Mr Rajaram Krishnamurthy,
Kindly check yourself the mistakes from A1 to A10 typed by you . Best example
of your knowledge of grammar.Gopalakrishnan
On Thursday, 13 April, 2023 at 05:38:07 am IST, Rajaram Krishnamurthy
<[email protected]> wrote:
A1 "COW-AFRICAN ELEPHANTS" ? Kindly explain if written elsewhere. Tusks
and names assigned in many languages are many. How do the tusks people will
assume as great warriors and the rest are not? And what was significantly made
known to us in the answer? A2 Indiand do not know or pretend that they
are so enamoured of the western tastes, they refuse to accept as replies are
from western names only?A3 Without a problem there is a solution?; so
Maths is the answer as G provides and then the Q is framed in a second , so \Q
and A does not match well?. A4 We call 100years as birth and not
evolution and earth is not involution. Gravity is a variable factor in space
and may not exist in vacuum and black hole two way. So How Gravity is a
determinate to evolution?. Neither the Q nor the A is perfect.A10 1 Trans
Siberian gopalakrishnan learnt when he was in school is untrue since more or
less in 50s only all of us did our schooling when these international Geography
or history was never taught in India. I wrote about it in this group but a
human must have honesty to admit it. II THE RIVERS 'VOLGA' AND 'GANGA' AND
THE SANSKRIT CONNECTION TO THEIR NAMESThe River Volga! Russians call it 'Volga
Matushka' (Mother Volga). It is said that the name probably derives from Proto
Slavic* 'vòlga' which means 'wetness' or 'moisture'.
Here's a look at the Sanskrit connection. A word that corresponds to Volga and
its meaning 'moisture', and is at the same time a cognate of 'Volga' is the
Sanskrit word 'Vigala' (विगल्), which means 'flow' or 'ooze away' and
'drain-off'. A derivative of 'vigal', is 'vigalita' (विगलित) which has the same
meaning. 'Volga' may just be a distortion of the word 'Vigal' or 'Vigalita'.
In Sanskrit the sound 'vi' (वि) means 'apart' or 'away'; and 'vI' (वी) (with
emphasis on 'i') means 'set in motion'. 'Gala' (गल) means 'oozing'. 'GAla'
(with emphasis on 'a') (गाल), means 'liquefying' and also 'flowing'.
Hindi speakers are familiar with the word 'pigala' (पिघल) which means 'melt
away' or 'ooze'. This Hindi word has the same Sanskrit origin.
The etymology of Volga as proposed by Russian historian and Linguist Nikolai
Trubetzkoy (1890-1938), in his lectures at the University of Vienna, links the
name 'Volga' to the Slavic 'Julga', which he says in course of time changed to
'Volga'.
Roman Jakobson, Russian linguist and literary theorist, quoted Nikolai
Trubetzkoy's research thus, "In primitive eastern Slavic, un-rounded front
vowels changed into rounded back vowels before a tauto-syllabic 'l', so that
'jilga' must have changed to julga; the initial j was lost before rounded
vowels in eastern Slavic, and the initial u acquired an obligatory prothetic
'v'. Thus the form 'vulga' arose, and short 'u' changed in the 12th–-13th
centuries into 'o'. So through a long series of changes Jilga became Volga".
Here is the actual quote from Ramon Jakabson's 'The Balts- Ancient Peoples &
Places':
' 205 Notes CHAPTER I 1 Tacitus (90), XLV. 2 Orosius (87). 3 Adam of Bremen
(82), 199. 4 G. Gerullis, Die altpreussischen Ortsnamen, Berlin-Leipzig, 1922;
A Salys, “Prūsai,” Lietuvių Enciklopedija, XXIV (Boston), pp. 146-57. 5 L.
Kilian, “Baltische Ortsnamen westlich der Weichsel,” Altpreussen, IV, 3 (1939),
pp. 67-68; H. Krahe, “Baltische Ortsnamen westlich der Weichsel?,” Altpreussen,
1943: I, pp. 11-12. 6 V. N. Toporov, “Dve zametki iz oblasti baltijskoj
tomonimii,” Rakstu krājums veltījums audd. J Endzelīnam, Riga, 1959, pp.
251-66. 7 A. Kamiński, Jaćwieź, Terytorium, ludnosć, stosunki gospodarcze i
spoleczne (Jatvingia. Territory, population, economy and social structure),
Ĺódź, Societas Scientiarum Lodziensis, sectio II, No. 14, 1953. 8 Polnoe
sobranie russkikh letopisej, I, 1, Petersburg, 1908. 9 Būga (1). 10 Vasmer (6).
11 The etymology of Volga as proposed by the linguist Trubetzkoy — in his
lectures at the University of Vienna — was as follows: in primitive eastern
Slavic, unrounded front vowels changed into rounded back vowels before a
tauto-syllabic l, so that jilga must have changed to julga; the initial j was
lost before rounded vowels in eastern Slavic, and the initial u acquired an
obligatory prothetic v. Thus the form vulga arose, and short u changed in the
12th-13th centuries into o. So through a long series of changes Jilga became
Volga. (Oral information by Roman Jakobson.) 12 Thomsen (4) 13 B. A.
Serebrennikov, “O nekotorykh sledakh izcheznuvshego indoevropejskogo jazyka v
centre Evropejskoj chasti SSSR, blizkogo k baltijskim jazykam” (Traces of an
extinct Indo- European language related to the Baltic in the centre of the
European part of the USSR), Lietuvių Mokslų Akademijos Darbai (Trudy AN
Litovskoj SSR), serija A, vyp. 1 (2), Vilnius, 1957. 14 M. Vasmer, “Die alten
Bevölkerungsverhältnisse Russlands im Lichte der Sprachforschung,” Vorträge and
Schriften der Preussischen Akademie, No. 5, 1941. ' IN
It is more likely that the original name was 'Julga' rather than 'jilga' if one
were to loke at the name through the Sanskrit lens. 'Jala' (जल) is 'water',
both in Sanskrit and in Hindi. The suffix 'ga' (ग) means going or moving. Hence
'Julga' in Sanskrit means 'moving water'. The name 'Jilga' however cannot be
explained through Sanskrit.
Also 'Julga' is very close to the name 'Ganga' - the Sanskrit name of the great
Indian river - the Ganges. Incidentally the name Ganga (गङ्गा) means 'swift
goer' or 'fast moving'. Indians call it 'Ganga Ma' - 'Mother Ganga' just as the
Russians call Volga 'Volga Matushka'.
"I am convinced that everything has come down to us from the banks of the
Ganges". - Francois Voltaire
| |
| Rivers 'Kama' and 'Vyataka' flow into the River Volga.
In Sanskrit the verb 'vyati' means both to 'flow on' and 'vanish'.
'Kama' means 'desire' and is also the name of Lord Vishnu. |
The Volga flows into the Caspian Sea. The name Caspian is said to be derived
from the ancient Vedic name of the Caspian, which was 'Kashyapa', named after
the sage 'Kashyapa' who in the Vedic tradition is the father of all 'devas',
'asuras', 'nagas' and of all humanity.III Siberia is a region in North Asia,
separated from Russia'sprimary territory by the Ural Mountains in the west and
bounded by the PacificOcean in the east. In the north and south, it is
delimited by the Russian stateborder. Siberia covers an area of over 13 million
sq km and accounts for 77percent of the area of modern Russia. But there was a
time when"Siberia" was the name of a separate country. How did it come
intobeing and why did it disappear? Where does the name "Siberia" come from?
Nobody knows for sure, butthere are several theories. In the Turkic languages
"Siber/Chiber"means "beautiful", in the Tatar language "seber" means"blizzard"
and in the Mongolian language "shibir"translates as "swamp". The name "Siberia"
could come fromany of these words. In The Secret History of the Mongols –
dating from the1240s, it is the oldest surviving Mongolian text – the word
"shibir"is mentioned in connection with a story about the conquest of the lands
andpeoples living in southern Shibir between the rivers Ob' and Irtysh by
GenghisKhan’s son, the military commander Jochi. About 1,500 BC,
Iranian-speaking tribes began to settle inSiberian territory. A thousand years
later, in the 6th century BC, Turkic-speakingpeoples arrived, and by the
12th-13th centuries AD, as a result of the mixingof Iranian, Turkic and native
Ugric tribes, the ethnic group of Siberian Tatarshad evolved. So Siberia is
marked by a different name apart from its Volga and Amur rivers in the Bharatha
varsham . KR IRS 12423
On Wed, 12 Apr 2023 at 07:00, '[email protected]' via iyer123
<[email protected]> wrote:
CULTURAL QA 04-2023-11
Q1 What are some animal facts you didn’tknow about?
A1 Lousie, Worked at OwnBusiness Apr 3
I read that recently.If an elephant doesn't have tusks, it doesn't mean he's
not a bull.
There are male elephants with tusks, they are called "Tuskers".
Those without tusks are called "Makna" or "Mukna".
And the latter are said to be surprisingly more dangerous and sneaky thanthe
Tusker.
They can only be recognized by their stature, but can easily be mistakenfor
cows.
Zoos often have a Tusker because it is more spectacular and they like toshow it
off.
Upali, a Makna
The tusks are useful.The elephant can use them to dig for water, debarktrees,
move branches and trees.
But they are also used for display, marking trees and as weapons inbattle.
Elephants , like us, have right-left preferences.
There are left or right tuskers. And how cool: The favourite tusker iscalled
Master Tusk.
My note- I have read elsewherethat cow African elephants too may have tusks.
Q2 What shocking things do most Indiansnot know?
Mark Rhysand, Anthropology Studies (2020–present) Mar 31
India is the world's largestdemocracy: While many Indians areaware that their
country is a democracy, they may not realize that India is theworld's largest
democracy in terms of population.
India has the second-largestEnglish-speaking populationin the world: While
English is not the primary language in India, it is widelyspoken and
understood, with the country having the second-largestEnglish-speaking
population in the world after the United States.
India is home to the world'slargest film industry: Bollywood,India's
Hindi-language film industry, produces more films and sells moretickets
annually than any other film industry in the world, includingHollywood.
India has a rich history ofscience and mathematics: Manyimportant mathematical
concepts, such as zero and decimal notation, originatedin India. Indian
scientists and mathematicians also made importantcontributions to fields such
as astronomy and medicine.
India has a diverse range of languagesand cultures: While many Indians areaware
of the diversity within their own country, they may not realize thatIndia is
home to over 2,000 ethnic groups and more than 1,600 languages.
India has made significantprogress in reducing poverty: Whilepoverty remains a
major challenge in India, the country has made significantprogress in recent
years. According to the World Bank, the percentage ofIndians living in poverty
has fallen from over 60% in the 1980s to around 20%today.
Q3 What are some good math jokes?
A3 Samyak Datta, GraduateResearch Assistant at Georgia Institute of
Technology (2017–present)Updated 9y
A mathematician was being interviewed for a job. The interviewer asks him- "You
are walking towards your office and running late for a veryimportant meeting
and you glimpse a building on fire with people screaming forhelp. What will you
do?".
The mathematician thinks for a while and replies : "People's lives are
moreimportant than an office meeting. I would immediately call for a fire
brigadeand help the trapped to the best of my abilities".
The interviewer seems to be impressed with the mathematician's answer andmoves
on to the last question. Just to check his sanity, she asks: "And what if the
building is not on fire?".
After a moment of thought, the mathematician replies with confidence :
"I will set the building on fire. Now, I have reduced it to aproblem that I
have already solved before!"
Q4 If evolution is scientifically true,why does it only occur once
every million years? Why does one animal evolveinto another only once after
millions of years?
A4 Claire Jordan, Degree inbiology and folklore; programmer, shop
owner, secretary on newspaper Apr 5
Gravity is science, and it’salways occurring, not just randomly when it’s
convenient.
Evolution is constant, but in large animals like humans it’s fairly slowbecause
we have a long generation time, so it may take hundreds of thousands (not
usuallymillions) of years to really notice the difference.
New types of bacteria and virusesonly take a few months or even days to evolve,
and do so continuously.
Q5 Does a bogie in a train mean the sameas a coach or is it different?
A5 Prashant Tiwari, IndianRailways Enthusiast Mar 30
Both are different.
In the context of Indian Railways, "bogie" and"coach" are often used
interchangeably, but there is a slightdifference between the two.
A "bogie" refers to the wheeled undercarriage that supports atrain's cars or
coaches. Each bogie typically has two or more axles with wheels attachedto a
frame that connects to the car or coach.
A "coach" is the passenger-carrying car that is attached to thebogie.
A coach can have several bogiesattached to it, depending on its length and
weight. Each coach typically hasseats or berths for passengers, as well as
amenities such as toilets, airconditioning, fans and lights.
So in summary, a bogie is the wheeled undercarriage that supports acoach, while
a coach is the passenger-carrying car that is attached to thebogie.
Q6 Why diesel engines are not used inmotorbikes?
A6 Digital Services AndProducts, CEO, Motivational Speaker & Online
Entrepreneur at Freedom Guider(2019–present) Mar 28
Diesel engines are not commonly used in motorcycles for a number ofreasons.
First and foremost, dieselengines are significantly heavier and larger than
gasoline engines, which makes them impractical for use inmotorcycles. The
additional weight and size of a diesel engine would make amotorcycle much less
maneuverable and agile, which is a key consideration formany riders.
Another reason why diesel engines are not used in motorcycles is that they are
more difficult tostart in cold weather. Diesel engines require a higher
compression ratioto ignite the fuel, which means that they need to be warmed up
before they canoperate effectively. In colder climates, this can be a
significant challenge,as it may take several minutes for the engine to warm up
enough to start.
In addition, dieselengines are typically less responsive than gasoline engines,
which can makethem less suitable for use in motorcycles. Diesel engines have a
slowerresponse time, which means that they are less effective at delivering
powerquickly when the rider needs it. This can be a significant disadvantage
insituations where the rider needs to accelerate quickly or make
suddenmaneuvers.
Another factor that makes diesel engines less suitable for use inmotorcycles is
their emissions. Diesel engines typically produce more emissions than
gasolineengines, which can be a significant concern for riders who are
concerned aboutenvironmental impact.
Diesel engines also requiremore maintenance than gasoline engines, which can be
a significant disadvantage for riders who want alow-maintenance vehicle.
Finally, ***diesel fuel is not as widelyavailable as gasoline, which can make
it difficult for riders to find a placeto refuel their motorcycle. While diesel
fuel is becoming more common insome parts of the world, it is still not as
widely available as gasoline, whichmakes it less practical for use in
motorcycles.
In conclusion, there are several reasons why diesel engines are not
commonlyused in motorcycles. Diesel engines are heavier and larger than
gasolineengines, which makes them less maneuverable and agile. They are also
moredifficult to start in cold weather and less responsive than gasoline
engines.Additionally, diesel engines produce more emissions and require
moremaintenance than gasoline engines.
Finally, diesel fuel is not aswidely available as gasoline, which makes it
less practical for use inmotorcycles.
My note- ***All bunks are having diesel and petrol except the bunksselling gas
for autos.
Q7 Which fruit in India isunderrated?
A7 Jai Narayan, Mar 20
Wood Apple is the mostunderrated fruit in India. It is called as vilaampazham
in Tamil and Bel inHindi.
This fruit is famous duringfestive seasons like Ramanavami, vinayakar chaturthi
and gokulashtami. It has a hard and woody outer shell inside which, thereis a
soft and spongy fruit pulp. It has lots of health benefits , some of whichI
have mentioned below.
It will cure digestiveproblems Improves immunity Cures skin problems
Improves metabolism It also treats joint pains and hypotensionin adults.
There are many different ways in which one can consume wood Apple. But Iused to
mix the fruit pulp with jaggery and eat. It's a healthy way of eatingthis fruit
with high iron content.
My note- In Kerala it’s use israre. In Chennai also it’s users are there. It is
generally not sold in thefruit shops.
Q8 What is the weirdest historical eventto have happened?
A8 Mark Rhysand, Apr 1
One little-known historical event that stands out as particularly bizarreis the
Great Emu Warthat took place in Australia in 1932. It may sound like a joke,
but thisevent was a real and deadly serious military operation conducted by
theAustralian army against a group of wild emus.
That’s right, a war againstemus.
In the early 20th century,Western Australia was facing a problem with
overpopulation of emus. The large,flightless birds were causing significant
damage to crops and farms, andfarmers were struggling to control the
population. In an effort to address the problem, the Australian government
authorizedthe use of military force to cull the emus.
On November 2, 1932, a team ofsoldiers armed with machine guns and mounted on
trucks set out into theAustralian outback to confront the emus. At first, the
soldiers were confident that they could easily eradicatethe birds, but they
soon discovered that the emus were much moredifficult to deal with than they
had anticipated.
Despite their heavy weaponry, the soldiers were unable to kill largenumbers of
emus. The birds proved to be agile andfast-moving, and they quickly scattered
and disappeared into the brush.In some cases, the emus even charged directly at
the soldiers, who foundthemselves outmaneuvered and overwhelmed by the sheer
number of birds.
After several weeks of futile attempts to control the emu population,
themilitary operation was called off. The emus emerged victorious, and
continued to wreakhavoc on the Western Australian countryside for years to come.
The Great Emu War may seem like acomical footnote in history, but it is a
fascinating example of the complex relationship betweenhumans and nature. It
also highlights the limitations of military force indealing with natural
phenomena, and the importance of understanding andrespecting the ecosystems in
which we live.
Today, the Great Emu War is remembered as a cautionary tale about the dangers
of overreliance on violence andforce in addressing complex environmental
problems
Q9 Is a cooling pad useful? If not, whatcan I use?
A9 Gopala Krishnan, FormerAssistant General Manager 1996-2004 at
Department of Telecom (1966–2004) Justnow
Before a decade the Laptopswere very heavy. Oldlaptops used to get heated.
Insidesome cooling fans may not function. So it was normal to place a
coolingpad underneath the bottom. Power supply to cooling pad was taken through
a USB.
Now things are changed. Laptopsare not even 1/3rd weight of the old ones. A lot
of technology has changed. Present day laptops do notheat, just warm at bottom.
So if your laptop is light weight and heat, better get attended bycomputer
technicians.
Note- Still I keep just as amemory item, the cooling pad purchasedin 2008’s
Q10 What are some interesting facts aboutSiberia?
A10 Mark Rhysand, AnthropologyStudies (2020–present)Tue
Siberia is home to the world'slargest freshwater lake, LakeBaikal, which
contains about 20% of the world's unfrozen freshwater.
The coldest temperature everrecorded in the Northern Hemisphere was in Siberia,
at -96.16 degrees Fahrenheit (-71.2 degrees Celsius) in1924.
The Siberian tiger is thelargest cat in the world and canweigh up to 660 pounds
(300 kilograms).
There are over 100 differentindigenous groups living in Siberia,each with their
own distinct culture and language.
Siberia is home to some of the world's largest deposits of gold,diamonds, and
other precious minerals.
The Trans-Siberian Railway, which runs from Moscow to Vladivostok, is
thelongest railway in the world, spanning over 5,772 miles (9,289 kilometers).
My note- Nostalgic memories of answering the question on Longest railway inthe
world as Trans Siberian railway comes to me on reading this in the middleschool
examination
Siberia has some of the world'smost extreme weather, with temperature
variations of over 100 degreesFahrenheit (55 degrees Celsius) between summer
and winter.
The Russian city of Norilsk,located in Siberia, is theworld's northernmost city
with a population over 100,000.
Siberia has over 3 million lakes,which make up about 25% of theworld's total
freshwater supply.
The Siberian Husky dog breed was originally bred by the Chukchi people
ofSiberia as a sled dog.
The Yakutian horse, a breednative to Siberia, is adapted to survive in extreme
cold and can withstand temperatures as low as -58degrees Fahrenheit (-50
degrees Celsius).
The Putorana Plateau in Siberiais one of the few places onEarth where you can
find the rareSnow Leopard.
Q11 Why is my fridge not cooling when turnedon?
A11 Ken Knudson,30 years inrefrigerator safety/energy efficiency
compliance.7y
Several things cause a refrigeratorto stop cooling altogether or perform poorly:
. Dust-clogged condenser(air-cooled condensers requireperiodic cleaning)
. Stuck/faulty fan motor(either condenser or evaporator)
. Iced-up evaporator (the coilinside the fridge)
. Bad light switch that causeslights to remain on with the doorclosed
. Bad fan switch that preventsthe fan from turning on when thedoor is closed
. Door not closing all the way
. Insufficient refrigerant gas (usually due to a leak in the plumbing)
. Poor air circulation inside, possibly due to improper product loading(e.g.,
packages blocking air vents)
*** Unusually high roomtemperature, causing the fridge torun all the time
without being able to keep up with the heat load
. Plugged refrigerant tubing(especially a blockage in the verythin capillary
tube)
. Faulty compressor overload orrelay, either of which canprevent the compressor
from starting
. Faulty compressor (this isusually the most expensivesingle part to replace on
a fridge)
Most of the above apply equally to refrigerators,
combinationrefrigerator/freezers, freezers and wine chillers.
*** My note- This is thereason Refrigerator is notdesirable in the kitchen.
However in many flats and homes the designer provideplug point in the kitchen.
All the above QA are from Quora website on 12-04-2023
Quora answers need not be 100% correctanswers .
Compiled and posted by R. Gopala Krishnan, 79, former ITS on 12-04-2023
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