Martin, Hai perfettamente ragione - wreck è normalmente utilizzato per shpiwreck. Errore mio.
Il mio discorso era più sul'aspetto "historic", che no n lo è (ancora). Preferirei "barrier", ma non è una cosa di grande importanza. E dimenticavo dire, che, si, sono in favore di lasciarlo sulla mappa, naturalmente. Volker On 18 January 2012 16:48, Martin Koppenhoefer <[email protected]>wrote: > 2012/1/18 Volker Schmidt <[email protected]>: > > C'è un tag adatto: > > barrier=shipwreck > > > che vuol dire, "c'è"? Ci sono, ne sono 2 nel database. > Di historic=wreck ci sono 659 però. > > Secondome non si guadagna niente aggiungendo un altro sinonimo non > generalmente usato. > > > > NB: > > shipwreck è il termine giusto. "wreck" è sbagliato secondo me. > > Verificherò domani su wikipedia > > > Scusami Volker, ma perchè la wikipedia dovrebbe saperlo meglio di un > dizionario? Tutti possono scrivere qualsiasi cosa in wikipedia, e > quello che scrivono non ci cambia niente rispetto al significato dei > nostri tags (può essere un indicatore, ma se abbiamo un tag ben > stabilito e documentato da anni, perchè metterlo in dubbio se la > parola esiste pure e sembra di avere quel significato?). Come sai > anche in tedesco si può dire "Schiffswrack"=shipwreck e "Wrack"=wreck, > e anche in tedesco Wrack si può riferire oltre ai navi anche ai > aeroplani, (a dirittura anche a persone). > > Abbiamo da anni documentazione cosa significa historic=wreck in OSM, e > cambiarla non ha molto senso secondome: > http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Tag:historic%3Dwreck > > ciao, > Martin > > > PS: per completezza, questo è la pagina di wikipedia: > Wreck > From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia > Look up wreck in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. > Wreck may refer to: > Wreck, a ceremony of initiation into the 40 et 8 club > Wreck (band) , an American indie rock band > A collision of an automobile, aircraft or other vehicle > Shipwreck , the remains of a ship after a crisis at sea > Receiver of Wreck , an official of the British government whose main > task is to process incoming reports of wreck > Rambling Wreck , a car that leads the Georgia Tech football team onto > the field prior to every game in Bobby Dodd Stadium > WREK (FM) , a radio station at Georgia Tech, named after the car > In ornithology , an event where large numbers of seabirds are driven > inland due to adverse weather > > > poi questo è shipwreck (nota bene che usino sia "shipwreck" che > "wreck" nello stesso senso): > Shipwreck > From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia > For the event of a ship wrecking, see Shipwreck (accident) . > For other uses, see Shipwreck (disambiguation) . > > > Shipwreck of the SS American Star on the shore of Fuerteventura . > A shipwreck is what remains of a ship that has wrecked, either sunk or > beached. Whatever the cause, a sunken ship or a wrecked ship is a > physical example of the event : this explains why the two concepts are > often overlapping in English . [ 1 ] > The United Nations estimates that there are more than 3 million > shipwrecks on the ocean floor. [ 2 ] > Contents [hide] > 1 Types of shipwrecks > 2 Causes > 3 State of preservation > 3.1 Construction materials > 3.2 Salinity of water > 3.3 Loss, salvage and demolition > 3.4 Depth, tide and weather > 3.5 Temperature > 4 Salvage of wrecks > 4.1 Shipwrecks and the law > 4.2 Notable salvage of shipwrecks > 5 References > 6 See also > 7 External links > Types of shipwrecks > > > > The 1626 Sparrow-Hawk wreck is displayed at the Pilgrim Hall Museum in > Plymouth, Massachusetts > Historic wrecks are attractive to maritime archaeologists because they > preserve historical information: for example, studying the wreck of > Mary Rose revealed information about seafaring, warfare and life in > the 16th century. Military wrecks that were caused by a skirmish at > sea are studied to find details about the historic event and reveal > much about the battle that occurred. Discoveries of treasure ships , > often from the period of European colonisation , which sank in remote > places, leaving few living witnesses, such as the Batavia , do occur > but only very infrequently. > Some contemporary wrecks, such as the Prestige or Erika , are of > interest primarily because of the potential harm to the environment. > Other contemporary wrecks are scuttled in order to spur reef growth, > such as Adolphus Busch and the Ocean Freeze . Wrecks like Adolphus > Busch and many historic wrecks such as SS Thistlegorm are of interest > to recreational divers who enjoy diving shipwrecks because they are > often interesting to explore, provide large habitats for many types of > marine life and have an interesting history. > Very few shipwrecks are famous catastrophes like the wrecks of the > Titanic , Britannic , Lusitania or Estonia . There are also thousands > of wrecks that were not lost at sea but have been abandoned or sunk. > These are typically smaller vessels such as fishing vessels. These > vessels can provide an interesting recreational dive but are usually > of little interest to historians. They may pose a hazard to navigation > and may be removed by port authorities . These vessels are sometimes > referred to as abandoned or derelicts. [ citation needed ] . [ 1 ] > There are more than 3 million wrecks on the ocean floor, the United > Nations estimates. [ 2 ] > Causes > > Main article: Shipwreck (accident) > Poor design, improperly stowed cargo , navigation and other human > errors leading to collisions (with another ship, the shoreline, an > iceberg, etc.), bad weather, fire , and other causes can lead to > accidental sinkings. Intentional reasons for sinking a ship include > forming an artificial reef ; due to warfare , piracy , mutiny or > sabotage ; as part of target practice ; or to remove a menace to > navigation. > State of preservation > > > > The Vasa is one of the oldest and most well-preserved ships salvaged > in the world, owed to the cool temperatures and low salinity of the > Baltic Sea > Many factors determine the state of preservation of a wreck: > the ship's construction materials > the wreck becoming covered in sand or silt > the salinity of the water the wreck is in > the level of destruction involved in the ship's loss > whether the components or cargo of the wreck were salvaged > whether the wreck was demolished to clear a navigable channel > the depth of water at the wreck site > the strength of tidal currents or wave action at the wreck site > the exposure to surface weather conditions at the wreck site > the presence of marine animals that consume the ship's fabric > temperature > the acidity (or pH ), and other chemical characteristics of the water > at the site > The above mentioned, especially the stratification (silt/sand > sediments piled up on the shipwrecks) and the damages caused by marine > creatures is better described as "stratification and contamination" of > shipwrecks. The stratification not only creates another challenge for > marine archaeology but also a challenge to its primary state, the > state that it had when it sank. > Stratification includes several different types of sand and/or silt, > as well as tumulus and encrustations. In addition to these, these > "sediments" are tightly linked to the type of currents, depth, and the > type of water (salinity, pH, etc.), which implies any chemical > reactions that would lead to affecting the hypothetical/possible main > cargo (such as wine, olive oil, spices, etc.). > Besides this geological phenomenon, wrecks also face the damage of > marine creatures that create a home out of them; primarily being > octopuses and crustaceans. These creatures affect the primary state > because they move, or break, any parts of the shipwreck that are in > their way, thereby affecting the original condition of amphorae, for > example, or any other hollow places. Finally, in addition to the > slight or severe destruction marine animals can create, there are also > "external" contaminants, such as modern-day commodities, or > contemporary pollution in bodies of water, that as well severely > affect shipwrecks by changing the chemical structures, or even > destroying or devastating even more of what is left of a specific > ship. > All the above offers great challenges to the marine archaeologist when > attempting to bind the pieces of a certain shipwreck together. However > and despite these challenges, even if the information retrieved does > not appear to be sufficient, or a poor preservation is achieved, > authors like JA Parker, claim that it is the historical value of the > shipwreck that counts, as well as any slight piece of information > and/or evidence that is acquired. [ 3 ] > Construction materials > Exposed wooden components decay quickly. Often the only wooden parts > of ships that remain after a century are those that were buried in > silt or sand soon after the sinking. An example of this is the Mary > Rose . > Steel and iron , depending on their thickness, may retain the ship's > structure for decades. As corrosion takes place, sometimes helped by > tides and weather, the structure collapses. Thick ferrous objects like > cannons , steam boilers or the pressure vessel of a submarine often > survive well underwater in spite of corrosion. > Propellers , condensers , hinges and port holes were often made from > non-ferrous metals such as brass and phosphor bronze , which do not > corrode easily. > Salinity of water > Wrecks typically decay rapidly when in seawater . There are several > reasons for this: > Iron -based metals corrode much more quickly in seawater because of > the dissolved salt present; the sodium and chloride ions chemically > accelerate the process of metal oxidation which, in the case of > ferrous metals, leads to rust . > Bacteria found in fresh water cause the wood on ships to rot more > quickly than in seawater unless it's deprived of oxygen. Unprotected > wood in seawater is rapidly consumed by shipworms and small > wood-boring sea creatures. [ citation needed ] > Shipworms found in higher salinity waters, such as the Caribbean are > notorious for boring into wooden structures that are immersed in sea > water and can completely destroy the hull of a wooden shipwreck. [ 4 ] > Shipwrecks in some freshwater lakes, such as the Great Lakes of North > America, have remained intact with little degradation. In some sea > areas, most notably in Gulf of Bothnia and Gulf of Finland , salinity > is very low, and centuries-old wrecks have been preserved in > reasonable condition. > Loss, salvage and demolition > An important factor in the condition of the wreck is the level of > destruction at the time of the loss or shortly afterwards due to the > nature of the loss, salvage or later demolition. > Examples of severe destruction at the time of loss are: > being blown onto a beach, reef or rocks during a storm (eg Royal Adelaide ) > collision with another ship (eg SS Andrea Doria ) > a catastrophic explosion (eg HMS Hood ) > a fire that burns for a long time before the ships sinks (eg MS Achille > Lauro ) > After the loss the owners of the ship may attempt to salvage valuable > parts of the ship or its cargo - this operation can cause damage. > Shipwrecks in shallow water near busy shipping lanes are often > demolished to reduce the danger to other vessels. > Depth, tide and weather > On the seabed, wrecks are slowly broken up by the forces of wave > action caused by the weather and currents caused by tides . Also more > highly oxygenated water, which promotes corrosion , reduces the > strength of ferrous structural materials of the ship. Deeper wrecks > are likely to be protected by less exposure to water movement and by > lower levels of oxygen in water. > Temperature > Extreme cold (such as in a glacial-fed lake) can lead to slow > degradation of organic ship materials [ vague ] . > Salvage of wrecks > > > > Shipwreck at Ocean Beach, San Francisco > Often, attempts are made to salvage recently wrecked ships to recover > the whole or part of the ship, its cargo, or its equipment. A good > example of this was the scuttling and subsequent salvage of the German > High Seas Fleet at Scapa Flow in the 1920s. The unauthorized salvage > of wrecks is called wrecking . > Shipwrecks and the law > Shipwreck law determines important legal questions regarding wrecks, > perhaps the most important question being the question of ownership. > Legally wrecks are divided into wreccum maris (material washed ashore > after a shipwreck) and adventurae maris (material still at sea); [ 5 ] > although some legal systems treat the two categories differently, > others treat them the same. > Wrecks are often considered separately from their cargo. For example, > in the English case of the Lusitania [1986] QB 384 it was accepted > that the remains of the vessel itself were owned by the insurance > underwriters who had paid out on the vessel as a total loss by virtue > of the law of subrogation (who subsequently sold their rights), but > that the property aboard the wreck still belonged to its original > owners (or their descendants). > Military wrecks, however, remain under the jurisdiction–and hence > protection–of the government that lost the ship, or that government's > successor. Hence, a German U-boat from World War II still technically > belongs to the German government, even though the Third Reich is > long-defunct. Many military wrecks are also protected by virtue of > their being war graves . > However, many legal systems allow the rights of salvors to override > the rights of the original owners of a wreck or its cargo. As a > general rule, non-historic civilian shipwrecks are considered fair > game for salvage. Under international maritime law , for shipwrecks of > a certain age, the original owner may have lost all claim to the > cargo. Anyone who finds the wreck can then file a salvage claim on it > and place a lien on the vessel, and subsequently mount a salvage > operation (see Finders, keepers ). [ citation needed ] > Some countries assert claims to all wrecks within their territorial > waters, irrespective of the interest of the original owner or the > salvor. [ 6 ] Wartime wrecks have different legal considerations, as > they are often considered prizes of war , and therefore owned by the > Navy that sunk them. > > > MSC Napoli beached off Branscombe > Some legal systems regard a wreck (and/or its cargo) to be abandoned > if no attempt is made to salvage them within a certain period of time. > English law has usually resisted this notion (encouraged by an > extremely large maritime insurance industry, which asserts claims in > respect of shipwrecks which it has paid claims on), but is has been > accepted to a greater or lesser degree in an Australian case [ 7 ] and > in a Norwegian case. [ 8 ] The American courts have been inconsistent > between states and at Federal level. [ 9 ] Under Danish law, all > shipwrecks over 150 years old belong to the state if no owner can be > found. In Spain, wrecks vest in the state if not salvaged within 3 > years. In Finland, all property on board shipwrecks over 100 years old > vests in the state. > The British Protection of Wrecks Act , enacted to protect historic > wrecks, controls access to wrecks such as Cattewater Wreck which can > only be visited or investigated under licence. The British Protection > of Military Remains Act 1986 also restricts access to wrecks which are > sensitive as war graves . The Protection of Military Remains Act in > some cases creates a blanket ban on all diving; for other wrecks > divers may visit provided they do not touch, interfere with or > penetrate the wreck. In the United States, shipwrecks in state waters > are regulated by the Abandoned Shipwrecks Act of 1987. This act is > much more lenient in allowing more open access to the shipwrecks. > Following the beaching of the MSC Napoli , as a result of severe > damage incurred during European storm Kyrill , there was confusion in > the press and by the authorities about whether people could be > prevented from helping themselves to the flotsam which was washed up > on the beaches at Branscombe . Many people took advantage of the > confusion and helped themselves to the cargo. This included many BMW > motorbikes and empty wine casks as well as bags of disposable nappies > ( diapers ). [ 10 ] The legal position under the Merchant Shipping Act > 1995 is that any such finds and recovery must be reported within 28 > days to the Receiver of Wreck . [ 11 ] Failure to do so is an offence > under the Merchant Shipping Act and can result in a criminal record > for theft by finding . [ 12 ] After several days, the police and > Receiver of Wreck, in conjunction with the landowner and the > contracted salvors , established a cordon to prevent access to the > beach. [ 13 ] A similar situation occurred after the wreck of the MV > Cita in 1997. > Historic wrecks (often but not always defined as being more than 50 > years of age) are often protected from pillaging and looting through > national laws protecting cultural heritage. [ 14 ] Internationally > they may be protected by a State ratifying the Unesco Convention on > the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage . In this case > pillaging is not allowed. > An important international convention aiming at the protection of > underwater cultural heritage (including shipwrecks) is the Convention > on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. [ 15 ] The 2001 > UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural > Heritage represents the international community's response to the > increasing looting and destruction of underwater cultural heritage. It > forms part of a group of UNESCO standard setting instruments regarding > the domain of cultural heritage, encompassing seven conventions > adopted by UNESCO Member States, which constitute a coherent and > complementary body guaranteeing a complete protection of all forms of > cultural heritage. > The UNESCO 2001 Convention is an international treaty aimed > exclusively at the protection of underwater cultural heritage and the > facilitation of international cooperation in this regard. It does not > change sovereignty rights of States or regulate the ownership of > wrecks or submerged ruins. > Notable salvage of shipwrecks > In 2011, the most valuable cargo of a sunken shipwreck was identified > near the western edge of the Celtic Sea . This World War II era > sinking of the SS Gairsoppa led to a treasure almost three miles deep. > [ 16 ] > References > > ^ a b Scurvy, Death and Cannibalism (internet video). Shipwreck Central. > 2007 . > ^ a b Arango, Tim (2007-09-11). "Curse of the $500 million sunken > treasure" . Retrieved 2009-09-19 . > ^ Parker, AJ (1981). "Stratification and contamination in ancient > Mediterranean shipwrecks.". The International Journal of Nautical > Archaeology and Underwater Exploration 10 : 309–335. > ^ "Ethics in Underwater Archaeology" . knol.google.com. Retrieved > 2010-12-13 . > ^ For example, under English law the former were dealt with under > rules relating to things found on land, the latter were dealt with > under Admiralty jurisdiction. > ^ For example, the US Abandoned Shipwrecks Act 1987 and the Spanish > Estatuto No 60/62, 24 December 1962 > ^ Robinson v Western Australian Museum (1977) 51 ALJR 806 at 820-821, > although significantly the court held that it had not been abandoned > despite the fact the ship, the Gilt Dragon , was lost in 1656. > ^ N. Rt. 346 (1970 ND 107), per Eckhoff J. ( Supreme Court of Norway > ), "It is possible that an owner's inactivity over a long period of > time, taking into account the circumstances, can be sufficient reason > for considering that the proprietary right to the wrecked vessel has > been relinquished. ... [But] inactivity over a certain number of years > cannot in itself be conclusive." > ^ In Treasure Salvors Inc. v Unidentified Wreck [1978] AMC 1404, > [1981] AMC 1857 relating to the Atocha the courts treated the wreck > and cargo as abandoned, arguing it would be an "absurd fiction" to > regard a centuries-old shipwreck as still owned by the original owner. > But in Columbus America Discovery Groupo v Unidentified Wreck [1990] > AMC 2409, (1992) 337 LMNL 1 the courts were prepared to uphold the > claims of the original insurers to the cargo subject to their > providing the necessary proof, which they were unable to do. > ^ "UK | England | Devon | Napoli 'scavenging' beach to open" . BBC > News. 2007-03-14 . Retrieved 2009-09-19 . > ^ > http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga-newsroom/incident/dops_-_hq-napoli_15_february_.htm > ^ "BBC Radio World Service Broadcast, "What Lies Beneath" First > broadcast Friday 22 August 2008" . Bbc.co.uk. 2008-08-22 . Retrieved > 2009-09-19 . > ^ "UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural > Heritage" . Retrieved 2009-09-19 . > ^ C.Michael Hogan. 2011. SS Gairsoppa recovery . Topic ed.P.Saundry. > Ed.-in-chief CJCleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for > Science and the Environment, Washington DC > See also > > > > Shipwreck on a shore near Gytheio , Greece . > > > The ferry Assalama wrecked off of Tarfaya , Morocco . > Shipwreck (accident) > Hulk (ship) > Abandoned Shipwrecks Act > Flotsam and jetsam > Sinking ships for wreck diving sites > Underwater archaeology > Wreck diving > External links > > Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Shipwrecks > WRECKSITE Worldwide free database of + 105.000 wrecks with history, > maritime charts and GPS positions (English) (German) (French) (Dutch) > (Spanish) > UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural > Heritage > More than 3 million shipwrecks rest beneath the world's waters > Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program (LAMP), St. Augustine, Florida > National Underwater and Marine Agency > Florida Shipwrecks: 300 years of Maritime History, a National Park > Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary > Straits of Mackinac Shipwreck Preserve > BSAC List of wrecks on the UK South coast with GPS co-ords > Website of The Elizabethan wreck off the island of Alderney, Channel > Islands > Above and Underwater virtual tour of a ship (the Buccaneer) sank in > 2010 in Lake Michigan as an artificial reef > The Sea Hunt Case : An Extraordinary Legal Fiction > > _______________________________________________ > Talk-it mailing list > [email protected] > http://lists.openstreetmap.org/listinfo/talk-it > -- Volker SCHMIDT Via Vecchia 18/ter 35127 Padova Italy mailto:[email protected] office phone: +39-049-829-5977 office fax +39-049-8700718 home phone: +39-049-851519 personal mobile: +39-340-1427105 skype: volker.schmidt
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