*1 Photosynthesis* is a process used by plants
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant> and other organisms to convert
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_transformation> light energy
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_energy> into chemical energy
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_energy> that, through cellular
respiration <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respiration>, can later
be released to fuel the organism's activities. Some of this chemical energy
is stored in carbohydrate <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate>
molecules,
such as sugars <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar> and starches
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch>, which are synthesized from carbon
dioxide <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide> and water
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water> – hence the name *photosynthesis*,
from the Greek <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language> *phōs* (φῶς
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%86%E1%BF%B6%CF%82>), "light", and
*synthesis* (σύνθεσις
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%82>),
"putting together". Most plants <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant>, algae
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae>, and cyanobacteria
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria> perform photosynthesis; such
organisms are called photoautotrophs
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoautotrophism>. Photosynthesis is
largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_oxygen> of the Earth's
atmosphere, and supplies most of the energy necessary for life on Earth
2 Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species,
the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein> called reaction centers
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_center> that contain green
chlorophyll <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll> (and other colored)
pigments/chromophores. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelle> called chloroplasts
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast>, which are most abundant in
leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_membrane>. In these light-dependent
reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron> from suitable substances, such as
water, producing oxygen gas. The hydrogen freed by the splitting of water
is used in the creation of two further compounds that serve as short-term
stores of energy, enabling its transfer to drive other reactions: these
compounds are reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate>
(NADPH)
and adenosine triphosphate
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate> (ATP), the "energy
currency" of cells.
3 In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are synthesized by a
subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_cycle>. In the Calvin cycle,
atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fixation> into already existing
organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribulose_bisphosphate> (RuBP). Using the ATP
and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting
compounds are then reduced
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_reductant> and removed to form
further carbohydrates, such as glucose
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose>. In other bacteria, different
mechanisms such as the reverse Krebs cycle
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_Krebs_cycle> are used to achieve the
same end.
4 The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolved> early in the evolutionary history
of life <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_life> and
most likely used reducing agents
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reducing_agent> such as hydrogen
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen> or hydrogen sulfide
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide>, rather than water, as
sources of electrons. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_cycle> they produced contributed
directly to the oxygenation of the Earth
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenation_of_the_Earth>, which rendered
the evolution of complex life
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_complex_life> possible. Today,
the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is
approximately 130 terawatts <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terawatts>, which
is about eight times the current power consumption of human civilization
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_consumption_of_human_civilization>.
Photosynthetic
organisms also convert around 100–115 billion tons
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton> (91–104 Pg petagrams
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(mass)>, or billion
metric tons), of carbon into biomass
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)> per year.[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis#cite_note-pmid9657713-12> That
plants receive some energy from light – in addition to air, soil, and water
– was first discovered in 1779 by Jan Ingenhousz
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Ingenhousz>.
5 Photosynthesis is vital for climate processes, as it captures carbon
dioxide from the air and then binds carbon in plants and further in soils
and harvested products. Cereals <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal> alone
are estimated to bind 3,825 Tg (teragrams) or 3.825 Pg (petagrams) of
carbon dioxide every year, i.e. 3.825 billion metric tons.
6 The word 'photon' means 'light' and 'synthesis means 'to build. Thus,
photosynthesis means
building up by light. Photosynthesis utilises the Sun's light energy and
converts it into chemical
energy of food Plants use carbon dioxide (enters the leaf through the
stomata) and
water (absorbed by the roots) as raw materials and sunlight as a source of
energy to prepare
food in the presence of chlorophyll. New storage technologies are needed
to keep up with the global demands of data generation. DNA is an ideal
storage medium due to its stability, information density and
ease-of-readout with advanced sequencing techniques. However, progress in
writing DNA is stifled by the continued reliance on chemical synthesis
methods. The enzymatic synthesis of DNA is a promising alternative, but
thus far has not been well demonstrated in a parallelized manner. Here, we
report a multiplexed enzymatic DNA synthesis method using maskless
photolithography. Rapid uncaging of Co2+ ions by patterned UV light
activates Terminal deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT) for
spatially-selective synthesis on an array surface. Spontaneous quenching of
reactions by the diffusion of excess caging molecules confines synthesis to
light patterns and controls the extension length. We show that our
multiplexed synthesis method can be used to store digital data by encoding
12 unique DNA oligonucleotide sequences with video game music, which is
equivalent to 84 trits or 110 bits of data.
7 Utilizing reducing species generated by high-energy photons offers
an alternative strategy to prepare metal nanoparticles (NPs) in the absence
of a foreign reductant. However, fine control of the NP size and dispersity
remains a big challenge. Herein, we report that by properly selecting the
solvent, precursor concentration and carbon support, ultrafine palladium
(Pd) NPs with an average size of 3.0 nm uniformly distributed on
nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) are radiolytically prepared. Control
experiments demonstrate that ethylene glycol with moderate reducibility is
a superior solvent to water. Among four graphene-based supports with
distinct functionalization or doping, nitrogen dopants outperform oxygen
functional groups in anchoring the NPs and controlling their size and
dispersion. Pd/NG also affords the lowest *η*10 (overpotential at a current
density of 10 mA cm−2) toward the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).
Comparison of Pd/NG with varied Pd loadings indicates that the HER activity
nearly reaches a plateau once the loading increases to 2.6 wt%, which is
limited by the nitrogen content of NG. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
unambiguously reveals the electron transfer from electron-rich Pd to
electron-deficient nitrogen, especially graphitic nitrogen, corroborating
the decisive role of doped nitrogen in stabilizing the Pd NPs on NG.
Extending this synthesis to platinum (Pt) yields Pt/NG that presents even
lower *η*10 than the commercial 10 wt% Pt/carbon black due to the smaller
NP size. These results collectively highlight the potential of high-energy
photons for green, versatile and scalable synthesis of heterogeneous
nanostructures.
8 While Einstein’s theory of gravity has been validated by
experiment after experiment, this does not mean our understanding is
complete. In fact, we know that something’s not quite right.
9 One unanswered question is whether or not gravity is propagated by the
graviton—the proposed (but so-far undetected) particle responsible for
gravitational interactions. Even more pressing, we know that general
relativity is, in its current form, incompatible with the other pillar of
modern physics: quantum mechanics. This is an indication that one or both
theories are incomplete, or that we’re missing some other key component.
10 Whether or not Einstein’s theory of gravity will remain unchanged is
not known. But it has produced many unexpected, unintuitive predictions
that have been confirmed again and again for over a hundred years. That’s
the sign of a great scientific theory—it makes predictions that may not be
able to be proven at the time, but stand up to rigorous testing. This has
been one of the greatest journeys in the history of science, involving not
just Newton and Einstein, but thinkers and doers all around the world who
have worked to put these theories to the test.
11 Even so, the schism between relativity and quantum mechanics remains.
As for what’s next, no one knows with certainty. However, there are a few
theories—stringy, loopy, multi-dimensional theories—unproven but with
promise of becoming the next milestone in understanding our cosmos.
12 Einstein’s general theory of relativity
<https://www.britannica.com/science/general-relativity> (1916) again makes
use of a four-dimensional space-time, but incorporates gravitational
effects. Gravity is no longer thought of as a force, as in the Newtonian
system, but as a cause of a “warping” of space-time, an effect described
explicitly by a set of equations formulated by Einstein. The result is a
“curved” space-time, as opposed to the “flat” Minkowski space-time, where
trajectories <https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/trajectories> of
particles are straight lines in an inertial coordinate system. In
Einstein’s curved space-time, a direct extension of Riemann’s notion of
curved space (1854), a particle follows a world line
<https://www.britannica.com/science/geodesic>, or geodesic, somewhat
analogous <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/analogous> to the way
a billiard ball on a warped surface would follow a path determined by the
warping or curving of the surface. One of the basic tenets of general
relativity is that inside a container following a geodesic of space-time,
such as an elevator in free-fall, or a satellite orbiting the Earth, the
effect would be the same as a total absence of gravity
<https://www.britannica.com/science/gravity-physics>. The paths of light
<https://www.britannica.com/science/light> rays are also geodesics of
space-time, of a special sort, called “null geodesics.” The speed of light
again has the same constant velocity
<https://www.britannica.com/science/velocity> *c.*
13 ALL THE ABOVE IS THE MODERN SCIENCE. SPACE TIME CURVATURE, NOT
FLAT, GRAVITY IS THE RESULTANT OF THE CURVATURE ETC ETC ARE JARGONS; PHYSICS
ADMITTED THAT LIGHT @PHOTON TRAVELS ONLY STRAIGHT; THEN HOW THE CURVATURE
OCCURRED? THERE IS NO REAL CURVATURE AT ALL; IT IS STRAIGHT; BUT
PERCEPTION OF THE SEER FROM MANY SPOTS ON EARTH AND SPACE ETC CAUSE ,
DIFFERENT VISIONS; SO IT IS APPARENT; VIRTUAL REALITY; WHY?; BECAUSE THERE
IS
SPEED OR ACCELLARATIONS OF DIFFERENT MATTERS ON PLATFORMS OF MANY OBJECTS,
AND WHAT DO WE SEE AS SHIFT IS, UNKNOWN SHIFT OF OURS AND THE
CONSEQUENTIAL SHIFTS OF OTHER MATTERS WHAT THE PERCEPTION CAN HAVE; SO
SPEED HAS THE CONCEPT OF TRAVEL; TRAVEL TOWARDS SOMETHING , SOME MATTER
IS SPEED DROPPING DOWN NOT STRAIGHT, BUT SLOWLY , ON ELLIPTICAL CURVE, DUE
TO SPEED; THE PHOTON THAT IS PERCEIVED IS CURVED AND NOT FLAT; CURVE
CAN BE PERCEPTIVE ONLY WHEN IN SPEED AND NOT ON ZERO VELOCITY; NOW
REMEMBER THE IIT QUESTION WHEN YOU WROTE IN 1960S; A PLANE TRAVELLING AT 500
MILES PER HOUR WANTED TO BOMBARD TARGET Z AND SO WHEN THE BOMB SHALL BE
DROPPED?; BECAUSE OF THE PLANE SPEED AND EARTH SPEED, IN DIFFERENT
DIRECTIONS, THE COORDINATES OF z AS l, b, h THREE DIMENSIONAL , NOW
NEEDSS ONE MORE, THE TIME WRT THE SPEEDS; THIS 4TH DIMENSION IS TIME AND
NAMED
AS SPACETIME; SPACE AND TIME ARE NOT THE SAME; UNDER CERTAIN CONDITION,
FOR MEASUREMENTS THEY ARE TOGETHER; UNDER CERTAIN SPEED TIME ASSUMES
THE OBJECT REACHING THE COORDINATES EXACTLY. SO THAT COORDINATE WHERE THE
GRAVITATION CAN PULL DOWN BECAUSE OF THAT SPACE TIME CURVATURE
COORDINATES, -IS SAID TO BE GRAVITATIONAL PULL. SIMILARLY, PHOTON IS SAID
TO CURVE THOUUGH IT IS NOT REALLY. WHENEVER SOME MATTER PERCEPTS THE
PHOTON, THE TRAVEL PATH IS ALTERED AND ALTERED IN A CURVE, BY
MILI-MILLISECONDS MARKS OF FALL; WHERE THE ELLIPTICAL PATH , SETS OFF THOSE
COORDINATES,
THE MOTION DOES EXIST; HENCE THE FALL OF THE METEORITES DO NOT HAPPEN
ALWAYS THOUGH, MEDIA WARNINGS ARE ISSUED , FOR PUBLICITY, (THEORY OF
RELATIVITY) ; ALL THESE WHEN MENTIONED IN VEDIC SCRIPTURES AS VERSES, IT
IS A MYTH; AND WHEN TOLD IN ENGLISH IT IS ORIGINAL; DO YOU KNOW ASTRONOMIC
VEDAS KEEP THE HELIO-CENTRIC AND ASTROLOGICAL VEDAS SAY GEO-CENTRIC;
BECAUSE, FOR THE ASTROLOGY, NO PLANETS BEYOND SATURN IS NECESSARY; AND THE
PLANETS REVOLVE AROUND THE Earth viz sun substituted for the earth (MICRO)
; HENCE GEO CENTRIC; GREEK HELD TO THIS FOR LONG TIME. ASTRONOMY IS MACRO.
Photonsynthesis is nothing but photosynthesis. {now the fallacy of
Einstein can be seen in para 8,9,10 and 11 above}. KR IRS 24922
On Sat, 24 Sept 2022 at 07:03, Markendeya Yeddanapudi <
[email protected]> wrote:
>
>
> --
> *Mar**Photon-synthesizing Success or Failure*
>
>
>
> Compared to the size of a photon, you are a large body. Electromagnetic
> waves must be bending round you because of gravitation, under the same
> principle wherein we state that space-time is curved. Around you there must
> be continuous photon-synthetic activity. Every part of your body must be
> getting the benefit of photon-synthesis. The photons must be lighting up
> every cell in you. Life must be continuously getting photon-synthesized in
> you making you alive.
>
> Your breathing ultimately changes into emotions. The emotions and
> electromagnetism must be enabling your living. Your emotions with the
> electromagnetic waves must be travelling. There is a gigantic macro aspect
> of your life. You inhale the smell messages of the other organisms and
> exhale your smell responses, bonding you emotionally with the Biosphere.
> May be the smell messages are also electromagnetic. And they travel in the
> infinity.
>
> The area immediately around you, must be synthesizing your body in the
> invisible spectrum also. We call it the aura, the blend of electromagnetic
> emotions.
>
> In free, lush, thick and happy nature, the rapture inhalation and rapture
> exhalation must be creating the rapture carrying electromagnetic waves.
> Your brain is electromagnetic, creating thoughts, the results of
> electromagnetism. Thoughts and emotions constitute you.
>
> Being emotionally loyal to Rene Descartes, we agree that there are
> electromagnetic waves. But we recoil at the proposition that they may be
> also waves of emotions. We are very loyal and fanatical to the mechanical
> approach, tagging science with technology, making science mean only the
> mechanical without the emotional. We are trying to install Robots as Gods.
>
> In free, lush and thick nature, you actually photon-synthesize your
> successes. When you murder nature continuously, making economic life the
> routine of murdering nature, you are photon-synthesizing grief. We go
> wherever we find happiness. We run away from unhappiness. So we are
> avoiding people by using the mobile phone. The mobile phones are the
> results of photon-synthesizing the tricks to avoid emotional contact.
>
> YM
>
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