[time-nuts] GPS position survey

2013-05-06 Thread Mark Sims
Earth circumference is around 25,000 miles - 132E6 feet.  24 bit mantissa (23 
bits plus sign)  gives a resolution in this application of around 15.7 feet 
since negative measurements don't apply.
---
Oh... 24 bit mantissa should give 1.25 m resolution if my headcounting is about 
right 
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Re: [time-nuts] GPS position survey

2013-05-06 Thread Poul-Henning Kamp
In message 518733c4.1020...@gmail.com, Sarah White writes:
On 5/6/2013 12:29 AM, Mark Sims wrote:

 The 48-hour precision survey in Lady Heather uses a statistical
weighted median filter to arrive at its final location instead of
a simple average of fixes.   It processes data of one minute, hour,
and overlapping 24 hour intervals to calculate the final position.
It can produce a location that is 3-10 times better than simple
averaging of the fixes.

You can probably do even better than that:  Weigh the summing by DOP.

That gave me a factor two or so, because it reduced the weight of
samples suffering from multipath and other ailments.

-- 
Poul-Henning Kamp   | UNIX since Zilog Zeus 3.20
p...@freebsd.org | TCP/IP since RFC 956
FreeBSD committer   | BSD since 4.3-tahoe
Never attribute to malice what can adequately be explained by incompetence.
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Re: [time-nuts] GPS position survey

2013-05-06 Thread Stewart Cobb
A subtle point:  The GPS satellite orbits are controlled so that their
(nominal) ground tracks precisely repeat every day.  To make this work,
their day is not a standard 24-hour day but a sidereal day lasting 23
hours, 56 minutes, and about 4 seconds.  The satellites actually go around
the earth twice in that time, so their orbits take 11 hours and 58+
minutes, but the earth is only halfway around after the first orbit, so the
ground tracks only repeat every other orbit.

The ground tracks repeat so that multipath errors can be averaged out by
taking data in multiples of one sidereal day.  If you want to get the most
accurate position by averaging satellite data, do your average in multiples
of 86164 seconds (sidereal day) rather than 86400 seconds (24 hours).  It
also helps to take data during a time when the weather is relatively
constant.  In particular, avoid precipitation.

Cheers!
--Stu
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Re: [time-nuts] GPS position survey

2013-05-06 Thread Magnus Danielson
I was using 90 deg = 1000 m as approximation. I forgot about the sign but 
as I recall the leading 1 is surpressed. 360 deg on 25 bits. Reducing approx 
gave me 10 and 3 bits.
Cheers
Magnus

 Originalmeddelande 
Från: Mark Sims hol...@hotmail.com 
Datum:  
Till: time-nuts@febo.com 
Rubrik: [time-nuts] GPS position survey 
 
Earth circumference is around 25,000 miles - 132E6 feet.  24 bit mantissa (23 
bits plus sign)  gives a resolution in this application of around 15.7 feet 
since negative measurements don't apply.
---
Oh... 24 bit mantissa should give 1.25 m resolution if my headcounting is about 
right      
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[time-nuts] GPS position survey

2013-05-05 Thread Miguel Barbosa Gonçalves
Hi fellow time nuts!

I've recently bought a Trimble Acutime gold that will be used as a
reference clock for a NTP server.

This receiver has the possibility of averaging it's position before
entering what Trimble calls the overdetermined clock state. The
default is to average the position with 2000 fixes.

What do you believe is a good number of fixes for the survey in this case?

Cheers,
Miguel
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Re: [time-nuts] GPS position survey

2013-05-05 Thread Poul-Henning Kamp
In message 8311230247672528820@unknownmsgid, =?ISO-8859-1?Q?Miguel_Barbosa_Go
n=E7alves?= writes:

This receiver has the possibility of averaging it's position before
entering what Trimble calls the overdetermined clock state. The
default is to average the position with 2000 fixes.

What do you believe is a good number of fixes for the survey in this case?

It will be enough for error detection and it will stabilize your
signal somewhat, but it is not even remotely close to giving you
a precise position which will attenuate the 12h wiggles from the
satellite orbits.

-- 
Poul-Henning Kamp   | UNIX since Zilog Zeus 3.20
p...@freebsd.org | TCP/IP since RFC 956
FreeBSD committer   | BSD since 4.3-tahoe
Never attribute to malice what can adequately be explained by incompetence.
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Re: [time-nuts] GPS position survey

2013-05-05 Thread Miguel Barbosa Gonçalves
On 5 May 2013 11:51, Poul-Henning Kamp p...@phk.freebsd.dk wrote:

 In message 8311230247672528820@unknownmsgid,
 =?ISO-8859-1?Q?Miguel_Barbosa_Go
 n=E7alves?= writes:

 This receiver has the possibility of averaging it's position before
 entering what Trimble calls the overdetermined clock state. The
 default is to average the position with 2000 fixes.
 
 What do you believe is a good number of fixes for the survey in this case?

 It will be enough for error detection and it will stabilize your
 signal somewhat, but it is not even remotely close to giving you
 a precise position which will attenuate the 12h wiggles from the
 satellite orbits.


Hi Poul!

So you think a full day of position survey will be better?

The receiver will still output time while surveying so doing it for a long
time is not a problem.

Appreciate your input.

Cheers,
Miguel
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Re: [time-nuts] GPS position survey

2013-05-05 Thread Bob Camp
Hi

Something like 48 hours is a good idea *if* you have the time to do them.

Bob

On May 5, 2013, at 7:34 AM, Miguel Barbosa Gonçalves m...@mbg.pt wrote:

 On 5 May 2013 11:51, Poul-Henning Kamp p...@phk.freebsd.dk wrote:
 
 In message 8311230247672528820@unknownmsgid,
 =?ISO-8859-1?Q?Miguel_Barbosa_Go
 n=E7alves?= writes:
 
 This receiver has the possibility of averaging it's position before
 entering what Trimble calls the overdetermined clock state. The
 default is to average the position with 2000 fixes.
 
 What do you believe is a good number of fixes for the survey in this case?
 
 It will be enough for error detection and it will stabilize your
 signal somewhat, but it is not even remotely close to giving you
 a precise position which will attenuate the 12h wiggles from the
 satellite orbits.
 
 
 Hi Poul!
 
 So you think a full day of position survey will be better?
 
 The receiver will still output time while surveying so doing it for a long
 time is not a problem.
 
 Appreciate your input.
 
 Cheers,
 Miguel
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Re: [time-nuts] GPS position survey

2013-05-05 Thread Chris Albertson
If the only use of the GPS receiver is to drive NTP, then 2,000
seconds is long enough  NTP runs at the microsecond level and the tiny
remaining error after 2000 seconds will never be noticed by NTP.
However if you are really nuts and want to do the best you can then
let it run for 12 hours.   That is one orbital period.

That said, what matters FAR more is that the antenna have a good view
of the full sky and be far away from anything that can reflect radio
waves.   This pretty much means the antenna should be on a pipe mast
on the roof. (a 3/4 inch pipe with a pipe flange on top).   If you
have not done this then don't bother with a 12 hour survey as you'd be
worrying about details that don't matter.

On Sun, May 5, 2013 at 3:35 AM, Miguel Barbosa Gonçalves m...@mbg.pt wrote:
 Hi fellow time nuts!

 I've recently bought a Trimble Acutime gold that will be used as a
 reference clock for a NTP server.

 This receiver has the possibility of averaging it's position before
 entering what Trimble calls the overdetermined clock state. The
 default is to average the position with 2000 fixes.

 What do you believe is a good number of fixes for the survey in this case?

 Cheers,
 Miguel
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-- 

Chris Albertson
Redondo Beach, California
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Re: [time-nuts] GPS position survey

2013-05-05 Thread Poul-Henning Kamp
In message caedntmsjwt0suxbzdrnz3enyw6xhuvlhvmfw_cmq5r8etay...@mail.gmail.com
, =?ISO-8859-1?Q?Miguel_Barbosa_Gon=E7alves?= writes:

So you think a full day of position survey will be better?

I don't know if it is as sensitive on your lattitude as mine (56N)
but here N*12 hours works best, for as big a N as you have
patience for, up to about 10

-- 
Poul-Henning Kamp   | UNIX since Zilog Zeus 3.20
p...@freebsd.org | TCP/IP since RFC 956
FreeBSD committer   | BSD since 4.3-tahoe
Never attribute to malice what can adequately be explained by incompetence.
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Re: [time-nuts] GPS position survey

2013-05-05 Thread Chuck Forsberg WA7KGX N2469R

When doing a position survey, does Lady Heather have to be running?
Or does the Thunderbolt do it by itself?

--
 Chuck Forsberg WA7KGX   c...@omen.com   www.omen.com
Developer of Industrial ZMODEM(Tm) for Embedded Applications
  Omen Technology Inc  The High Reliability Software
10255 NW Old Cornelius Pass Portland OR 97231   503-614-0430

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Re: [time-nuts] GPS position survey

2013-05-05 Thread Miguel Barbosa Gonçalves
On 5 May 2013 20:18, Chuck Forsberg WA7KGX N2469R c...@omen.com wrote:
 When doing a position survey, does Lady Heather have to be running?
 Or does the Thunderbolt do it by itself?

I don't know about Thunderbolt but on my Acutime Gold the Windows
software sends the restart survey command to the antenna and the
antenna does everything by itself. I can even turn off the Windows
monitoring software.

HTH,
Miguel
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Re: [time-nuts] GPS position survey

2013-05-05 Thread Sarah White
On 5/5/2013 6:35 AM, Miguel Barbosa Gonçalves wrote:
 Hi fellow time nuts!
 
 I've recently bought a Trimble Acutime gold that will be used as a
 reference clock for a NTP server.
 
 This receiver has the possibility of averaging it's position before
 entering what Trimble calls the overdetermined clock state. The
 default is to average the position with 2000 fixes.
 
 What do you believe is a good number of fixes for the survey in this case?
 
 Cheers,
 Miguel

Accurate position might be important. Light travels a distance of
something like 29.9792 centimeters per nanosecond

You might find the results of this study to be helpful:

http://www.syz.com/gps/gpsaveraging.html

I myself did a sampling over a period of 1 million samples
(actually, it was a value of 2^20, not exactly 1 million)
quickest it could have completed such a survey is 12+ days

... However, I had masks set for elevation, signal, etc.
(resulted in occasional periods when there was no lock)

I'm quite satisfied / happy with the results :)

hope this helps?
--Sarah
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Re: [time-nuts] GPS position survey

2013-05-05 Thread mike cook

Le 5 mai 2013 à 21:18, Chuck Forsberg WA7KGX N2469R a écrit :

 When doing a position survey, does Lady Heather have to be running?
 Or does the Thunderbolt do it by itself?
 
  Good question. I would have thought that once started, the survey would 
complete even though LH was stopped/started, but that does not seem to be the 
case.
  I started a survey yesterday and stopped LH once I saw that it was 
proceeding. Three hours later I restarted LH, expecting to see the progress, 
but the
 survey was not running. Now I have left LH active will the survey completes. 


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Re: [time-nuts] GPS position survey

2013-05-05 Thread Miguel Barbosa Gonçalves
On 5 May 2013 12:28, Sarah White kuze...@gmail.com wrote:

 I myself did a sampling over a period of 1 million samples
 (actually, it was a value of 2^20, not exactly 1 million)
 quickest it could have completed such a survey is 12+ days

 ... However, I had masks set for elevation, signal, etc.
 (resulted in occasional periods when there was no lock)

Thank you Sarah for your input!

I might do that. For what I've read regarding timing applications the
receiver should pick only satellites with high elevation but for
position surveying a good geometry is better.

Could you give your input regarding elevation masks and other
parameters to do a good survey?

Regards,
Miguel
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Re: [time-nuts] GPS position survey

2013-05-05 Thread Chris Albertson
If you are talking about using this with NTP.  I don't know if you
have a choice.  The Trimble receiver is going to do whatever it is
going to do when you power it up.Software running on a PC can
perform a 24 hour survey and report the location but the Type 29
driver in NTP has no way to tell the Trimble receiver what to do on
power up.  And there is no way to specify a location you have surveyed
by some other means.

Perhaps the Trimble GPS has some way to program it's FLASH Rom with
changed parameters but NTP only reads the packets.  It does not send
any.  Can LH download a surveyed location r change the length of the
survey?   NTP can't do any of that

Other NTP drivers such as the Type 30 Motorola driver are more
flexible.  Those alow you to specify a lat, long that was surveyed or
have the receiver do a survey.  The type-30 Motorola driver is a lot
more configurable.

But as was said, light travels about 30cm/nanosecond and NTP works in
microseconds.  So your location can be off by 1000 times 30cm before
NTP will care.  So 3 or 4 meters of location error will not matter and
the 2,000 point self survey will be good enough.

But if yo really so want nanosecond level timing, then you need to
care about the survey

On Sun, May 5, 2013 at 4:28 AM, Sarah White kuze...@gmail.com wrote:
 On 5/5/2013 6:35 AM, Miguel Barbosa Gonçalves wrote:
 Hi fellow time nuts!

 I've recently bought a Trimble Acutime gold that will be used as a
 reference clock for a NTP server.

 This receiver has the possibility of averaging it's position before
 entering what Trimble calls the overdetermined clock state. The
 default is to average the position with 2000 fixes.

 What do you believe is a good number of fixes for the survey in this case?

 Cheers,
 Miguel

 Accurate position might be important. Light travels a distance of
 something like 29.9792 centimeters per nanosecond

 You might find the results of this study to be helpful:

 http://www.syz.com/gps/gpsaveraging.html

 I myself did a sampling over a period of 1 million samples
 (actually, it was a value of 2^20, not exactly 1 million)
 quickest it could have completed such a survey is 12+ days

 ... However, I had masks set for elevation, signal, etc.
 (resulted in occasional periods when there was no lock)

 I'm quite satisfied / happy with the results :)

 hope this helps?
 --Sarah
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-- 

Chris Albertson
Redondo Beach, California
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Re: [time-nuts] GPS position survey

2013-05-05 Thread Miguel Barbosa Gonçalves
Hi Chris!

On 06/05/2013, at 01:21, Chris Albertson albertson.ch...@gmail.com wrote:

 If you are talking about using this with NTP.  I don't know if you
 have a choice.  The Trimble receiver is going to do whatever it is
 going to do when you power it up.Software running on a PC can
 perform a 24 hour survey and report the location but the Type 29
 driver in NTP has no way to tell the Trimble receiver what to do on
 power up.  And there is no way to specify a location you have surveyed
 by some other means.

What I am doing at the moment is connecting Trimble's port A (timing
port) to NTP and configuring the receiver using a Windows laptop
through port B. I can connect to port B occasionally to check the
receivers health. The receiver has its configuration stored in an
EPROM so it will just work anytime unless the configuration gets
corrupted.

After the survey ends the position can be optionally stored to the
EPROM. Also, if the antenna changes its position more than 1000 meters
a new self-survey will run automatically.

 Perhaps the Trimble GPS has some way to program it's FLASH Rom with
 changed parameters but NTP only reads the packets.  It does not send
 any.  Can LH download a surveyed location r change the length of the
 survey?   NTP can't do any of that

It does. It is available on the Trmble's FTP site.

 Other NTP drivers such as the Type 30 Motorola driver are more
 flexible.  Those alow you to specify a lat, long that was surveyed or
 have the receiver do a survey.  The type-30 Motorola driver is a lot
 more configurable.

The Trimble software is very nice and allows one thing the Motorola
NTP driver doesn't allow if I remember correctly. On the Trimble I can
choose the number of fixes for the survey and can watch it run while
NTP is receiving time. I can't do this on an Oncore because it only
has one port.

 But as was said, light travels about 30cm/nanosecond and NTP works in
 microseconds.  So your location can be off by 1000 times 30cm before
 NTP will care.  So 3 or 4 meters of location error will not matter and
 the 2,000 point self survey will be good enough.

When surveying accuracy of the PPS will be around 1 us. The accuracy
will obviously increase when the survey ends.

 But if yo really so want nanosecond level timing, then you need to
 care about the survey

Agree!

Cheers,
Miguel
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Re: [time-nuts] GPS position survey

2013-05-05 Thread Chris Albertson
So this is different from the Thunderbolt, even if they both use the
same serial protocol or can the t-bolt also have it's flash rom
programmed from a PC?

The bottle neck in the system in the uncertainty in the interrupt
latency on the PC where NTP runs.  After all this I doubt you can
captures the PPS to better than 1 uS.

For a long time I've been wnting to build an external counter for NTP.
  But it would have to use some very fast logic family.

On Sun, May 5, 2013 at 6:26 PM, Miguel Barbosa Gonçalves m...@mbg.pt wrote:
 Hi Chris!

 On 06/05/2013, at 01:21, Chris Albertson albertson.ch...@gmail.com wrote:

 If you are talking about using this with NTP.  I don't know if you
 have a choice.  The Trimble receiver is going to do whatever it is
 going to do when you power it up.Software running on a PC can
 perform a 24 hour survey and report the location but the Type 29
 driver in NTP has no way to tell the Trimble receiver what to do on
 power up.  And there is no way to specify a location you have surveyed
 by some other means.

 What I am doing at the moment is connecting Trimble's port A (timing
 port) to NTP and configuring the receiver using a Windows laptop
 through port B. I can connect to port B occasionally to check the
 receivers health. The receiver has its configuration stored in an
 EPROM so it will just work anytime unless the configuration gets
 corrupted.

 After the survey ends the position can be optionally stored to the
 EPROM. Also, if the antenna changes its position more than 1000 meters
 a new self-survey will run automatically.

 Perhaps the Trimble GPS has some way to program it's FLASH Rom with
 changed parameters but NTP only reads the packets.  It does not send
 any.  Can LH download a surveyed location r change the length of the
 survey?   NTP can't do any of that

 It does. It is available on the Trmble's FTP site.

 Other NTP drivers such as the Type 30 Motorola driver are more
 flexible.  Those alow you to specify a lat, long that was surveyed or
 have the receiver do a survey.  The type-30 Motorola driver is a lot
 more configurable.

 The Trimble software is very nice and allows one thing the Motorola
 NTP driver doesn't allow if I remember correctly. On the Trimble I can
 choose the number of fixes for the survey and can watch it run while
 NTP is receiving time. I can't do this on an Oncore because it only
 has one port.

 But as was said, light travels about 30cm/nanosecond and NTP works in
 microseconds.  So your location can be off by 1000 times 30cm before
 NTP will care.  So 3 or 4 meters of location error will not matter and
 the 2,000 point self survey will be good enough.

 When surveying accuracy of the PPS will be around 1 us. The accuracy
 will obviously increase when the survey ends.

 But if yo really so want nanosecond level timing, then you need to
 care about the survey

 Agree!

 Cheers,
 Miguel
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Redondo Beach, California
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Re: [time-nuts] GPS position survey

2013-05-05 Thread lists
Isn't the other half of the question how useful the information is to the OS? 
That is how is the time integrated with the application using it. Even if the 
RTCs had perfect sync, would two apps attempting to read the clock get the same 
time value in a multitasking system?

I've been looking for the stat on the London stock exchange, which runs on Suse 
Enterprise. I recall they claimed 100us time stamp accuracy, but can't find a 
source.

I thought PTP would be more accurate than NTP, but the consensus of the hive is 
they are equally good.

If you follow ADS-B/mode-s aircraft tracking, a number of vendors are using 
MLAT techniques to detect the aircraft location in the case of mode-s, and to 
detect spoofing in the case of ADS-B. Some use a transmitter that all the sites 
can receive, that is they make their own time sync scheme. But others are using 
 GPSDO. But I assume they time stamp the aircraft signal reception in their own 
hardware.


-Original Message-
From: Chris Albertson albertson.ch...@gmail.com
Sender: time-nuts-boun...@febo.com
Date: Sun, 5 May 2013 20:40:41 
To: Discussion of precise time and frequency measurementtime-nuts@febo.com
Reply-To: Discussion of precise time and frequency measurement
time-nuts@febo.com
Subject: Re: [time-nuts] GPS position survey

So this is different from the Thunderbolt, even if they both use the
same serial protocol or can the t-bolt also have it's flash rom
programmed from a PC?

The bottle neck in the system in the uncertainty in the interrupt
latency on the PC where NTP runs.  After all this I doubt you can
captures the PPS to better than 1 uS.

For a long time I've been wnting to build an external counter for NTP.
  But it would have to use some very fast logic family.

On Sun, May 5, 2013 at 6:26 PM, Miguel Barbosa Gonçalves m...@mbg.pt wrote:
 Hi Chris!

 On 06/05/2013, at 01:21, Chris Albertson albertson.ch...@gmail.com wrote:

 If you are talking about using this with NTP.  I don't know if you
 have a choice.  The Trimble receiver is going to do whatever it is
 going to do when you power it up.Software running on a PC can
 perform a 24 hour survey and report the location but the Type 29
 driver in NTP has no way to tell the Trimble receiver what to do on
 power up.  And there is no way to specify a location you have surveyed
 by some other means.

 What I am doing at the moment is connecting Trimble's port A (timing
 port) to NTP and configuring the receiver using a Windows laptop
 through port B. I can connect to port B occasionally to check the
 receivers health. The receiver has its configuration stored in an
 EPROM so it will just work anytime unless the configuration gets
 corrupted.

 After the survey ends the position can be optionally stored to the
 EPROM. Also, if the antenna changes its position more than 1000 meters
 a new self-survey will run automatically.

 Perhaps the Trimble GPS has some way to program it's FLASH Rom with
 changed parameters but NTP only reads the packets.  It does not send
 any.  Can LH download a surveyed location r change the length of the
 survey?   NTP can't do any of that

 It does. It is available on the Trmble's FTP site.

 Other NTP drivers such as the Type 30 Motorola driver are more
 flexible.  Those alow you to specify a lat, long that was surveyed or
 have the receiver do a survey.  The type-30 Motorola driver is a lot
 more configurable.

 The Trimble software is very nice and allows one thing the Motorola
 NTP driver doesn't allow if I remember correctly. On the Trimble I can
 choose the number of fixes for the survey and can watch it run while
 NTP is receiving time. I can't do this on an Oncore because it only
 has one port.

 But as was said, light travels about 30cm/nanosecond and NTP works in
 microseconds.  So your location can be off by 1000 times 30cm before
 NTP will care.  So 3 or 4 meters of location error will not matter and
 the 2,000 point self survey will be good enough.

 When surveying accuracy of the PPS will be around 1 us. The accuracy
 will obviously increase when the survey ends.

 But if yo really so want nanosecond level timing, then you need to
 care about the survey

 Agree!

 Cheers,
 Miguel
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-- 

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Redondo Beach, California
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[time-nuts] GPS position survey

2013-05-05 Thread Mark Sims
The 48-hour precision survey in Lady Heather uses a statistical weighted median 
filter to arrive at its final location instead of a simple average of fixes.   
It processes data of one minute, hour, and overlapping 24 hour intervals to 
calculate the final position.   It can produce a location that is 3-10 times 
better than simple averaging of the fixes.
A further complication is storing the precise location into the receiver.  The 
Tbolt firmware only lets one write the location using single precision floating 
point numbers (24 bit mantissa).  This is well below the desired resolution of 
the position.  Lady Heather gets around this by limitation by doing a royal 
kludge.  Once the precise position has been calculated,  it issues single point 
survey commands to the receiver until one just happens to lie within one foot 
of the calculated position.   
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Re: [time-nuts] GPS position survey

2013-05-05 Thread Sarah White
On 5/6/2013 12:29 AM, Mark Sims wrote:
 The 48-hour precision survey in Lady Heather uses a statistical weighted 
 median filter to arrive at its final location instead of a simple average of 
 fixes.   It processes data of one minute, hour, and overlapping 24 hour 
 intervals to calculate the final position.   It can produce a location that 
 is 3-10 times better than simple averaging of the fixes.
 A further complication is storing the precise location into the receiver.  
 The Tbolt firmware only lets one write the location using single precision 
 floating point numbers (24 bit mantissa).  This is well below the desired 
 resolution of the position.  Lady Heather gets around this by limitation by 
 doing a royal kludge.  Once the precise position has been calculated,  it 
 issues single point survey commands to the receiver until one just happens to 
 lie within one foot of the calculated position.   
   

Wow, thanks. I didn't realize that. This approach you described from
lady heather sounds really cool from my time-nut perspective.

I used the trimble provided utility for the survery. Really not sure if
the internal firmware did the calculation and/or filtering, or what
method was used.

--Sarah
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Re: [time-nuts] GPS position survey

2013-05-05 Thread Magnus Danielson
Oh... 24 bit mantissa should give 1.25 m resolution if my headcounting is about 
right. Thats about 4 ns.
Royal kludge indeed.
Cheers
Magnus

 Originalmeddelande 
Från: Mark Sims hol...@hotmail.com 
Datum:  
Till: time-nuts@febo.com 
Rubrik: [time-nuts] GPS position survey 
 
The 48-hour precision survey in Lady Heather uses a statistical weighted median 
filter to arrive at its final location instead of a simple average of fixes.   
It processes data of one minute, hour, and overlapping 24 hour intervals to 
calculate the final position.   It can produce a location that is 3-10 times 
better than simple averaging of the fixes.
A further complication is storing the precise location into the receiver.  The 
Tbolt firmware only lets one write the location using single precision floating 
point numbers (24 bit mantissa).  This is well below the desired resolution of 
the position.  Lady Heather gets around this by limitation by doing a royal 
kludge.  Once the precise position has been calculated,  it issues single point 
survey commands to the receiver until one just happens to lie within one foot 
of the calculated position.      
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