CULTURAL QA 05-2023-28 Q1 Why do airliners have to fly at 250knots when they are below 10000 feet?
A1 Vishnu Ravi, Aviation Enthusiast |Content Creator 20h Aircraft operatingbelow 10,000 feet are required to maintain a speed of 250 knots for variousimportant reasons. Let's delve into these reasons in detail: Regulations: As per the guidelines outlined in 14CFR 91.117, it is prohibited for any individual to operate an aircraft below10,000 feet mean sea level (MSL) at an indicated airspeed exceeding 250 knots,unless specifically authorized by the Administrator. Safety: The establishment of this speed limit isprimarily aimed at ensuring the safety of all aircraft in the vicinity. By adhering to the 250-knot limit, airplanes can effectively maintain anadequate distance from one another, particularly in congested airspace.This measure plays a crucial role in preventing potential mid-air collisionsand maintaining overall aviation safety. Noise Reduction: Operating at a lower speedsignificantly contributes to the reduction of noise pollution, especially indensely populated areas surrounding airports. By reducingthe velocity of aircraft, the disturbance caused by engine noise is mitigated,resulting in a more harmonious environment for nearby residents. My note- Telecom department was having atraining centre at Meenambakkam, somewhat close to airport. While attending/taking class, due to heavy noise from aircrafts, it was customary to keep silencethan teaching. Now the BSNL is conducting much training for thoserequiring employment in all fields, not only for BSNL. Enhanced Fuel Efficiency: Lowering the speedduring flights below 10,000 feet also promotes fuel conservation and emissionreduction. By adopting a reduced pace, airplanes can optimize their fuelconsumption, leading to greater efficiency and minimized environmental impact. It is important tomention that certain aircraft possess the capability to exceed 250 knotsindicated airspeed below 10,000 feet. However, these aircraft are not allowedto do so unless expressly authorized by the Administrator. Furthermore, in instances where air trafficcontrol assigns a speed higher than 250 knots while an aircraft isat or above 10,000 feet MSL, and subsequently instructs a descent below 10,000feet MSL, the aircraft mustdecelerate to 250 knots before initiating the descent. Q2 Exactly what do we need to filter outof our tap water? Certainly not everything in tap water is harmful, is it? A2 Keith Odom, Former Plant Operator -Water & Waste Water. At CDCR - Pelican Bay (1997–2003)4y The ugly actualtruth is that you don’t actually need to filter anything out of most tap water! There has alwaysbeen a big element of 'scam' to the whole consumer filtration thing. But peoplewant to feel like they are doing something for the good of their health. Andbusiness is willing to make money selling filters and bottled water. So thereyou go. I was a water treatment professional. I drink mywater straight out of the tap. Because I know that the other water treatmentprofessionals of the world take a lot of pride in doing their jobs well. And the designersand engineers who made the plans are exactly the same. We spend our time makingsure that the water is safe to drink. That said… occasionallythere are problems or situations where the water is not safe to drink. Very old watersystems that have not been maintained well can be a problem. The pipes canstart leaking and bad microbes can infiltrate into the water. I had an aunt whohad to either buy bottled water or boil the tap water. Because she lived wayout in the country, her tap water was being pulled straight off a nearby farmwater canal. Canals can harbour bad microbes. In Detroit a coupleof years ago there were big problems with tap water causing disease. A hugescandal. Detroit had changed the source of where they got their water from. The new source, which was anearby river, had unsafe water. And, the Water Plant managers, andmore importantly, the City business managers, didn’t want to face up to theproblem, which they did know about, and the huge money expenses required to fixthe problem. So they lied and denied and lots of people drank tainted water. Ihope those managers go to jail. So, at the risk of repeating myself, for most people inmost places, there isn’t anything they need to do extra to filter their water. My note- While I had training as phone inspector(1965’s) we were toldonly tap water is used for preparing batteries, but in India we use distilledwater as tap water is not pure in India. Water was so pure in London at thattime. During my student days in Kerala (till 1964’s) we usedwater from wells for drinking. It was filtered onlyduring rainy seasons. Basic waterfiltering was only known using charcoal saw dust and sand and was available inmajor offices. Q3 What fruits are good for diabetics? A3 Farhad Rajshahi, Health Tips19h For diabetics, it's generally recommended to choosefruits that are low in sugar and have a lower glycaemic index (GI).Here are some fruits that are considered good choices for diabetics: 1. Berries: Strawberries, blueberries, raspberries, andblackberries are all low in sugar and high in fibre, which can help regulateblood sugar levels. 2. Apples: Apples are a good source of fibre andhave a moderate GI. They also contain antioxidants and vitamins. 3. Citrus fruits: Oranges, lemons, limes, andgrapefruits are low in sugar and rich in vitamin C. They also provide fibre. 4. Cherries: Cherries have a lower glycaemic indexcompared to many other fruits and are packed with antioxidants. 5. Pears: Pears are a good source of fibre and havea lower glycaemic index. Choose fresh pears over canned ones, as canned pearsoften have added sugars. 6. Kiwi: Kiwis are low in sugar and high in fibre. Theyalso provide a good amount of vitamin C and other nutrients. 7. Avocado: While technically a fruit, avocados arelow in carbohydrates and high in healthy fats, making them a good choice fordiabetics. Remember thatportion control is still important, even when consuming fruits that areconsidered good for diabetics. It's best to consult with aregistered dietician or healthcare professional for personalized advice basedon your specific dietary needs and blood sugar management goals. Here's someadditional information regarding fruits for diabetics: 1. Portion control: While fruits can be a healthy partof a diabetic diet, it's important to consume them in moderation. Even though they containnatural sugars, they can still affect blood sugar levels. Be mindful of portionsizes and consider balancing your fruit intake with other low-carbohydratefoods. 2. Whole fruits vs. fruit juices: Whole fruits aregenerally a better choice than fruit juices. Whole fruits contain more fibre,which can help slow down the absorption of sugar into the bloodstream. Fruitjuices, on the other hand, can cause a more rapid spike in blood sugar levelsdue to their higher sugar concentration and lack of fibre. If you prefer fruitjuice, opt for freshly squeezed or 100% juice options without added sugars, andconsume them in moderation. 3. Glycemic index (GI): The glycaemic index is ascale that measures how quickly carbohydrates in food raise blood sugar levels.Foods with a lower GI are digested more slowly, causing a slower and moregradual increase in blood sugar. Generally, fruits with a low to moderate GIare better for diabetics. However, it's important to note that the glycaemicindex can vary depending on the ripeness of the fruit and how it's prepared(e.g., cooked, raw, or blended). 4. Individual differences: The impactof fruits on blood sugar levels can vary betweenindividuals. Factors such as overall diet, medication,physical activity, and personal blood sugar response can influence how fruitsaffect blood glucose. It'simportant to monitor your blood sugar levels regularly and work with ahealthcare professional or registered dietician to determine which fruits workbest for you. 5. Balanced meals: When incorporating fruits intoyour meals, it's advisable to combine them with other foods that provideprotein, healthy fats, and fibre. This can help slow down digestion andminimize the impact on blood sugar levels. For example, you could pair a smallapple with a handful of almonds or have berries with Greek yogurt. Remember, it'salways a good idea to consult with a healthcare professional or a registered dieticianwho specializes in diabetes care for personalized advice tailored to yourspecific needs and health goals. Here are somebenefits and advantages of including fruits in the diet of individuals with diabetes: 1. Nutrient-rich: Fruits are packed with essentialvitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that are beneficial for overall health.They provide a wide range of nutrients, including vitamin C, potassium, folate,and various phytochemicals, which can support the immune system, promote cellhealth, and help protect against chronic diseases. 2. High in fibre: Many fruits are excellent sources ofdietary fibre. Fibre helps regulate blood sugar levels by slowing down theabsorption of sugars into the bloodstream. It can also contribute to improveddigestion, help control appetite, and support weight management. 3. Low in unhealthy fats: Fruits are naturally low inunhealthy fats, particularly saturated and Trans fats, which are linked to anincreased risk of heart disease. By incorporating fruits into the diet,individuals with diabetes can choose a healthier alternative to high-fat snacksand desserts. 4. Hydration: Many fruits have high water content,which can contribute to proper hydration. Staying hydrated is important foroverall health and helps support various bodily functions. 5. Satiety and weight management: The fibrecontent in fruits, along with their natural sweetness, can help promote afeeling of fullness and satiety. This can be beneficial for individuals withdiabetes who are looking to manage their weight or prevent overeating. 6. Versatility and variety: Fruits offer a wide array ofoptions, flavours, and textures, allowing individuals to enjoy a varied andenjoyable diet. From berries and citrus fruits to tropical fruits and melons,there are numerous choices available to suit different preferences. 7. Healthier dessert options: For those with a sweettooth, fruits can be a healthier alternative to high-sugar desserts. Byincorporating fruits into desserts or enjoying those on their own, individualswith diabetes can satisfy their cravings for sweetness while consumingessential nutrients and fewer added sugars. It's important tonote that the benefits of fruits for individuals with diabetes can varydepending on individual needs, overall diet, and blood sugar control. It's recommendedto work with a healthcare professional or registered dietician who specializesin diabetes care to determine the best approach to incorporating fruits into abalanced diabetic diet. While fruitsoffer many benefits for individuals with diabetes, there are a fewconsiderations or potential downsides to keep in mind: 1. Natural sugars: Fruits contain natural sugars,mainly fructose. Although these sugars are accompanied by fibre and nutrients,they can still impact blood sugar levels. It's essential to monitor portionsizes and be mindful of overall carbohydrate intake to maintain blood sugarcontrol. 2. Glycemic impact: While most fruits have a lowerglycaemic index (GI), some fruits, particularly those that are ripe oroverripe, may have a higher GI. This means they can cause a quicker increase inblood sugar levels. It's important to consider the ripeness and preparation offruits when planning meals and snacks. 3. Individual responses: Every person with diabetesmay respond differently to different fruits. Some individuals may find thatcertain fruits cause a larger increase in their blood sugar levels compared toothers. It's important to monitor blood sugar levels and observe personalresponses to determine which fruits work well for you. 4. Portion control and moderation: While fruits offerhealth benefits, it's crucial to consume them in moderation and practiceportion control. Eating large amounts of fruits, even those lower in sugar, canstill contribute to overall carbohydrate intake, potentially affecting bloodsugar levels. Balancing fruit intake with other macronutrients and consideringoverall calorie and carbohydrate goals is important. 5. Fruit juices and dried fruits: Fruit juices and driedfruits can be more concentrated in sugar and have a higher glycaemic impactcompared to whole fruits. They can also be lower in fibre content. It'sadvisable to limit consumption of fruit juices and dried fruits or chooseoptions without added sugars and enjoy them in small quantities. 6. Allergiesor sensitivities: Some individuals may have allergies or sensitivities tospecific fruits. It's important to be aware of any known allergies or reactionsand avoid fruits that may trigger adverse symptoms. Remember, it'scrucial to work with a healthcare professional or registered dietician whospecializes in diabetes care to create a personalized meal plan that takes intoaccount your individual needs, preferences, and blood sugar management goals.They can provide guidance on fruit selection, portion sizes, and overalldietary considerations for optimal diabetes management. Conclusion: In conclusion,fruits can be a valuable and nutritious part of a diabetic diet. They offeressential vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and fibre, making them a healthierchoice compared to high-sugar snacks and desserts. By incorporating fruits intoyour meals and snacks, you can enjoy their numerous benefits while supportingyour overall health and blood sugar control. However, it'simportant to consider portion control, monitor your blood sugar levels, and beaware of the glycaemic impact of different fruits. While fruits are generallylower in sugar and have a lower glycaemic index compared to processed foods,individual responses may vary. Personalized meal planning, moderation, andbalancing fruit intake with other macronutrients are key to maintaining bloodsugar control. Consulting with ahealthcare professional or registered dietician who specializes in diabetescare is highly recommended. They can provide personalized guidance, taking intoaccount your specific needs, preferences, and goals, to help you incorporatefruits effectively into a balanced diabetic diet. With proper guidance andmonitoring, you can enjoy the benefits of fruits as part of a healthy anddiabetes-friendly eating plan. My job isto give you good advice, but you must consult a doctor before taking my advice. Q4 Does powder or liquid laundrydetergent work better? A4 Colin John Cook, Former DevelopmentChemist at Neschen UK Ltd (1986–2012)Updated 3y I am rathersuspicious of liquid laundry detergents, in case it is a gimmick to get moremoney out of people for the same necessity of washing clothes. There is nothing at all wrongwith powdered detergents, and they worked fine for decades. This is what theycontain: 1. Sodium carbonate. This is the main washingagent and is a mild alkali. 2. Sodium tripolyphosphate. This is a water softener;without it, calcium carbonate would precipitate from hard water and cause whiteflecks on the washed clothing. 3. Sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (NaDDBS).This is the detergent that loosens dirt and emulsifies grease. It is generallysupplied let down slightly with sodium sulphate to give a grainy powder form,since it is somewhat waxy in pure form. 4. Non-ionic surfactant defoamer such as ethyleneoxide/propylene oxide block copolymer. This prevents foam from the NaDDBS. Itshould be active in cold water for the newer cold wash powders. Some non-ionicprecipitate in warm water and cause defoaming. Larger amounts of non-ionic willbe active detergents and emulsifiers. 5. Proteolytic and lipolytic enzyme. This is the'biological' component and will digest body fluids, food stains, etc. 6. "Per" salt such as sodium percarbonate,actuallya hydrogen peroxide of crystallisation adduct with a salt. This is thebleaching agent. It can reduce the colour of stains. On the negative side,bleaches can lighten some dyes. 7. Per salt activator, which is a nitrogen ringcompound such as from cyanuric acid.. This produces oxygen from the bleach. 8. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. This is astabiliser for dispersed dirt, and prevents redeposit ion. It produces acolloidal solution or particles which limit the mobility of the dirt particles. 9. Optical brightening agent.. This fluoresces blueunder UV light and neutralises any slight yellowing of fabrics due to age. Blueand yellow lights add together to produce white, whereas in subtractive (dye)mode they make green. 10. Optional blue colour specks. Just for show,although they do indicate what the powder is for. Blue violet dyes used to beused to correct yellowing. In this case, green is not produced even though thecolours are subtractive because the violet part masks the yellow. 11. Perfume. Again, optional, but people expect itand it also indicates that the powder is a detergent, to make things smellbetter! 12. Free-flow agent. There is a variety of typesincluding powdered silica gel or magnesium carbonate. These enable theotherwise sticky mix to flow from the box and into and from the dispenser. ** Most washing powders that I know have been'spray dried'. This gives them a lighter bulk density so that they flow readilydown the chute with the water current. Plain mixes of these, mainly, powderedingredients give dense powders that do not pour easily. Whether theimportant parts of those concepts can be all incorporated into a liquid, Idon't know, but as a formulator I do know that compromises are often made. At least with thegel pods that are sold these days, some of the ingredients can be kept separateuntil they are ready to go into action. Q5 How is electricity obtained intrains? A5 Info Sage, Former InsightInvestigator (2018–2022)May 22 Electricity intrains is typically obtained through one of two methods: overhead lines (also known ascatenary systems) or third rail systems. Let's look at bothmethods: 1. Overhead Lines (Catenary Systems): Many electrictrains, especially those used for long-distance travel or in urban areas,receive electricity from overhead lines. These lines consist of wires suspendedabove the tracks. The wiresare energized with high-voltage electricity, typically alternating current(AC). The train itselfhas a pantograph, which is a device mounted on the roof that extends to makecontact with the overhead wires. When the pantograph connects with the wires,it draws the electricity from the overhead lines and transfers it to thetrain's electrical systems. This electricity powers various components, such asthe traction motors, lighting, air conditioning, and other on-board systems. 2. Third Rail Systems: In some trainsystems, particularly in urban subway or light rail networks, ***electricity is obtained from athird rail, which is a conductor located alongside or between the tracks.The third rail is typically energized with direct current (DC) at a highvoltage. The train has acurrent collector, such as a shoe or a sliding contact that makes contact withthe third rail allowing the train to draw electricity from it. Similar to theoverhead line system, the electricity is then used to power the train's varioussystems, including propulsion and other on-board equipment. In summary, electricity in trains is obtained eitherthrough overhead lines or third rail systems. The trainsuse specialized devices, such as pantographs or current collectors, to drawelectricity from these sources, which isthen used to power the train's propulsion, lighting, and other on boardsystems. *** Cochin metro is using third rail whereasChennai metro is using overhead wires. It is ensured theO/H line get AC voltage from small substations at frequent intervals. All the above QA are from Quora website on 27--05-2023. Quora answers need not be 100% correct answers. Compiled andposted by R. Gopala krishnan, former ITS, on 27-05-2023 -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [email protected]. To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/1615917958.2245971.1685196801870%40mail.yahoo.com.
