Respected Mr Rajaram,
Please read again
Noise Reduction: Operating at a lower speedsignificantly contributes to the
reduction of noise pollution, especially indensely populated areas surrounding
airports. By reducingthe velocity of aircraft, the disturbance caused by engine
noise is mitigated,resulting in a more harmonious environment for nearby
residents.
My note- Telecom department was having atraining centre at Meenambakkam,
somewhat close to airport. While attending/taking class, due to heavy noise
from aircrafts, it was customary to keep silencethan teaching. Now the BSNL is
conducting much training for thoserequiring employment in all fields, not only
for BSNL.
My point was still noise is very much while landing in an airport for nearby
offices.
Gopalakrishnan
On Saturday, 27 May, 2023 at 10:23:08 pm IST, Rajaram Krishnamurthy
<[email protected]> wrote:
CULTURAL QA05-2023-28 BY Mr G AND EDITED BY KR IRS28523
Q1 Whydo airliners have to fly at 250 knots when they are below 10000
feet?
G My note- Telecom department was having a trainingcentre at
Meenambakkam, somewhat close to airport. While attending/ takingclass, due to
heavy noise from aircrafts, it was customary to keep silence thanteaching. Now
the BSNL is conducting much training for those requiringemployment in all
fields, not only for BSNL.
KR: Being enthusiast had copied from materialdot and dash without
understanding the theme. And the above note has norelevance to the subject at
all. 5 linesare waste fillers. Now, What Do YouThink? Does the 250-knot speed
restriction below 10,000 feet make sense? Doyou think it should be increased or
decreased, and under whatcircumstances? The replies from the pilots who are
operating day in andday out:” 1 Nico Wissink It usedto be that the "heavy"
call sign would enable you to clean up atspeeds above 250, below 10.000. The
747 I fly might need 280 at heavy weights.ORD and LAX require you to stay at
250 until they tell you otherwise, and thespeed margin to the bottom gets very
narrow the higher you go, with flaps at 5or 1. As for levelling at 10.000 on
the way down, yes, I have seen the plane dothat, but it also can reduce to
700fpm at 12000 ft and hit 250 (it tries for240) at 10.000. Pilots that use
Flight Level change occasionally forget thespeed reduction, and level at
10.000. At ORD they want you to go 300 kts at11000, after a previous 250 kt
restriction. Then clear you to 7000 few seconds later, at what pointdo you want
me to go 250 again? It takes fuel to accelerate, now, 2 minuteslater I need to
waste all that energy again? Then Tower cries if I need 185 onfinal and they
want me below 170. Maybe ask first? (fuel wasted literally).2 Ed Jones
250 KIAS seems ok given the flapspeed restrictions on faster aircraft. Most
commercial aircraft can operate between 180 and 250 without adding flaps. andbe
safe. Often rule changes occur after severalevents that draw attention to a
problem. The TWA, Beechcraft and UAL eventswere not the sole reasons for the
rule change. 3 John Frank Theauthor is incorrect. The UAL/TWA December, 1960
mid-air resulted in a speedlimit of 250 KIAS within30 miles of the destination
airport. More than 30 miles fromdestination, go barberpole at 6,000 feet, msl,
if you wanted to. In April, 1967, a TWA DC-9-10 was doing just that (barberpole
at 8,000) when he rammed into a Beechcraft. That April, 1967 accidentresulted
in 250 below 10,000 everywhere in domestic U.S. airspace.
Q2 Exactlywhat do we need to filter out of our tap water? Certainly
not everything in tapwater is harmful, is it?
G The ugly actual truth is that you don’t actually need to filter
anythingout of most tap water!
(KR Isthat universal statement or USA statement? It appears to be a Detroit
USA standardnot applicable to India or Africa)
G My note- While Ihad training as phone inspector (1965’s) we were told
only tap wateris used for preparing batteries, but in India we use distilled
water as tapwater is not pure in India. Water was so pure in London at that
time. During mystudent days in Kerala (till 1964’s) we used water from wells
fordrinking. It was filtered only during rainy seasons. Basic water filtering
wasonly known using charcoal saw dust and sand and was available in major
offices.
KR The history of water filters canbe traced to the earliest civilisations
with written records. Water filtershave been used throughout history to improve
the safety and aesthetics of waterintended to be used for drinking or bathing.
In modern times, they are alsowidely used in industry and commerce. The history
of water filtration isclosely linked with the broader history of improvements
in public health. Ancient Sanskrit and Egyptian writingsdocument practices
that were followed to keep water pure for drinking.The Sushruta 2000 BCE
Samhita specified various methods, including: boiling and heating underthe
sun. Thetext also recommends filtering water through sand and coarse gravel.
Imagesin Egyptian tombs, dating from the 15th to 13th century BCE depict the
use ofvarious water treatment devices. By the early 1900s, water
treatmentexperimentation had turned from the prevention of waterborne diseases
to the creation of softer, less-mineralizedwater. Water softeners, which use
sodium ions to replace water-hardeningminerals in water, were first introduced
into the water treatment market in1903. Ionexchange is a reversible interchange
of one kind of ion present in an insolublesolid with another of like charge
present in a solution surrounding the solidwith the reaction being used
especially for softening or making water demineralised,the purification of
chemicals and separation of substance since 1900AD and in1960s we had a system
and not saralikkal treatment as shown in “my note by G”.
Q3 Whatfruits are good for diabetics? KRrepeated again
G End note: My job is to give you good advice, but you must consult a doctor
beforetaking my advice. KR Advice must be given only appropriately andnot
as , “small lettered caution belowin any advertisements”.
Q4 Doespowder or liquid laundry detergent work better?
KR repeated again
Q5 Howis electricity obtained in trains?
KR Repeated again under another banner a fewmonths back.
Compiled and posted by R. Gopala krishnan, former ITS,on 27-05-2023
KR IRS 27523
On Sat, 27 May 2023 at 07:13, '[email protected]' via iyer123
<[email protected]> wrote:
CULTURAL QA 05-2023-28
Q1 Why do airliners have to fly at 250knots when they are below 10000
feet?
A1 Vishnu Ravi, Aviation Enthusiast |Content Creator 20h
Aircraft operatingbelow 10,000 feet are required to maintain a speed of 250
knots for variousimportant reasons. Let's delve into these reasons in detail:
Regulations: As per the guidelines outlined in 14CFR 91.117, it is prohibited
for any individual to operate an aircraft below10,000 feet mean sea level (MSL)
at an indicated airspeed exceeding 250 knots,unless specifically authorized by
the Administrator.
Safety: The establishment of this speed limit isprimarily aimed at ensuring the
safety of all aircraft in the vicinity. By adhering to the 250-knot limit,
airplanes can effectively maintain anadequate distance from one another,
particularly in congested airspace.This measure plays a crucial role in
preventing potential mid-air collisionsand maintaining overall aviation safety.
Noise Reduction: Operating at a lower speedsignificantly contributes to the
reduction of noise pollution, especially indensely populated areas surrounding
airports. By reducingthe velocity of aircraft, the disturbance caused by engine
noise is mitigated,resulting in a more harmonious environment for nearby
residents.
My note- Telecom department was having atraining centre at Meenambakkam,
somewhat close to airport. While attending/taking class, due to heavy noise
from aircrafts, it was customary to keep silencethan teaching. Now the BSNL is
conducting much training for thoserequiring employment in all fields, not only
for BSNL.
Enhanced Fuel Efficiency: Lowering the speedduring flights below 10,000 feet
also promotes fuel conservation and emissionreduction. By adopting a reduced
pace, airplanes can optimize their fuelconsumption, leading to greater
efficiency and minimized environmental impact.
It is important tomention that certain aircraft possess the capability to
exceed 250 knotsindicated airspeed below 10,000 feet. However, these aircraft
are not allowedto do so unless expressly authorized by the Administrator.
Furthermore, in instances where air trafficcontrol assigns a speed higher than
250 knots while an aircraft isat or above 10,000 feet MSL, and subsequently
instructs a descent below 10,000feet MSL, the aircraft mustdecelerate to 250
knots before initiating the descent.
Q2 Exactly what do we need to filter outof our tap water? Certainly
not everything in tap water is harmful, is it?
A2 Keith Odom, Former Plant Operator -Water & Waste Water. At CDCR -
Pelican Bay (1997–2003)4y
The ugly actualtruth is that you don’t actually need to filter anything out of
most tap water!
There has alwaysbeen a big element of 'scam' to the whole consumer filtration
thing. But peoplewant to feel like they are doing something for the good of
their health. Andbusiness is willing to make money selling filters and bottled
water. So thereyou go.
I was a water treatment professional. I drink mywater straight out of the tap.
Because I know that the other water treatmentprofessionals of the world take a
lot of pride in doing their jobs well.
And the designersand engineers who made the plans are exactly the same. We
spend our time makingsure that the water is safe to drink.
That said… occasionallythere are problems or situations where the water is not
safe to drink.
Very old watersystems that have not been maintained well can be a problem. The
pipes canstart leaking and bad microbes can infiltrate into the water.
I had an aunt whohad to either buy bottled water or boil the tap water. Because
she lived wayout in the country, her tap water was being pulled straight off a
nearby farmwater canal. Canals can harbour bad microbes.
In Detroit a coupleof years ago there were big problems with tap water causing
disease. A hugescandal. Detroit had changed the source of where they got their
water from. The new source, which was anearby river, had unsafe water. And, the
Water Plant managers, andmore importantly, the City business managers, didn’t
want to face up to theproblem, which they did know about, and the huge money
expenses required to fixthe problem. So they lied and denied and lots of people
drank tainted water. Ihope those managers go to jail.
So, at the risk of repeating myself, for most people inmost places, there isn’t
anything they need to do extra to filter their water.
My note- While I had training as phone inspector(1965’s) we were toldonly tap
water is used for preparing batteries, but in India we use distilledwater as
tap water is not pure in India. Water was so pure in London at thattime.
During my student days in Kerala (till 1964’s) we usedwater from wells for
drinking. It was filtered onlyduring rainy seasons.
Basic waterfiltering was only known using charcoal saw dust and sand and was
available inmajor offices.
Q3 What fruits are good for diabetics?
A3 Farhad Rajshahi, Health Tips19h
For diabetics, it's generally recommended to choosefruits that are low in sugar
and have a lower glycaemic index (GI).Here are some fruits that are considered
good choices for diabetics:
1. Berries: Strawberries, blueberries, raspberries, andblackberries are all low
in sugar and high in fibre, which can help regulateblood sugar levels.
2. Apples: Apples are a good source of fibre andhave a moderate GI. They also
contain antioxidants and vitamins.
3. Citrus fruits: Oranges, lemons, limes, andgrapefruits are low in sugar and
rich in vitamin C. They also provide fibre.
4. Cherries: Cherries have a lower glycaemic indexcompared to many other fruits
and are packed with antioxidants.
5. Pears: Pears are a good source of fibre and havea lower glycaemic index.
Choose fresh pears over canned ones, as canned pearsoften have added sugars.
6. Kiwi: Kiwis are low in sugar and high in fibre. Theyalso provide a good
amount of vitamin C and other nutrients.
7. Avocado: While technically a fruit, avocados arelow in carbohydrates and
high in healthy fats, making them a good choice fordiabetics.
Remember thatportion control is still important, even when consuming fruits
that areconsidered good for diabetics. It's best to consult with aregistered
dietician or healthcare professional for personalized advice basedon your
specific dietary needs and blood sugar management goals.
Here's someadditional information regarding fruits for diabetics:
1. Portion control: While fruits can be a healthy partof a diabetic diet, it's
important to consume them in moderation. Even though they containnatural
sugars, they can still affect blood sugar levels. Be mindful of portionsizes
and consider balancing your fruit intake with other low-carbohydratefoods.
2. Whole fruits vs. fruit juices: Whole fruits aregenerally a better choice
than fruit juices. Whole fruits contain more fibre,which can help slow down the
absorption of sugar into the bloodstream. Fruitjuices, on the other hand, can
cause a more rapid spike in blood sugar levelsdue to their higher sugar
concentration and lack of fibre. If you prefer fruitjuice, opt for freshly
squeezed or 100% juice options without added sugars, andconsume them in
moderation.
3. Glycemic index (GI): The glycaemic index is ascale that measures how quickly
carbohydrates in food raise blood sugar levels.Foods with a lower GI are
digested more slowly, causing a slower and moregradual increase in blood sugar.
Generally, fruits with a low to moderate GIare better for diabetics. However,
it's important to note that the glycaemicindex can vary depending on the
ripeness of the fruit and how it's prepared(e.g., cooked, raw, or blended).
4. Individual differences: The impactof fruits on blood sugar levels can vary
betweenindividuals. Factors such as overall diet, medication,physical activity,
and personal blood sugar response can influence how fruitsaffect blood glucose.
It'simportant to monitor your blood sugar levels regularly and work with
ahealthcare professional or registered dietician to determine which fruits
workbest for you.
5. Balanced meals: When incorporating fruits intoyour meals, it's advisable to
combine them with other foods that provideprotein, healthy fats, and fibre.
This can help slow down digestion andminimize the impact on blood sugar levels.
For example, you could pair a smallapple with a handful of almonds or have
berries with Greek yogurt.
Remember, it'salways a good idea to consult with a healthcare professional or a
registered dieticianwho specializes in diabetes care for personalized advice
tailored to yourspecific needs and health goals.
Here are somebenefits and advantages of including fruits in the diet of
individuals with diabetes:
1. Nutrient-rich: Fruits are packed with essentialvitamins, minerals, and
antioxidants that are beneficial for overall health.They provide a wide range
of nutrients, including vitamin C, potassium, folate,and various
phytochemicals, which can support the immune system, promote cellhealth, and
help protect against chronic diseases.
2. High in fibre: Many fruits are excellent sources ofdietary fibre. Fibre
helps regulate blood sugar levels by slowing down theabsorption of sugars into
the bloodstream. It can also contribute to improveddigestion, help control
appetite, and support weight management.
3. Low in unhealthy fats: Fruits are naturally low inunhealthy fats,
particularly saturated and Trans fats, which are linked to anincreased risk of
heart disease. By incorporating fruits into the diet,individuals with diabetes
can choose a healthier alternative to high-fat snacksand desserts.
4. Hydration: Many fruits have high water content,which can contribute to
proper hydration. Staying hydrated is important foroverall health and helps
support various bodily functions.
5. Satiety and weight management: The fibrecontent in fruits, along with their
natural sweetness, can help promote afeeling of fullness and satiety. This can
be beneficial for individuals withdiabetes who are looking to manage their
weight or prevent overeating.
6. Versatility and variety: Fruits offer a wide array ofoptions, flavours, and
textures, allowing individuals to enjoy a varied andenjoyable diet. From
berries and citrus fruits to tropical fruits and melons,there are numerous
choices available to suit different preferences.
7. Healthier dessert options: For those with a sweettooth, fruits can be a
healthier alternative to high-sugar desserts. Byincorporating fruits into
desserts or enjoying those on their own, individualswith diabetes can satisfy
their cravings for sweetness while consumingessential nutrients and fewer added
sugars.
It's important tonote that the benefits of fruits for individuals with diabetes
can varydepending on individual needs, overall diet, and blood sugar control.
It's recommendedto work with a healthcare professional or registered dietician
who specializesin diabetes care to determine the best approach to incorporating
fruits into abalanced diabetic diet.
While fruitsoffer many benefits for individuals with diabetes, there are a
fewconsiderations or potential downsides to keep in mind:
1. Natural sugars: Fruits contain natural sugars,mainly fructose. Although
these sugars are accompanied by fibre and nutrients,they can still impact blood
sugar levels. It's essential to monitor portionsizes and be mindful of overall
carbohydrate intake to maintain blood sugarcontrol.
2. Glycemic impact: While most fruits have a lowerglycaemic index (GI), some
fruits, particularly those that are ripe oroverripe, may have a higher GI. This
means they can cause a quicker increase inblood sugar levels. It's important to
consider the ripeness and preparation offruits when planning meals and snacks.
3. Individual responses: Every person with diabetesmay respond differently to
different fruits. Some individuals may find thatcertain fruits cause a larger
increase in their blood sugar levels compared toothers. It's important to
monitor blood sugar levels and observe personalresponses to determine which
fruits work well for you.
4. Portion control and moderation: While fruits offerhealth benefits, it's
crucial to consume them in moderation and practiceportion control. Eating large
amounts of fruits, even those lower in sugar, canstill contribute to overall
carbohydrate intake, potentially affecting bloodsugar levels. Balancing fruit
intake with other macronutrients and consideringoverall calorie and
carbohydrate goals is important.
5. Fruit juices and dried fruits: Fruit juices and driedfruits can be more
concentrated in sugar and have a higher glycaemic impactcompared to whole
fruits. They can also be lower in fibre content. It'sadvisable to limit
consumption of fruit juices and dried fruits or chooseoptions without added
sugars and enjoy them in small quantities.
6. Allergiesor sensitivities: Some individuals may have allergies or
sensitivities tospecific fruits. It's important to be aware of any known
allergies or reactionsand avoid fruits that may trigger adverse symptoms.
Remember, it'scrucial to work with a healthcare professional or registered
dietician whospecializes in diabetes care to create a personalized meal plan
that takes intoaccount your individual needs, preferences, and blood sugar
management goals.They can provide guidance on fruit selection, portion sizes,
and overalldietary considerations for optimal diabetes management.
Conclusion:
In conclusion,fruits can be a valuable and nutritious part of a diabetic diet.
They offeressential vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and fibre, making them a
healthierchoice compared to high-sugar snacks and desserts. By incorporating
fruits intoyour meals and snacks, you can enjoy their numerous benefits while
supportingyour overall health and blood sugar control.
However, it'simportant to consider portion control, monitor your blood sugar
levels, and beaware of the glycaemic impact of different fruits. While fruits
are generallylower in sugar and have a lower glycaemic index compared to
processed foods,individual responses may vary. Personalized meal planning,
moderation, andbalancing fruit intake with other macronutrients are key to
maintaining bloodsugar control.
Consulting with ahealthcare professional or registered dietician who
specializes in diabetescare is highly recommended. They can provide
personalized guidance, taking intoaccount your specific needs, preferences, and
goals, to help you incorporatefruits effectively into a balanced diabetic diet.
With proper guidance andmonitoring, you can enjoy the benefits of fruits as
part of a healthy anddiabetes-friendly eating plan.
My job isto give you good advice, but you must consult a doctor before taking
my advice.
Q4 Does powder or liquid laundrydetergent work better?
A4 Colin John Cook, Former DevelopmentChemist at Neschen UK Ltd
(1986–2012)Updated 3y
I am rathersuspicious of liquid laundry detergents, in case it is a gimmick to
get moremoney out of people for the same necessity of washing clothes. There is
nothing at all wrongwith powdered detergents, and they worked fine for decades.
This is what theycontain:
1. Sodium carbonate. This is the main washingagent and is a mild alkali.
2. Sodium tripolyphosphate. This is a water softener;without it, calcium
carbonate would precipitate from hard water and cause whiteflecks on the washed
clothing.
3. Sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (NaDDBS).This is the detergent that loosens
dirt and emulsifies grease. It is generallysupplied let down slightly with
sodium sulphate to give a grainy powder form,since it is somewhat waxy in pure
form.
4. Non-ionic surfactant defoamer such as ethyleneoxide/propylene oxide block
copolymer. This prevents foam from the NaDDBS. Itshould be active in cold water
for the newer cold wash powders. Some non-ionicprecipitate in warm water and
cause defoaming. Larger amounts of non-ionic willbe active detergents and
emulsifiers.
5. Proteolytic and lipolytic enzyme. This is the'biological' component and will
digest body fluids, food stains, etc.
6. "Per" salt such as sodium percarbonate,actuallya hydrogen peroxide of
crystallisation adduct with a salt. This is thebleaching agent. It can reduce
the colour of stains. On the negative side,bleaches can lighten some dyes.
7. Per salt activator, which is a nitrogen ringcompound such as from cyanuric
acid.. This produces oxygen from the bleach.
8. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. This is astabiliser for dispersed dirt, and
prevents redeposit ion. It produces acolloidal solution or particles which
limit the mobility of the dirt particles.
9. Optical brightening agent.. This fluoresces blueunder UV light and
neutralises any slight yellowing of fabrics due to age. Blueand yellow lights
add together to produce white, whereas in subtractive (dye)mode they make green.
10. Optional blue colour specks. Just for show,although they do indicate what
the powder is for. Blue violet dyes used to beused to correct yellowing. In
this case, green is not produced even though thecolours are subtractive because
the violet part masks the yellow.
11. Perfume. Again, optional, but people expect itand it also indicates that
the powder is a detergent, to make things smellbetter!
12. Free-flow agent. There is a variety of typesincluding powdered silica gel
or magnesium carbonate. These enable theotherwise sticky mix to flow from the
box and into and from the dispenser.
** Most washing powders that I know have been'spray dried'. This gives them a
lighter bulk density so that they flow readilydown the chute with the water
current. Plain mixes of these, mainly, powderedingredients give dense powders
that do not pour easily.
Whether theimportant parts of those concepts can be all incorporated into a
liquid, Idon't know, but as a formulator I do know that compromises are often
made.
At least with thegel pods that are sold these days, some of the ingredients can
be kept separateuntil they are ready to go into action.
Q5 How is electricity obtained intrains?
A5 Info Sage, Former InsightInvestigator (2018–2022)May 22
Electricity intrains is typically obtained through one of two methods: overhead
lines (also known ascatenary systems) or third rail systems.
Let's look at bothmethods:
1. Overhead Lines (Catenary Systems):
Many electrictrains, especially those used for long-distance travel or in urban
areas,receive electricity from overhead lines. These lines consist of wires
suspendedabove the tracks. The wiresare energized with high-voltage
electricity, typically alternating current(AC).
The train itselfhas a pantograph, which is a device mounted on the roof that
extends to makecontact with the overhead wires. When the pantograph connects
with the wires,it draws the electricity from the overhead lines and transfers
it to thetrain's electrical systems. This electricity powers various
components, such asthe traction motors, lighting, air conditioning, and other
on-board systems.
2. Third Rail Systems:
In some trainsystems, particularly in urban subway or light rail networks,
***electricity is obtained from athird rail, which is a conductor located
alongside or between the tracks.The third rail is typically energized with
direct current (DC) at a highvoltage.
The train has acurrent collector, such as a shoe or a sliding contact that
makes contact withthe third rail allowing the train to draw electricity from
it. Similar to theoverhead line system, the electricity is then used to power
the train's varioussystems, including propulsion and other on-board equipment.
In summary, electricity in trains is obtained eitherthrough overhead lines or
third rail systems. The trainsuse specialized devices, such as pantographs or
current collectors, to drawelectricity from these sources, which isthen used
to power the train's propulsion, lighting, and other on boardsystems.
*** Cochin metro is using third rail whereasChennai metro is using overhead
wires.
It is ensured theO/H line get AC voltage from small substations at frequent
intervals.
All the above QA are from Quora website on 27--05-2023.
Quora answers need not be 100% correct answers.
Compiled andposted by R. Gopala krishnan, former ITS, on 27-05-2023
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