CULTURAL QA 07-2023-25 by Mr G and edited if so necessary on facts virtual
by KR IRS 25723
Q1 Indian Railway now charges Rs. 60 for an automatic cancelled
waitlist ticket. Is it fair? Why does nobody complain against it? Why do we
pay 60 for not getting a seat?
G My note- Probably agency booking without any details are told.
Railway may announce booking only before a month. However charging Rs 60-00
for cancellation of waiting list ticket is TOO MUCH.I have corrected the
language at many places. I could not think, it is the language of a senior
design engineer.(?)
KR A complexed person is always a complexed one -Sigmund Freud. A
perfect 10, if there are corrections, RENDERING, at least one can
understand that the perfectionists are up to something. However, there is
dust at one’s back a lot, spelling and grammatical mistakes often seen and
shown also (which is not acknowledged) may not say the other kettle is
black. And what is understandable is the logic of a post by comparing which
one admitted that he is a lower stratum and hence complexed also. There
used to be the same story told as Buddha and Christ: one who is sinless may
throw the first stone.
Commercial organisations would decide many methods to augment their
profit; Railways is also a commercial organisation. They have every right
to rob Paul and pay Peter. Is this the only one? In Railways there are
people who block and cancel as they plan and dis-plan; this might track
away people who genuinely want to genuinely travel also, who might change
their orientations. When I see the waiting list as 50, where the genuine
can be just 10, I might have booked as I am sure to travel. But the 40 who
are going to cancel one day before distracted me; so, let them pay the
penalty. Are there not organisations where advance is taken and if
cancelled, we lose the advance? Are there not Banks who on pre-closure take
away one month or one quarter interest?
Q2 Why is the centre of the earth still so hot?
KR THE SCIENCE America says as a mental hypothesis (means even now
no one knows how long an iron molten can keep on burning without any
outlet?)
There are three main sources of heat in the deep earth: (1) heat from when
the planet formed and accreted, which has not yet been lost; (2) frictional
heating, caused by denser core material sinking to the center of the
planet; and (3) heat from the decay of radioactive elements.
It takes a rather long time for heat to move out of the earth. This occurs
through both "convective" transport of heat within the earth's liquid outer
core and solid mantle and slower "conductive" transport of heat through
non-convecting boundary layers, such as the earth's plates at the surface.
As a result, much of the planet's primordial heat, from when the earth
first accreted and developed its core, has been retained.
The amount of heat that can arise through simple accretionary
processes, bringing
small bodies together to form the proto-earth, is large: on the order of
10,000 kelvins (about 18,000 degrees Farhenheit). The crucial issue is how
much of that energy was deposited into the growing earth and how much was
reradiated into space. Indeed, the currently accepted idea for how the moon
was formed involves the impact or accretion of a Mars-size object with or
by the proto-earth. When two objects of this size collide, large amounts of
heat are generated, of which quite a lot is retained. This single episode
could have largely melted the outermost several thousand kilometers of the
planet.
Additionally, descent of the dense iron-rich material that makes up the
core of the planet to the center would produce heating on the order of
2,000 kelvins (about 3,000 degrees F). The magnitude of the third main
source of heat--radioactive heating--is uncertain. The precise abundances
of radioactive elements (primarily potassium, uranium and thorium) are
poorly known in deep earth.
In sum, there was no shortage of heat in the early earth, and the planet's
inability to cool off quickly results in the continued high temperatures of
the Earth's interior. In effect, not only do the earth's plates act as a
blanket on the interior, but not even convective heat transport in the
solid mantle provides a particularly efficient mechanism for heat loss. The
planet does lose some heat through the processes that drive plate
tectonics, especially at mid-ocean ridges. For comparison, smaller bodies
such as Mars and the Moon show little evidence for recent tectonic activity
or volcanism.
We derive our primary estimate of the temperature of the deep earth from
the melting behavior of iron at ultrahigh pressures. We know that the
earth's core depths from 2,886 kilometers to the center at 6,371 kilometers
(1,794 to 3,960 miles), is predominantly iron, with some contaminants. How?
The speed of sound through the core (as measured from the velocity at which
seismic waves travel across it) and the density of the core are quite
similar to those seen in of iron at high pressures and temperatures, as
measured in the laboratory. Iron is the only element that closely matches
the seismic properties of the earth's core and is also sufficiently
abundant present in sufficient abundance in the universe to make up the
approximately 35 percent of the mass of the planet present in the core.
The earth's core is divided into two separate regions: the liquid outer
core and the solid inner core, with the transition between the two lying at
a depth of 5,156 kilometers (3,204 miles). Therefore, If we can measure the
melting temperature of iron at the extreme pressure of the boundary between
the inner and outer cores, then this lab temperature should reasonably
closely approximate the real temperature at this liquid-solid interface.
Scientists in mineral physics laboratories use lasers and high-pressure
devices called diamond-anvil cells to re-create these hellish pressures and
temperatures as closely as possible.
Those experiments provide a stiff challenge, but our estimates for the
melting temperature of iron at these conditions range from about 4,500 to
7,500 kelvins (about 7,600 to 13,000 degrees F). As the outer core is fluid
and presumably convecting (and with an additional correction for the
presence of impurities in the outer core), we can extrapolate this range of
temperatures to a temperature at the base of Earth's mantle (the top of the
outer core) of roughly 3,500 to 5,500 kelvins (5,800 to 9,400 degrees F) at
the base of the earth's mantle.
The bottom line here is simply that a large part of the interior of the
planet (the outer core) is composed of somewhat impure molten iron alloy.
The melting temperature of iron under deep-earth conditions is high, thus
providing prima facie evidence that the deep earth is quite hot.
How do we know the temperature? The answer is that we really don't--at
least not with great certainty or precision. The center of the earth lies
6,400 kilometers (4,000 miles) beneath our feet, but the deepest that it
has ever been possible to drill to make direct measurements of temperature
(or other physical quantities) is just about 10 kilometers (six miles).
Q3 Why aren't we seeing Chinese-made planes flying around yet?
KR Simple answer; China makes war planes. But The C919, China's
first large, domestically produced passenger jet, flies on its first
commercial flight from Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport on May 28,
2023. So why so many bottomless features?
Q4 Do airliners fly over the Himalayas?
KR This question specific about the Himalayas only sounds a bit of
childish awe. NO FLY ZONES ARE SO MANY MOUNTAIN, SEAS, ANTARCTICA
BUILDINGS, CAPITALS ETC. Weather, safety and secutity are the main reasons.
Q5 Could there be world changing archeological discoveries waiting
to be made underneath the sands of the Sahara Desert?
KR A good one
All the above QA are from Quora website on 25-07- 2023. Quora answers
need not be 100% correct answers . Compiled and posted by R. Gopala
krishnan, on 25-07-2023
KR IRS 25723
On Tue, 25 Jul 2023 at 07:38, 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 <
[email protected]> wrote:
> *CULTURAL QA 07-2023-25*
>
> Q1 Indian Railway now charges Rs. 60 for an automatic cancelled
> waitlist ticket. Is it fair? Why does nobody complain against it? Why do we
> pay 60 for not getting a seat?
>
> A1 Saurabh Bhardwaj, Former Senior Design Engineer at Cyient
> Hyderabad (2015–2020)Jun 6
>
> Generally we have seen long waiting list during festivals and vacations.
> Some persons are booked tickets when ticket window open means 120 days
> before traveling date. Due to this, normal person are not getting tickets
> when they required. These persons may book tickets that ticket counter
> where the tickets are issued probably lesser.
>
> They got tickets with less time and sell to us higher rate. So to stop
> this, Indian railway charge 60 rupees. Previously it was less now
> increasing. Indian railway may take other steps which will be helpful for
> passenger.
>
> *If Indian railway will not make any charges, the tickets cancellation
> will increase.* When Indian railway upgrade ticket from sleeper to 3 tier
> AC, 3 tier AC to 2 tier AC. We will never pay to Indian railway difference.
> That time we are happy that our seat have upgraded.
>
> Whenever Indian railway do something for passenger it's always
> beneficial for passenger.
>
> My note- Probably agency booking without any details are told. Railway
> may announce booking only before a month. However charging Rs 60-00 for
> cancellation of waiting list ticket is TOO MUCH.
>
> *I have corrected the language at many places. I could not think, it is
> the language of a senior design engineer.(?)*
>
> Q2 Why is the centre of the earth still so hot?
>
> Q2 T. Barczuk, Studied at Gdansk University of Technology Updated
> Jul 17
>
> The center of the Earth is extremely hot. It can reach 5000 C/9000 F. Why
> is there such a difference between the temperature on the surface and the
> temperature deep inside?
>
> *Our solar system formed from a gravitational collapse of a gas cloud that
> a supernova explosion might have triggered*. As the matter was
> contracting, it spun. This compressed the matter to a much smaller volume
> of our Sun. *This compression heating started nuclear fusion in our star,
> which continues to this day*.
>
> * The remaining gas cloud was infalling into Sun and flattened to form a
> disk. Similar to what happens in the bathtub when water flows away*.
> Small perturbations in the density of tiny particles made the disk fragment
> and caused larger and larger objects to clump together. This is how planets
> formed. *Much heat in the center of our world comes from compression
> heating, just like in the Sun but on a smaller scale*.
>
> *The second source of this heat is radioactive elements like potassium,
> uranium, and thorium, which have been decaying ever since our planet
> formed.* This contributed more in the beginning. It has already been 4.5
> billion years, and some of these radioactive elements have decayed by now.
> Additionally,
> there is heating caused by friction between denser parts of our planet's
> interior and less dense parts as they sink deeper.
>
> If our planet weren't as big as it is, this heat would have gone into
> space by now and made Earth geologically inactive.
>
> *The volcanos would cease to spew magma, and the metallic core of our
> planet would stop spinning, which would result in our planet's magnetic
> field going down.* It would expose the surface life to *increased danger
> from radiation from space if life on the surface existed in this case.*
>
> Q3 Why aren't we seeing Chinese-made planes flying around yet?
>
> A3 Vishnu Ravi,Aerospace Engineer | Aviation Enthusiast &
> Content Creator22h
>
> Unlock the skies with the potential of Chinese-made planes! *The
> remarkable Comac C919, China's first large homegrown passenger jet, soared
> into the skies with its maiden commercial flight in June 2023*. While it
> proudly carries the Chinese spirit, it's important to note that *some of
> its components come from foreign suppliers, mainly from North America and
> Europe.* Experts reveal that the proportion of imported parts is
> significantly higher than the 40% claimed by Chinese state media, which
> adds to the global collaboration and excellence of this aircraft.
>
> However, there are a few reasons why these Chinese-made planes are yet to
> unleash their full potential:
>
> Vertical Integration: The airframe production relies heavily on Chinese
> suppliers, embracing a strategic approach. This intricate collaboration
> showcases China's determination to develop a comprehensive aviation
> ecosystem.
>
> Profitability: Pre-pandemic, flights to China weren't always financially
> lucrative, and Chinese airlines operated flights to the U.S. with less
> frequency. Now, the dynamic market conditions offer fresh opportunities for
> profitable expansion.
>
> COVID-19 Restrictions: The unprecedented challenges of the pandemic led
> to strict travel restrictions between China and the U.S., impacting the
> frequency of flights. As the world recovers, the skies are opening up
> again, presenting a fresh window of opportunity.
>
> Airspace Restrictions: In the aftermath of Russia's territorial actions,
> European airlines adjusted their routes, making lengthy detours to avoid
> its airspace. This, in turn, gives an edge to Asian carriers who can still
> utilize Russian airspace for long-haul flights, creating a temporary
> advantage.
>
> As the aviation landscape evolves, Chinese-made planes hold immense promise,
> and collaboration among global partners can propel them to new heights.
> Embracing innovation and adapting to the evolving market demands, the sky's
> the limit for these impressive aircraft. Get ready to embark on a journey
> of seamless travel with the Comac C919 and other future marvels!
>
> Q4 Do airliners fly over the Himalayas?
>
> A4 Vishnu Ravi,Aerospace Engineer | Aviation Enthusiast &
> Content Creator23h
>
> Discover the allure and excitement of traversing the majestic Himalayas*,
> a route that only the boldest airlines dare to undertake*. While some
> modern airplanes possess the technical prowess to conquer these soaring
> peaks, *most commercial airlines shy away from this adventure due to
> safety concerns.* Extending over an astounding 2,300 kilometers with
> elevations reaching a staggering 6,000 meters, the *Himalayas present a
> formidable challenge. Everest, standing tall at 8,848 meters, commands
> respect and admiration, but also caution.*
>
> The Himalayan region demands a certain level of expertise, as commercial
> airlines are restricted from flying below FL310 in this vicinity,
> eliminating several aircraft types from long-haul possibilities. *The
> altitude required for passage over the Himalayas becomes a crucial factor,
> discouraging many airlines from embracing this extraordinary journey*.
> Beyond the physical limitations, potential flying hazards in this region
> raise additional apprehensions, dissuading airlines from opting for this
> route.
>
> One of the primary concerns lies in the event of an emergency. Pilots
> face extraordinary constraints and limited options amidst these towering
> peaks. The scarcity of flat surfaces compounds the challenge, making
> emergency landings a daring feat. Despite these daunting factors, some
> airlines, especially Chinese carriers, dare to embark on this thrilling
> aerial odyssey. Additionally, there are select domestic flights within
> Nepal that traverse the high Himalayas, adding to the mystique of this
> breath taking route.
>
> Step into the world of intrepid travelers and daring pilots as they
> venture over the awe-inspiring Himalayas, a journey that promises both
> unparalleled beauty and unwavering vigilance. Though not for the faint of
> heart, this adventure remains a testament to human ingenuity and courage.
> Join the ranks of those who embrace the extraordinary and experience the
> magnificence of the Himalayas from a perspective few will ever know.
>
> Q5 Could there be world changing archeological discoveries
> waiting to be made underneath the sands of the Sahara Desert?
>
> A5 Euterpe Muse,16h
>
> Absolutely. The Sahara Desert is a vast and ancient landscape that has
> been home to humans for thousands of years. As the desert has expanded
> and contracted over time, it has buried countless settlements, artifacts,
> and even entire civilizations.
>
> In recent years, archaeologists have made some remarkable discoveries,
> including the remains of ancient cities, temples, and even pyramids.
> These discoveries even have the potential to change our understanding of
> the world.
>
> For example, in 2007, archaeologists discovered the ruins of a massive
> city in the Sahara that was once home to over 20,000 people.
>
> Stone Age mass graves reveal green Sahara
>
> Sahara desert was lush and people thrived 10,000 years ago – before the
> climate changed for the worse
>
>
> https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14536-stone-age-mass-graves-reveal-green-sahara/
>
> This city, known as Gobero, was built around 5,000 years ago and thrived
> for over 2,000 years. This discovery challenged the long-held belief that
> the Sahara was always a desert. The region was once much more hospitable to
> human life, and it raised the possibility that other lost cities may still
> be buried beneath the sands.
>
> *In 2018, archaeologists discovered a group of 500 ancient rock art
> paintings in the Sahara.*
>
> These paintings depict a wide variety of animals, including elephants,
> giraffes, and lions. They also show humans hunting and gathering, basically
> telling us how early humans were living in the Sahara thousands of years
> ago.
>
> Chariots In The Sahara
>
> A number of sites from this Collection are located in the Libyan Desert,
> notably the Fezzan region, and include paintings of chariots in a variety
> of forms dating to the Horse Period, from up to 3,000 years ago.
>
> This has stimulated some interesting questions about the use of chariots
> in what appears to be such a seemingly inappropriate environment for a
> wheeled vehicle, as well as the nature of representation. WHY were
> chariots used in the desert ways? The chariot has been one of the great
> empowering
> innovations of history. It likely originated in Mesopotamia about 3000 BC
> due to advances in metallurgy during the Bronze Age, and has served as a
> primary means of transport until quite recently in the historical period
> across Africa, Eurasia and Europe. Chariots provided rapid and efficient
> transport, and were ideal for the battlefield as the design provided a
> raised firing platform for archers . As a result the chariot became the
> principal war machine from the Egyptians through to the Romans; and the
> Chinese, who owned an army of 10,000 chariots.
>
> *Indeed, our use of the word car is a derivative of the Latin word carrus,
> meaning ‘a chariot of war or of triumph’.* The chariot in the Sahara was
> probably introduced by the Garamantes, a cultural group thought to be
> descended from Berbers and Saharan pastoralists. *There is little textual
> information about the Garamantes, documentation comes mainly from Greek and
> Roman sources.*
>
> Herodotus described them as ‘a very great nation’. Recent archaeological
> research has shown that the Garamantes established about eight major towns
> as well as numerous other settlements, and were ‘brilliant farmers,
> resourceful engineers, and enterprising merchants’. The success of the
> Garamantes was based on their subterranean water-extraction system, a
> network of underground tunnels, allowing the Garamantian culture to
> flourish in an increasingly arid environment, resulting in population
> expansion, urbanisation, and conquest. On average there are about 500
> drawings of chariots across the Sahara, from the Fezzan in Libya through
> the Aïr of Niger into northern Mali and then westward to the Atlantic coast;
> but not all were produced by the Garamantes. It is still not certain that
> chariots were driven along the routes where their depictions occur; remains
> of chariots have never been found west of the Fezzan. *However, the
> Fezzan states were thriving trade routes and chariots are likely to have
> been used to transport salt, cloth, beads and metal goods in exchange for
> gold, ivory and slaves*. The widespread occurrence of chariot imagery on
> Saharan rock outcrops has led to the proposition of ‘chariot routes’
> linking North and West Africa. However, these vehicles were not suited for
> long-distance transport across desert terrain; more localised use is
> probable, conducted through middlemen who were aware of the trade routes
> through the desert landscape. Additionally, the horse at this time was a p
>
> https://africanrockart.britishmuseum.org/thematic/chariots-in-the-sahara/
>
> These are just a few examples,
>
> *As archaeologists continue to explore this vast and ancient landscape,
> they are likely to make many more discoveries that will expand our
> knowledge.* The Sahara Desert is a vast and mysterious place, and it is
> likely to hold many more secrets for archaeologists to uncover. I am
> excited to see what new discoveries are made in the years to come…
>
> *All the above QA are from Quora website on 25-07- 2023.*
>
> *Quora answers need not be 100% correct answers .*
>
> *Compiled **and posted by R. Gopala krishnan, on 25-07-2023*
>
>
>
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