Shannon has defined the information entropy similar way to the Boltzmann equation for the entropy. Since them many believe that Shannon's entropy is the same as the thermodynamic entropy. In my view this is wrong as this is why http://blog.rudnyi.ru/2010/12/entropy-and-artificial-life.html I believe that here everything depends on definitions and if we start with the entropy as defined by classical thermodynamics then it has nothing to do with information. INFORMATION AND THERMODYNAMIC ENTROPY Said above, in my viewpoint there is meaningful research where people try to estimate the thermodynamic limit for the number of operations.
Request: computation=thermodynamics paper(s)
Hi all, I was wondering if anyone out there knows of any papers that connect computational processes to thermodynamics in some organized fashion. The sort of thing I am looking for would have statements saying cooling is (info/computational equivalent) pressure is ..(info/computational equivalent) temperature is volume is entropy is I have found a few but I think I am missing the good stuff. here's one ... Reiss, H. 'Thermodynamic-Like Transformations in Information Theory', Journal of Statistical Physics vol. 1, no. 1, 1969. 107-131. cheers colin -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups Everything List group. To post to this group, send email to everything-list@googlegroups.com. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to everything-list+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com. For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/everything-list?hl=en.
Re: Request: computation=thermodynamics paper(s)
Slizard did a whole bunch of stuff in this area in the 1940s. Feynmann has some good introductions to it in his Lectures in Physics series (I forget which volume), IIRC. This was more focussed on the thermodynamics of computation (eg what efficiency limits are there on processing bits). Later on, there was some work basing statistical mechanics on information theory. Denbigh and Denbigh was a good book from the early '80s that talked about this. This stuff is kind of the reverse side of the coin to Slizard's stuff. Cheers On Fri, Apr 15, 2011 at 10:27:45AM +1000, Colin Hales wrote: Hi all, I was wondering if anyone out there knows of any papers that connect computational processes to thermodynamics in some organized fashion. The sort of thing I am looking for would have statements saying cooling is (info/computational equivalent) pressure is ..(info/computational equivalent) temperature is volume is entropy is I have found a few but I think I am missing the good stuff. here's one ... Reiss, H. 'Thermodynamic-Like Transformations in Information Theory', Journal of Statistical Physics vol. 1, no. 1, 1969. 107-131. cheers colin -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups Everything List group. To post to this group, send email to everything-list@googlegroups.com. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to everything-list+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com. For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/everything-list?hl=en. -- Prof Russell Standish Phone 0425 253119 (mobile) Mathematics UNSW SYDNEY 2052 hpco...@hpcoders.com.au Australiahttp://www.hpcoders.com.au -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups Everything List group. To post to this group, send email to everything-list@googlegroups.com. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to everything-list+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com. For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/everything-list?hl=en.