First log on your old system and decrypt your /home directory. Then attach a
removable storage device with enough space to hold your /home directory. We
assume that your removable storage is mounted at /media/username/mount_point,
which can be checked by using lsblk command. Make sure that
Make a backup of your home directory and extract its content to your new home
directory.
For example, on your old system:
~ $ tar zcvf backup.tgz .
On your new system (copy the archive file backup.tgz or something else to
your new home directory):
~ $ tar zxvf backup.tgz
There is no Boot Guard on W541, and our community members are working on it.
We already have coreboot implementation for T440p, which is very close to
T540p, W540 and W541, and only requires minimal modification. Don't give up
hope.
For a Lenovo laptop that uses M.2 WLAN card, there are many cases:
1, Ivy Bridge based ThinkPad, namely X230s and T431s. There is no Boot Guard
so the whitelist restrictions can be removed. They have coreboot
implementations.
2, Normal-voltage Haswell based ThinkPad, including L440, L540,
One can avoid experimenting this way. But one also avoids obtaining knowledge
and/or improving skill. A novice will always be a novice.
First, be sure that it is an ath9k-htc. The only problem with ath9k-htc is
that it doesn't support MAC randomization, so I always need to create a
hotspot first and then disable it before I could connect to any hotspot.
Also, internal (PCI/e) WLAN cards are always first choice, because
Use an SSD as cache, how wasteful it is...
This depends (mainly) on the platter density of the disk drive. The oldest
5400-rpm drives with 20 GB per platter density is much slower than the latest
ones with 1 TB per platter density (both 2.5 inch).
That SSDs die extremely quickly is not true.
Most laptops use a-key M.2 slot, whereas most mini-desktop PCs use e-key M.2
slot. Since you want to use it on a laptop, you probably need to buy such a
QCNFA222 card with both a- and e-keys. For example, the QCNFA222 card that I
purchased was Dell's original part and it has both a- and
Indeed there are two ath9k models on ThinkPenguin. But the AR9462 model card
sold on ThinkPenguin has onle e-key, so they won't be usable on motherboards
with a-key M.2 slot. Therefore I suggest that one search "QCNFA222" on ebay
or elsewhere.
However, I purchased several AR9462 cards with
Only one model: Qualcomm Atheros AR9462 (QCNFA222)
OS X (macOS) is POSIX compatible, so it's better than iOS and Android.
Obviously not. Keep in mind that Android is a malicious, hostile operating
system. Don't be fooled by "open source" or "Linux (kernel) based".
Whether postmarketOS uses glibc of musl is less important. What is important
is that postmarketOS is POSIX compliant.
There aren't many options for GNU/Linux on arm/64 devices (smart phones,
tablets), and PostmarketOS is good enough. If the PinePhone community edition
is still available, don't miss it.
There are no shortage of Android-based distributions, but very few GNU-based
distributions for arm/64
I had a 20th-century legacy notebook that was similar with your computer. It
had only CD-ROM drive and no NIC, though I purchased an Atheros-based PCMCIA
wireless NIC much later. The system installation I used was Debian
Installer's Xfce CD version (not Debian Live, but the binary
Why not ath9k-htc (e.g. AR9271)?
When I use ath9k-htc, I always need to first create a hotspot, then disable
the hotspot and re-connect to WLAN. It's because that ath9k-htc firmware
(albeit free/libre) doesn't work with MAC randomization. And this is why I
always suggest that PCI/e-based ath5k/9k be used whenever possible
timeshift is only available in Debian 10 (buster) or later, or Ubuntu 19.10
(eoan) or later.
If you want to install timeshift from Trisqual's repository, it will be
available in Trisquel 10 (based on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS). ETA: 2-3 years
(Trisquel 9 hasn't been released yet).
This is certain keystroke conflict and I could only suggest that you try
another keyboard. Alternatively, you can try to change key binding in the
game settings.
What about installing it from Debian's current stable (buster) repository?
https://packages.debian.org/buster/timeshift
If you need latest packages, then Trisquel is not a wise choice. You'd
probably encounter dependency problems. For example, you packaged latest foo,
which requires a newer version of bar, but another package baz requires an
older version of bar.
By encrypting everything other than /boot partition (and ESP, if using
UEFI/TianoCore), the attack surface is already minimized.
It is theoretically possible to encrypt the /boot partition as well, but the
booting process become weird and tricky, and is therefore not recommended.
It is
The encrypted volume can be successfully decrypted, so at least you should
have no problem to make a backup.
If you want to set up full-disk encryption, it is strongly recommended that
you perform a new installation and "erase" the disk (filling with random
data).
During installation,
The boot firmware on Mac is neither BIOS nor UEFI. However, it is certain
kind of "UEFI" (Undefined Extensible Firmware Interface) which doesn't
observe the UEFI standard.
If you can replace its boot firmware, flash coreboot on it. You can still use
Tianocore as payload so it works like
Basically, you need to do the following things on a Mac with T2. First enter
the maintenance mode, then enable booting from other devices, and disable
secure boot.
Even if you can do these, there are still more problems. We tried to install
GNU/Linux on a 2017 Mac Book, but the keyboard,
I suspect that there's something fishy about your card. Do you have any other
Atheros card for testing?
If you want to try Debian testing (semi-rolling) or unstable (rolling), go to
Developers' Corner -> Debian Installer, and then pick an appropriate image
for you. (You may probably need
I used to think that beginners should start with using a stable edition.
However, when they want to try something new, they probably run into such
problems like obsolete kernel or outdated dependencies. Furthermore, bugs in
stable editions get fixed very slowly, if not never.
By contrast,
I've just tested Debian 10.4 Live system with another Atheros card (AR9462)
and everything is fine.
Ultimately, why must you use a stable version? I never recommend personal
users, especially beginners to choose stable version (let alone an LTS one).
In my opinion, stable version is only
If you mean compiling the kernel from source code, then we may be thinking of
different things. Sorry for the confusion.
However, building the kernel form scratch is still not very beginner
friendly. Therefore I recommend beginners to use testing/unstable rather than
stable.
Upgrading the kernel for Debian unstable/testing is very easy.
Upgrading the kernel for Debian stable is very hard, basically only when
there is a newer version in the backport repository. However, if you want to
upgrade to a even newer kernel, you would probably have to do what I said.
I don't have any good idea on manually updating kernel on a fixed-release
distribution. Typically you have to rely on backports.
I once tried to do so on Debian stable, but when I wanted to manually install
a new kernel, I had to first manually gather all its dependencies unavailable
in
Try another Debian installation media, for example the 10.4 binary
installation DVD image, or the weekly build of Debian Installer (testing).
If your AR9287 still works under Debian 9 (old stable), then there is nothing
wrong with it. Like other ath5k/9k cards, it requires no firmware. Even
The English name of his working directory is "Download". Here is a trick to
avoid the "localized" directory names. When installing the system, choose
"English". When you log on the system for the first time, change its
localization. The system would ask you whether to change existing
Theoretically any x86 CPU (starting Pentium Pro or Pentium II/Celeron) should
work. The problem is GPU. Stay away from any AMD card, or NVidia card newer
than 2nd generation of Maxwell architecture (GM2xx). GTX750Ti (GM107-based)
is recommended.
Setting 755 permission is far too dangerous. Use chown instead, and set the
permission to 700 (i.e., other users have no access to your files at all).
On the product page, I don't see any license information. But it says that
Waveform Free has won the "2016 Freeware of the Year" award. Therefore the
"free" probably means "gratis" here.
You can also try to see what packages are included in Debian's "multimedia"
Pure Blend or Fedora's
What about Audacity?
Do you have a dedicated /home partition? Have you formatted the /home
partition during installation?
It took me 3 days to download the image file. The pre-release work perfectly
either on bare-metal or virtual machine.
I appreciate Trisquel community. Yet still, I'd like to use a (semi-)rolling
distribution like Debian testing/unstable.
Congratulations. This time I could try it safely.
I tried Uruk 3.0 alpha recently, but couldn't access Uruk's main repository.
Still no HTTPS?
But I have just tested Trisquel 9 indirectly, by downloading Uruk 3.0 alpha
image from SourceForge.
This depends on the type of the HDD. Some HDD such as WD Black are very
durable.
Looking forward to FSF endorsement.
As an electronic storage device, it is true that the data stored on an SSD
are somehow volatile, but they are lost not in weeks, but maybe decades or
even centuries.
SSDs are not intended for archival purposes, so always make an offline backup
on an HDD.
The worst possibility is hardware failure. I had a coreboot X230 which often
automatically power-off (several times per day). It turned out to be chipset
physical damage, so I sold it to someone else.
Petition is useless. If there's no patent restrictions, just start a similar
free/libre project from the scratch.
(31 years ago, we Chinese made a petition demanding that the Communist Party
of China not to be so corrupted, and the protesters were crushed by tanks.)
ext2 for flash media and ext4 for hard disks. I sometimes use NTFS too.
(GNU/Linux has better NTFS support than Losedows.)
There is such feature in KDE (distribution independent) though not enabled by
default. I believe that it should work with any other desktop environments.
Though I usually manually enable or disable input devices (keyboard, mouse,
touch pad, touch screen, digitizer pen, other gaming console
Thank you very much for the reply. I still keep a few 32-bit computers,
including two ThinkPad X40, currently used for GNU/Hurd testing.
Since I probably won't use said 32-bit computers to run latest packages
(i.e., for non-critical tasks only), I may consider to install incoming
Trisquel
I once had one Asus eeePC with an Atheros AR2427 WLAN card. It worked
smoothly under GNU/Linux, though it's no longer working now.
As long as you don't use it to browse JavaScript enabled webpages, the
performance is barely acceptable, roughly as fast (or slow) as my
16-years-old ThinkPad
Additionally, if Trisquel still wants to support i686 architecture, then it
must make some change starting version 10, since Ubuntu dropped i686 support.
If you just want a 12-inch notebook, there are so many options. ThinkPad
X200/s/t, X201/s/t, X220/t and X230/s/t all meet your requirements. Simply
flash coreboot on it and all anti-features are gone.
It is true that, starting Nehalem, ME cannot be totally wiped out, but
coreboot has done
I often add or remove hard disks or SSDs. Below is what I always do (maybe
insecure, but very easy). For your reference:
1. Connect to hard disk or SSD to your system. Create partition(s) and format
them. Get the UUID.
2. Create mount points (sub-directories) under home directory
Have you been watch the same video using Losedows and GNU/Linux respectively?
If not, we can't draw any conclusion. Because different video clips may have
very different coding parameters.
The exact number of space(s) is unimportant.
But since you already added the new disk to /etc/fstab, why should you invoke
# mount -a command?
Before purchasing any Nvidia card, be sure to go to Wikipedia to see what
chipset is the card based on. For example, you can search for pages named
something like "Nvidia GeForce 700 Series" (However, I can't do this for you,
because Wikipedia has been completely censored in China one year
There have been already so many posts discussing this issue. I'm also
negative toward Ubuntu as a base.
If you prefer Debian, you can use it anyway. The main freedom issue of Debian
is the existence of the (unofficial) non-free repository which provides
non-free firmware. But it's not
It is possible that very few non-Atheros cards do work without non-free
firmware.
All Intel integrated graphics are good. Although starting Skylake, Intel
integrated graphics required non-free firmware, they could still work without
non-free firmware with no observable performance penalty.
For Nvidia discrete graphics, the latest acceptable card was GM107
(GTX750Ti).
If we still have to directly download from the mirror servers, then what is
the point of providing those torrent files?
No trolling here, please.
Saving your spreadsheets as Microsoft OOXML (.xlsx) format defeats all your
efforts to promote free software. By doing so, you make it even more
difficult for your audience to switch to free/libre software. Keep in mind
that sending proprietary format files is always the worst practice,
I have just asked one of coreboot contributors from my local community.
For platforms up to IvyBridge, the coreboot codes can be blobless, only a
small portion of ME (non-functional) is required to avoid the 30-minute time
bomb.
For Haswell, only certain CPU microcode is temporarily
libreboot is almost a dead project, which hasn't received meaningful updates
for a long time. See how many devices supported by coreboot and how few
supported by libreboot?
It is true that coreboot can have binary blobs. It is also true that coreboot
can have no blobs. For 4-series chipset
You confused "driver" with "firmware". Practically, most WLAN cards (Intel,
Realtek, etc.) do have free/libre drivers. But they won't work without
non-free firmware. The "driver" you tried to install is actually a firmware
loader, so the "driver" may be free/libre, but the firmware is not.
I sell coreboot X200 for about just 50 USD and still make a few earning. Even
if "time is money" (or vice versa), why should someone spend 8 times more
money for almost nothing?
I'm strongly against purchasing from "Respects Your Freedom" vendors. They
are vampires taking advantage of inexperienced users to make money, just like
any proprietary software/hardware vendor.
For example, one minimalist libreboot X200 costs more than 400 USD, which is
even more
This is a Realtek 8188 (either revision of WN725N) card so it requires
non-free firmware to be loaded.
However, what you tried to compile is not a "driver". It's just a "(non-free)
firmware loader".
I see weird characters. Which coding do you use?
First see whether the old version is still available in the repository.
Then you can try to freeze the version of certain packages using the package
manager. However it is possible to cause dependency problem when upgrading
other packages.
If you can't reinstall the old version, then try
Obviously, your USB drive was indeed "bootable", otherwise you wouldn't see
syslinux's error messages, only that you have to correct the configuration
files.
You may need to read syslinux's documentation. I recently tried to remaster a
Debian Live USB and managed to make the persistence
The Fn+F5 only works when the hardware switch is on. Since the imperfect
connection is a common problem with X200 series, it's recommended that you
short the hardware switch. Do you still remember any details in the guide?
Thanks for reply. I'll try to test this method later to see whether it works
as expected. A minimal installation using Net-Install media is also a good
idea.
The current situation was caused by a stupid operation "for the convenience
sake" as mentioned above. When I tried to convert some
This is not an uncommon problem with X200 series' wireless switches. My
workaround is to short the hardware switch and make the wireless devices
(WLAN, WWAN and bluetooth) always on, using only software switches to turn on
or off wireless devices.
The MATE desktop environment on one of my workstations is partially broken
(due to a stupid operation "for the convenience sake"). I've recently tested
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS. Though I was disappointed by the fact that it began to
install non-free software (other than firmware) by default, I was
i686-compatible processors were first introduced in 1995 (Pentium Pro) and
became mainstream since 1997 (Pentium II). In other words, most mainstream
processors manufactured in recent 23 years are i686 compatible. But even if a
legacy system with a non-i686 processor (be it i386, i486 or
The last mainstream 32-bit processors were Intel Core Solo/Duo series
(Yonah), which are already 14 years old by now (2020). Unless you are using
an even older computer, just download the 64-bit image.
Therefore I don't find such a searchable page necessary.
You can try to install a GnuPG front end. Then gpg2 will be automatically
installed as a dependency.
For most desktop environments, you'll need to install gpa, whereas kgpg is
recommended for KDE.
First, the host CPU has no access to peripherals' inner working (dedicated
processor, memory and storage), so flashrom (running on the host CPU) can't
even know the existence of the storage chip which is supposed to hold the
non-free firmware on the wireless NIC.
Additionally, for most
Like other non-Atheros WLAN adapters, firmware must be loaded in order to
make Intel WLAN adapters functioning. Though theoretically it's possible to
install such firmware on Trisquel, there's no free/libre firmware for Intel
WLAN cards. What's more, newer Intel WLAN cards (Centrino series)
Definitely not "tivoization", which is based on DRM. There is no DRM in
PureOS, otherwise it wouldn't be endorsed by FSF.
Even if Trisquel 9 can be released in this month, it's already 2 years later
than Ubuntu 18.04 LTS, and this partially cancels the so-called "LTS
advantage". I once installed Trisquel 8 for some beginners. And when they
want to manually install something, either building from source code or
You will be temporarily using certain minor non-free software to wipe out a
major anti-feature (jail, and maybe also tyrant). So don't be so shy.
However, if you need to use USB connection to unlock your phone, you'd better
do it on a physical computer. USB support in free/libre hypervisors
Like WLAN cards, some bluetooth adapters require non-free firmware to work.
Do you know what type of BT adapter is in your laptop?
Most built-in, discrete BT modules and external USB BT adapters don't require
non-free firmware, but most WLAN and BT combo cards (since ~2013) require
See whether you can find such an option in LibreOffice's Format -> Page
Style, or in the operating system's Appearance options.
However, the color of areas outside margins is unimportant, unless you have a
bleeding printer.
There are three parts present in T400 could make noise: the fan, the HDD, and
the optical drive.
In addition to using SSD instead of HDD, you can also try to improve its heat
dissipating.
Minifree is already history. You no longer have the opportunity to buy
anything from there.
As for the boot firmware, I could ask whether any contributor could build an
image for you.
Maybe your hard disk or SSD was intact but it failed to boot due to certain
misconfiguration of the boot firmware. (You said that you've made certain
modification to the boot firmware and it no longer boot from internal hard
disk/SSD.)
Because libreboot hasn't been updated or maintained
You'd better first solve your boot firmware problem.
Again, coreboot is strongly recommended, because libreboot hasn't been
maintained for a long time.
If I'd like to install Trisquel (or any other distribution) on a USB storage
device, I'd first prepare two USB storage devices. Create an installation
media using one of them and then use said installation media to perform the
installation to the other (destination).
The process of
I once used certain distribution with two fully blown DEs (Gnome and KDE)
installed simultaneously. There wasn't much conflict.
To access different workspace, right click the MATE panel (something likes
the Windows task bar), then select Add to Panel from the context menu. In the
resulting dialog window, scroll down and select Workspace Switcher.
To use "hot corner", you'll need a desktop environment such as Gnome or
Thank you very much for sharing such "scientific stuff", though we cannot
access it from China.
Maybe this is called "selling exception", as described in one of RMS's
articles (entitled something like "selling exception").
Selling exception is different from dual-licensing, where (re)distributors
may choose a license as they wish. The software is still GPL-licensed.
It's is also
Since you have an Intel WLAN card (according to another reply), it's
impossible to use it without non-free firmware.
So this is why that post got locked?
However, it's so weird to see a Ubuntu's code name under a directory named
debian. I may have changed "flidas" to "stretch" in my first try...
Both Firefox and Chromium are in Debian's main repository, suggesting that
they meet Debian's free software guidelines (DFSG). Why they are not endorsed
by Trisquel, probably because trademark issues.
Changing from "flidas" to "xenial" doesn't solve the problem either, as
"xenial" is Ubuntu's code name, not Debian's.
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