welcome KR IRS On Sat, 24 Sept 2022 at 13:04, Markendeya Yeddanapudi < [email protected]> wrote:
> Sir, > Thank you very much for your patience and detailed comments,explanations > etc.I write my musings > YM > > On Sat, Sep 24, 2022 at 11:10 AM Rajaram Krishnamurthy < > [email protected]> wrote: > >> *1 Photosynthesis* is a process used by plants >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant> and other organisms to convert >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_transformation> light energy >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_energy> into chemical energy >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_energy> that, through cellular >> respiration <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respiration>, can >> later be released to fuel the organism's activities. Some of this chemical >> energy is stored in carbohydrate >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate> molecules, such as sugars >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar> and starches >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch>, which are synthesized from carbon >> dioxide <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide> and water >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water> – hence the name *photosynthesis*, >> from the Greek <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language> *phōs* (φῶς >> <https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%86%E1%BF%B6%CF%82>), "light", and >> *synthesis* (σύνθεσις >> <https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%82>), >> "putting together". Most plants <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant>, >> algae <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae>, and cyanobacteria >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria> perform photosynthesis; >> such organisms are called photoautotrophs >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoautotrophism>. Photosynthesis is >> largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_oxygen> of the Earth's >> atmosphere, and supplies most of the energy necessary for life on Earth >> 2 Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different >> species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by >> proteins <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein> called reaction centers >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_center> that contain green >> chlorophyll <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll> (and other >> colored) pigments/chromophores. In plants, these proteins are held inside >> organelles <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelle> called chloroplasts >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast>, which are most abundant in >> leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_membrane>. In these >> light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron> from suitable substances, such >> as water, producing oxygen gas. The hydrogen freed by the splitting of >> water is used in the creation of two further compounds that serve as >> short-term stores of energy, enabling its transfer to drive other >> reactions: these compounds are reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide >> phosphate >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate> >> (NADPH) >> and adenosine triphosphate >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate> (ATP), the >> "energy currency" of cells. >> 3 In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are synthesized by a >> subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin >> cycle <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_cycle>. In the Calvin cycle, >> atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fixation> into already existing >> organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribulose_bisphosphate> (RuBP). Using the >> ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting >> compounds are then reduced >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_reductant> and removed to form >> further carbohydrates, such as glucose >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose>. In other bacteria, different >> mechanisms such as the reverse Krebs cycle >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_Krebs_cycle> are used to achieve >> the same end. >> 4 The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolved> early in the evolutionary >> history of life >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_life> and most >> likely used reducing agents >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reducing_agent> such as hydrogen >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen> or hydrogen sulfide >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide>, rather than water, as >> sources of electrons. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_cycle> they produced contributed >> directly to the oxygenation of the Earth >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenation_of_the_Earth>, which >> rendered the evolution of complex life >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_complex_life> possible. >> Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is >> approximately 130 terawatts <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terawatts>, which >> is about eight times the current power consumption of human civilization >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_consumption_of_human_civilization>. >> Photosynthetic >> organisms also convert around 100–115 billion tons >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton> (91–104 Pg petagrams >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(mass)>, or billion >> metric tons), of carbon into biomass >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)> per year.[ >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis#cite_note-pmid9657713-12> That >> plants receive some energy from light – in addition to air, soil, and water >> – was first discovered in 1779 by Jan Ingenhousz >> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Ingenhousz>. >> 5 Photosynthesis is vital for climate processes, as it captures carbon >> dioxide from the air and then binds carbon in plants and further in soils >> and harvested products. Cereals <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal> alone >> are estimated to bind 3,825 Tg (teragrams) or 3.825 Pg (petagrams) of >> carbon dioxide every year, i.e. 3.825 billion metric tons. >> 6 The word 'photon' means 'light' and 'synthesis means 'to build. >> Thus, photosynthesis means >> building up by light. Photosynthesis utilises the Sun's light energy and >> converts it into chemical >> energy of food Plants use carbon dioxide (enters the leaf through the >> stomata) and >> water (absorbed by the roots) as raw materials and sunlight as a source >> of energy to prepare >> food in the presence of chlorophyll. New storage technologies are >> needed to keep up with the global demands of data generation. DNA is an >> ideal storage medium due to its stability, information density and >> ease-of-readout with advanced sequencing techniques. However, progress in >> writing DNA is stifled by the continued reliance on chemical synthesis >> methods. The enzymatic synthesis of DNA is a promising alternative, but >> thus far has not been well demonstrated in a parallelized manner. Here, we >> report a multiplexed enzymatic DNA synthesis method using maskless >> photolithography. Rapid uncaging of Co2+ ions by patterned UV light >> activates Terminal deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT) for >> spatially-selective synthesis on an array surface. Spontaneous quenching of >> reactions by the diffusion of excess caging molecules confines synthesis to >> light patterns and controls the extension length. We show that our >> multiplexed synthesis method can be used to store digital data by encoding >> 12 unique DNA oligonucleotide sequences with video game music, which is >> equivalent to 84 trits or 110 bits of data. >> 7 Utilizing reducing species generated by high-energy photons offers >> an alternative strategy to prepare metal nanoparticles (NPs) in the absence >> of a foreign reductant. However, fine control of the NP size and dispersity >> remains a big challenge. Herein, we report that by properly selecting the >> solvent, precursor concentration and carbon support, ultrafine palladium >> (Pd) NPs with an average size of 3.0 nm uniformly distributed on >> nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) are radiolytically prepared. Control >> experiments demonstrate that ethylene glycol with moderate reducibility is >> a superior solvent to water. Among four graphene-based supports with >> distinct functionalization or doping, nitrogen dopants outperform oxygen >> functional groups in anchoring the NPs and controlling their size and >> dispersion. Pd/NG also affords the lowest *η*10 (overpotential at a >> current density of 10 mA cm−2) toward the hydrogen evolution reaction >> (HER). Comparison of Pd/NG with varied Pd loadings indicates that the HER >> activity nearly reaches a plateau once the loading increases to 2.6 wt%, >> which is limited by the nitrogen content of NG. X-ray photoelectron >> spectroscopy unambiguously reveals the electron transfer from electron-rich >> Pd to electron-deficient nitrogen, especially graphitic nitrogen, >> corroborating the decisive role of doped nitrogen in stabilizing the Pd NPs >> on NG. Extending this synthesis to platinum (Pt) yields Pt/NG that presents >> even lower *η*10 than the commercial 10 wt% Pt/carbon black due to the >> smaller NP size. These results collectively highlight the potential of >> high-energy photons for green, versatile and scalable synthesis of >> heterogeneous nanostructures. >> 8 While Einstein’s theory of gravity has been validated by >> experiment after experiment, this does not mean our understanding is >> complete. In fact, we know that something’s not quite right. >> 9 One unanswered question is whether or not gravity is propagated by >> the graviton—the proposed (but so-far undetected) particle responsible for >> gravitational interactions. Even more pressing, we know that general >> relativity is, in its current form, incompatible with the other pillar of >> modern physics: quantum mechanics. This is an indication that one or both >> theories are incomplete, or that we’re missing some other key component. >> 10 Whether or not Einstein’s theory of gravity will remain unchanged >> is not known. But it has produced many unexpected, unintuitive predictions >> that have been confirmed again and again for over a hundred years. That’s >> the sign of a great scientific theory—it makes predictions that may not be >> able to be proven at the time, but stand up to rigorous testing. This has >> been one of the greatest journeys in the history of science, involving not >> just Newton and Einstein, but thinkers and doers all around the world who >> have worked to put these theories to the test. >> 11 Even so, the schism between relativity and quantum mechanics >> remains. As for what’s next, no one knows with certainty. However, there >> are a few theories—stringy, loopy, multi-dimensional theories—unproven but >> with promise of becoming the next milestone in understanding our cosmos. >> 12 Einstein’s general theory of relativity >> <https://www.britannica.com/science/general-relativity> (1916) again >> makes use of a four-dimensional space-time, but incorporates gravitational >> effects. Gravity is no longer thought of as a force, as in the Newtonian >> system, but as a cause of a “warping” of space-time, an effect described >> explicitly by a set of equations formulated by Einstein. The result is a >> “curved” space-time, as opposed to the “flat” Minkowski space-time, where >> trajectories <https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/trajectories> of >> particles are straight lines in an inertial coordinate system. In >> Einstein’s curved space-time, a direct extension of Riemann’s notion of >> curved space (1854), a particle follows a world line >> <https://www.britannica.com/science/geodesic>, or geodesic, somewhat >> analogous <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/analogous> to the >> way a billiard ball on a warped surface would follow a path determined by >> the warping or curving of the surface. One of the basic tenets of general >> relativity is that inside a container following a geodesic of space-time, >> such as an elevator in free-fall, or a satellite orbiting the Earth, the >> effect would be the same as a total absence of gravity >> <https://www.britannica.com/science/gravity-physics>. The paths of light >> <https://www.britannica.com/science/light> rays are also geodesics of >> space-time, of a special sort, called “null geodesics.” The speed of light >> again has the same constant velocity >> <https://www.britannica.com/science/velocity> *c.* >> >> 13 ALL THE ABOVE IS THE MODERN SCIENCE. SPACE TIME CURVATURE, >> NOT FLAT, GRAVITY IS THE RESULTANT OF THE CURVATURE ETC ETC ARE JARGONS; >> PHYSICS >> >> ADMITTED THAT LIGHT @PHOTON TRAVELS ONLY STRAIGHT; THEN HOW THE >> CURVATURE OCCURRED? THERE IS NO REAL CURVATURE AT ALL; IT IS STRAIGHT; BUT >> >> PERCEPTION OF THE SEER FROM MANY SPOTS ON EARTH AND SPACE ETC CAUSE , >> DIFFERENT VISIONS; SO IT IS APPARENT; VIRTUAL REALITY; WHY?; BECAUSE THERE >> IS >> >> SPEED OR ACCELLARATIONS OF DIFFERENT MATTERS ON PLATFORMS OF MANY >> OBJECTS, AND WHAT DO WE SEE AS SHIFT IS, UNKNOWN SHIFT OF OURS AND THE >> >> CONSEQUENTIAL SHIFTS OF OTHER MATTERS WHAT THE PERCEPTION CAN HAVE; SO >> SPEED HAS THE CONCEPT OF TRAVEL; TRAVEL TOWARDS SOMETHING , SOME MATTER >> >> IS SPEED DROPPING DOWN NOT STRAIGHT, BUT SLOWLY , ON ELLIPTICAL CURVE, >> DUE TO SPEED; THE PHOTON THAT IS PERCEIVED IS CURVED AND NOT FLAT; CURVE >> >> CAN BE PERCEPTIVE ONLY WHEN IN SPEED AND NOT ON ZERO VELOCITY; NOW >> REMEMBER THE IIT QUESTION WHEN YOU WROTE IN 1960S; A PLANE TRAVELLING AT 500 >> >> MILES PER HOUR WANTED TO BOMBARD TARGET Z AND SO WHEN THE BOMB SHALL >> BE DROPPED?; BECAUSE OF THE PLANE SPEED AND EARTH SPEED, IN DIFFERENT >> >> DIRECTIONS, THE COORDINATES OF z AS l, b, h THREE DIMENSIONAL , NOW >> NEEDSS ONE MORE, THE TIME WRT THE SPEEDS; THIS 4TH DIMENSION IS TIME >> AND NAMED >> >> AS SPACETIME; SPACE AND TIME ARE NOT THE SAME; UNDER CERTAIN CONDITION, >> FOR MEASUREMENTS THEY ARE TOGETHER; UNDER CERTAIN SPEED TIME ASSUMES >> >> THE OBJECT REACHING THE COORDINATES EXACTLY. SO THAT COORDINATE WHERE >> THE GRAVITATION CAN PULL DOWN BECAUSE OF THAT SPACE TIME CURVATURE >> >> COORDINATES, -IS SAID TO BE GRAVITATIONAL PULL. SIMILARLY, PHOTON IS >> SAID TO CURVE THOUUGH IT IS NOT REALLY. WHENEVER SOME MATTER PERCEPTS THE >> >> PHOTON, THE TRAVEL PATH IS ALTERED AND ALTERED IN A CURVE, BY >> MILI-MILLISECONDS MARKS OF FALL; WHERE THE ELLIPTICAL PATH , SETS OFF THOSE >> COORDINATES, >> >> THE MOTION DOES EXIST; HENCE THE FALL OF THE METEORITES DO NOT HAPPEN >> ALWAYS THOUGH, MEDIA WARNINGS ARE ISSUED , FOR PUBLICITY, (THEORY OF >> >> RELATIVITY) ; ALL THESE WHEN MENTIONED IN VEDIC SCRIPTURES AS VERSES, IT >> IS A MYTH; AND WHEN TOLD IN ENGLISH IT IS ORIGINAL; DO YOU KNOW ASTRONOMIC >> >> VEDAS KEEP THE HELIO-CENTRIC AND ASTROLOGICAL VEDAS SAY GEO-CENTRIC; >> BECAUSE, FOR THE ASTROLOGY, NO PLANETS BEYOND SATURN IS NECESSARY; AND THE >> >> PLANETS REVOLVE AROUND THE Earth viz sun substituted for the earth >> (MICRO) ; HENCE GEO CENTRIC; GREEK HELD TO THIS FOR LONG TIME. ASTRONOMY IS >> MACRO. >> >> Photonsynthesis is nothing but photosynthesis. {now the fallacy of >> Einstein can be seen in para 8,9,10 and 11 above}. KR IRS 24922 >> >> >> On Sat, 24 Sept 2022 at 07:03, Markendeya Yeddanapudi < >> [email protected]> wrote: >> >>> >>> >>> -- >>> *Mar**Photon-synthesizing Success or Failure* >>> >>> >>> >>> Compared to the size of a photon, you are a large body. Electromagnetic >>> waves must be bending round you because of gravitation, under the same >>> principle wherein we state that space-time is curved. Around you there must >>> be continuous photon-synthetic activity. Every part of your body must be >>> getting the benefit of photon-synthesis. The photons must be lighting up >>> every cell in you. Life must be continuously getting photon-synthesized in >>> you making you alive. >>> >>> Your breathing ultimately changes into emotions. The emotions and >>> electromagnetism must be enabling your living. Your emotions with the >>> electromagnetic waves must be travelling. There is a gigantic macro aspect >>> of your life. You inhale the smell messages of the other organisms and >>> exhale your smell responses, bonding you emotionally with the Biosphere. >>> May be the smell messages are also electromagnetic. And they travel in the >>> infinity. >>> >>> The area immediately around you, must be synthesizing your body in the >>> invisible spectrum also. We call it the aura, the blend of electromagnetic >>> emotions. >>> >>> In free, lush, thick and happy nature, the rapture inhalation and >>> rapture exhalation must be creating the rapture carrying electromagnetic >>> waves. Your brain is electromagnetic, creating thoughts, the results of >>> electromagnetism. Thoughts and emotions constitute you. >>> >>> Being emotionally loyal to Rene Descartes, we agree that there are >>> electromagnetic waves. But we recoil at the proposition that they may be >>> also waves of emotions. We are very loyal and fanatical to the mechanical >>> approach, tagging science with technology, making science mean only the >>> mechanical without the emotional. We are trying to install Robots as Gods. >>> >>> In free, lush and thick nature, you actually photon-synthesize your >>> successes. When you murder nature continuously, making economic life the >>> routine of murdering nature, you are photon-synthesizing grief. We go >>> wherever we find happiness. We run away from unhappiness. So we are >>> avoiding people by using the mobile phone. The mobile phones are the >>> results of photon-synthesizing the tricks to avoid emotional contact. >>> >>> YM >>> >> > > -- > *Mar* > -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [email protected]. 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