Sir, Thank you very much for your patience and detailed comments,explanations etc.I write my musings YM
On Sat, Sep 24, 2022 at 11:10 AM Rajaram Krishnamurthy < [email protected]> wrote: > *1 Photosynthesis* is a process used by plants > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant> and other organisms to convert > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_transformation> light energy > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_energy> into chemical energy > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_energy> that, through cellular > respiration <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respiration>, can > later be released to fuel the organism's activities. Some of this chemical > energy is stored in carbohydrate > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate> molecules, such as sugars > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar> and starches > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch>, which are synthesized from carbon > dioxide <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide> and water > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water> – hence the name *photosynthesis*, > from the Greek <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language> *phōs* (φῶς > <https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%86%E1%BF%B6%CF%82>), "light", and > *synthesis* (σύνθεσις > <https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%82>), > "putting together". Most plants <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant>, > algae <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae>, and cyanobacteria > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria> perform photosynthesis; > such organisms are called photoautotrophs > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoautotrophism>. Photosynthesis is > largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_oxygen> of the Earth's > atmosphere, and supplies most of the energy necessary for life on Earth > 2 Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different > species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by > proteins <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein> called reaction centers > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_center> that contain green > chlorophyll <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll> (and other > colored) pigments/chromophores. In plants, these proteins are held inside > organelles <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelle> called chloroplasts > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast>, which are most abundant in > leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_membrane>. In these light-dependent > reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron> from suitable substances, such > as water, producing oxygen gas. The hydrogen freed by the splitting of > water is used in the creation of two further compounds that serve as > short-term stores of energy, enabling its transfer to drive other > reactions: these compounds are reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide > phosphate > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate> > (NADPH) > and adenosine triphosphate > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate> (ATP), the "energy > currency" of cells. > 3 In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are synthesized by a > subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_cycle>. In the Calvin cycle, > atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fixation> into already existing > organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribulose_bisphosphate> (RuBP). Using the > ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting > compounds are then reduced > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_reductant> and removed to form > further carbohydrates, such as glucose > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose>. In other bacteria, different > mechanisms such as the reverse Krebs cycle > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_Krebs_cycle> are used to achieve > the same end. > 4 The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolved> early in the evolutionary history > of life <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_life> and > most likely used reducing agents > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reducing_agent> such as hydrogen > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen> or hydrogen sulfide > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide>, rather than water, as > sources of electrons. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_cycle> they produced contributed > directly to the oxygenation of the Earth > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenation_of_the_Earth>, which rendered > the evolution of complex life > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_complex_life> possible. > Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is > approximately 130 terawatts <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terawatts>, which > is about eight times the current power consumption of human civilization > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_consumption_of_human_civilization>. > Photosynthetic > organisms also convert around 100–115 billion tons > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton> (91–104 Pg petagrams > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(mass)>, or billion > metric tons), of carbon into biomass > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)> per year.[ > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis#cite_note-pmid9657713-12> That > plants receive some energy from light – in addition to air, soil, and water > – was first discovered in 1779 by Jan Ingenhousz > <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Ingenhousz>. > 5 Photosynthesis is vital for climate processes, as it captures carbon > dioxide from the air and then binds carbon in plants and further in soils > and harvested products. Cereals <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal> alone > are estimated to bind 3,825 Tg (teragrams) or 3.825 Pg (petagrams) of > carbon dioxide every year, i.e. 3.825 billion metric tons. > 6 The word 'photon' means 'light' and 'synthesis means 'to build. Thus, > photosynthesis means > building up by light. Photosynthesis utilises the Sun's light energy and > converts it into chemical > energy of food Plants use carbon dioxide (enters the leaf through the > stomata) and > water (absorbed by the roots) as raw materials and sunlight as a source of > energy to prepare > food in the presence of chlorophyll. New storage technologies are needed > to keep up with the global demands of data generation. DNA is an ideal > storage medium due to its stability, information density and > ease-of-readout with advanced sequencing techniques. However, progress in > writing DNA is stifled by the continued reliance on chemical synthesis > methods. The enzymatic synthesis of DNA is a promising alternative, but > thus far has not been well demonstrated in a parallelized manner. Here, we > report a multiplexed enzymatic DNA synthesis method using maskless > photolithography. Rapid uncaging of Co2+ ions by patterned UV light > activates Terminal deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT) for > spatially-selective synthesis on an array surface. Spontaneous quenching of > reactions by the diffusion of excess caging molecules confines synthesis to > light patterns and controls the extension length. We show that our > multiplexed synthesis method can be used to store digital data by encoding > 12 unique DNA oligonucleotide sequences with video game music, which is > equivalent to 84 trits or 110 bits of data. > 7 Utilizing reducing species generated by high-energy photons offers > an alternative strategy to prepare metal nanoparticles (NPs) in the absence > of a foreign reductant. However, fine control of the NP size and dispersity > remains a big challenge. Herein, we report that by properly selecting the > solvent, precursor concentration and carbon support, ultrafine palladium > (Pd) NPs with an average size of 3.0 nm uniformly distributed on > nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) are radiolytically prepared. Control > experiments demonstrate that ethylene glycol with moderate reducibility is > a superior solvent to water. Among four graphene-based supports with > distinct functionalization or doping, nitrogen dopants outperform oxygen > functional groups in anchoring the NPs and controlling their size and > dispersion. Pd/NG also affords the lowest *η*10 (overpotential at a > current density of 10 mA cm−2) toward the hydrogen evolution reaction > (HER). Comparison of Pd/NG with varied Pd loadings indicates that the HER > activity nearly reaches a plateau once the loading increases to 2.6 wt%, > which is limited by the nitrogen content of NG. X-ray photoelectron > spectroscopy unambiguously reveals the electron transfer from electron-rich > Pd to electron-deficient nitrogen, especially graphitic nitrogen, > corroborating the decisive role of doped nitrogen in stabilizing the Pd NPs > on NG. Extending this synthesis to platinum (Pt) yields Pt/NG that presents > even lower *η*10 than the commercial 10 wt% Pt/carbon black due to the > smaller NP size. These results collectively highlight the potential of > high-energy photons for green, versatile and scalable synthesis of > heterogeneous nanostructures. > 8 While Einstein’s theory of gravity has been validated by > experiment after experiment, this does not mean our understanding is > complete. In fact, we know that something’s not quite right. > 9 One unanswered question is whether or not gravity is propagated by > the graviton—the proposed (but so-far undetected) particle responsible for > gravitational interactions. Even more pressing, we know that general > relativity is, in its current form, incompatible with the other pillar of > modern physics: quantum mechanics. This is an indication that one or both > theories are incomplete, or that we’re missing some other key component. > 10 Whether or not Einstein’s theory of gravity will remain unchanged is > not known. But it has produced many unexpected, unintuitive predictions > that have been confirmed again and again for over a hundred years. That’s > the sign of a great scientific theory—it makes predictions that may not be > able to be proven at the time, but stand up to rigorous testing. This has > been one of the greatest journeys in the history of science, involving not > just Newton and Einstein, but thinkers and doers all around the world who > have worked to put these theories to the test. > 11 Even so, the schism between relativity and quantum mechanics > remains. As for what’s next, no one knows with certainty. However, there > are a few theories—stringy, loopy, multi-dimensional theories—unproven but > with promise of becoming the next milestone in understanding our cosmos. > 12 Einstein’s general theory of relativity > <https://www.britannica.com/science/general-relativity> (1916) again > makes use of a four-dimensional space-time, but incorporates gravitational > effects. Gravity is no longer thought of as a force, as in the Newtonian > system, but as a cause of a “warping” of space-time, an effect described > explicitly by a set of equations formulated by Einstein. The result is a > “curved” space-time, as opposed to the “flat” Minkowski space-time, where > trajectories <https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/trajectories> of > particles are straight lines in an inertial coordinate system. In > Einstein’s curved space-time, a direct extension of Riemann’s notion of > curved space (1854), a particle follows a world line > <https://www.britannica.com/science/geodesic>, or geodesic, somewhat > analogous <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/analogous> to the > way a billiard ball on a warped surface would follow a path determined by > the warping or curving of the surface. One of the basic tenets of general > relativity is that inside a container following a geodesic of space-time, > such as an elevator in free-fall, or a satellite orbiting the Earth, the > effect would be the same as a total absence of gravity > <https://www.britannica.com/science/gravity-physics>. The paths of light > <https://www.britannica.com/science/light> rays are also geodesics of > space-time, of a special sort, called “null geodesics.” The speed of light > again has the same constant velocity > <https://www.britannica.com/science/velocity> *c.* > > 13 ALL THE ABOVE IS THE MODERN SCIENCE. SPACE TIME CURVATURE, NOT > FLAT, GRAVITY IS THE RESULTANT OF THE CURVATURE ETC ETC ARE JARGONS; PHYSICS > > ADMITTED THAT LIGHT @PHOTON TRAVELS ONLY STRAIGHT; THEN HOW THE CURVATURE > OCCURRED? THERE IS NO REAL CURVATURE AT ALL; IT IS STRAIGHT; BUT > > PERCEPTION OF THE SEER FROM MANY SPOTS ON EARTH AND SPACE ETC CAUSE , > DIFFERENT VISIONS; SO IT IS APPARENT; VIRTUAL REALITY; WHY?; BECAUSE THERE > IS > > SPEED OR ACCELLARATIONS OF DIFFERENT MATTERS ON PLATFORMS OF MANY > OBJECTS, AND WHAT DO WE SEE AS SHIFT IS, UNKNOWN SHIFT OF OURS AND THE > > CONSEQUENTIAL SHIFTS OF OTHER MATTERS WHAT THE PERCEPTION CAN HAVE; SO > SPEED HAS THE CONCEPT OF TRAVEL; TRAVEL TOWARDS SOMETHING , SOME MATTER > > IS SPEED DROPPING DOWN NOT STRAIGHT, BUT SLOWLY , ON ELLIPTICAL CURVE, > DUE TO SPEED; THE PHOTON THAT IS PERCEIVED IS CURVED AND NOT FLAT; CURVE > > CAN BE PERCEPTIVE ONLY WHEN IN SPEED AND NOT ON ZERO VELOCITY; NOW > REMEMBER THE IIT QUESTION WHEN YOU WROTE IN 1960S; A PLANE TRAVELLING AT 500 > > MILES PER HOUR WANTED TO BOMBARD TARGET Z AND SO WHEN THE BOMB SHALL BE > DROPPED?; BECAUSE OF THE PLANE SPEED AND EARTH SPEED, IN DIFFERENT > > DIRECTIONS, THE COORDINATES OF z AS l, b, h THREE DIMENSIONAL , NOW > NEEDSS ONE MORE, THE TIME WRT THE SPEEDS; THIS 4TH DIMENSION IS TIME AND > NAMED > > AS SPACETIME; SPACE AND TIME ARE NOT THE SAME; UNDER CERTAIN CONDITION, > FOR MEASUREMENTS THEY ARE TOGETHER; UNDER CERTAIN SPEED TIME ASSUMES > > THE OBJECT REACHING THE COORDINATES EXACTLY. SO THAT COORDINATE WHERE > THE GRAVITATION CAN PULL DOWN BECAUSE OF THAT SPACE TIME CURVATURE > > COORDINATES, -IS SAID TO BE GRAVITATIONAL PULL. SIMILARLY, PHOTON IS SAID > TO CURVE THOUUGH IT IS NOT REALLY. WHENEVER SOME MATTER PERCEPTS THE > > PHOTON, THE TRAVEL PATH IS ALTERED AND ALTERED IN A CURVE, BY > MILI-MILLISECONDS MARKS OF FALL; WHERE THE ELLIPTICAL PATH , SETS OFF THOSE > COORDINATES, > > THE MOTION DOES EXIST; HENCE THE FALL OF THE METEORITES DO NOT HAPPEN > ALWAYS THOUGH, MEDIA WARNINGS ARE ISSUED , FOR PUBLICITY, (THEORY OF > > RELATIVITY) ; ALL THESE WHEN MENTIONED IN VEDIC SCRIPTURES AS VERSES, IT > IS A MYTH; AND WHEN TOLD IN ENGLISH IT IS ORIGINAL; DO YOU KNOW ASTRONOMIC > > VEDAS KEEP THE HELIO-CENTRIC AND ASTROLOGICAL VEDAS SAY GEO-CENTRIC; > BECAUSE, FOR THE ASTROLOGY, NO PLANETS BEYOND SATURN IS NECESSARY; AND THE > > PLANETS REVOLVE AROUND THE Earth viz sun substituted for the earth > (MICRO) ; HENCE GEO CENTRIC; GREEK HELD TO THIS FOR LONG TIME. ASTRONOMY IS > MACRO. > > Photonsynthesis is nothing but photosynthesis. {now the fallacy of > Einstein can be seen in para 8,9,10 and 11 above}. KR IRS 24922 > > > On Sat, 24 Sept 2022 at 07:03, Markendeya Yeddanapudi < > [email protected]> wrote: > >> >> >> -- >> *Mar**Photon-synthesizing Success or Failure* >> >> >> >> Compared to the size of a photon, you are a large body. Electromagnetic >> waves must be bending round you because of gravitation, under the same >> principle wherein we state that space-time is curved. Around you there must >> be continuous photon-synthetic activity. Every part of your body must be >> getting the benefit of photon-synthesis. The photons must be lighting up >> every cell in you. Life must be continuously getting photon-synthesized in >> you making you alive. >> >> Your breathing ultimately changes into emotions. The emotions and >> electromagnetism must be enabling your living. Your emotions with the >> electromagnetic waves must be travelling. There is a gigantic macro aspect >> of your life. You inhale the smell messages of the other organisms and >> exhale your smell responses, bonding you emotionally with the Biosphere. >> May be the smell messages are also electromagnetic. And they travel in the >> infinity. >> >> The area immediately around you, must be synthesizing your body in the >> invisible spectrum also. We call it the aura, the blend of electromagnetic >> emotions. >> >> In free, lush, thick and happy nature, the rapture inhalation and rapture >> exhalation must be creating the rapture carrying electromagnetic waves. >> Your brain is electromagnetic, creating thoughts, the results of >> electromagnetism. Thoughts and emotions constitute you. >> >> Being emotionally loyal to Rene Descartes, we agree that there are >> electromagnetic waves. But we recoil at the proposition that they may be >> also waves of emotions. We are very loyal and fanatical to the mechanical >> approach, tagging science with technology, making science mean only the >> mechanical without the emotional. We are trying to install Robots as Gods. >> >> In free, lush and thick nature, you actually photon-synthesize your >> successes. When you murder nature continuously, making economic life the >> routine of murdering nature, you are photon-synthesizing grief. We go >> wherever we find happiness. We run away from unhappiness. So we are >> avoiding people by using the mobile phone. The mobile phones are the >> results of photon-synthesizing the tricks to avoid emotional contact. >> >> YM >> > -- *Mar* -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [email protected]. 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