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On Tue, 9 Apr 2024 at 02:03, venkat giri <venkat_...@yahoo.co.in> wrote:
>
> *Respected Sir/s,*
>
> - *EMOTIONS** arise from activations of specialized neuronal
> populations in several parts of the cerebral cortex, notably the anterior
> cingulate, insula, ventromedial prefrontal, and subcortical structures,
> such as the amygdala, ventral striatum, putamen, caudate nucleus, and
> ventral tegmental area.*
> - *FEELINGS* are conscious, emotional experiences of these activations
> that contribute to neuronal networks mediating thoughts, language, and
> behavior, thus enhancing the ability to predict, learn, and reappraise
> stimuli and situations in the environment based on previous experiences.
> Contemporary theories of emotion converge around the key role of the
> *AMYGDAL* as the central subcortical emotional brain structure that
> constantly evaluates and integrates a variety of sensory information from
> the surroundings and assigns them appropriate values of emotional
> dimensions, such as valence, intensity, and approachability. The
> amygdala participates in the regulation of autonomic and endocrine
> functions, decision-making and adaptations of instinctive and motivational
> behaviors to changes in the environment through implicit associative
> learning, changes in short- and long-term synaptic plasticity, and
> activation of the fight-or-flight response via efferent projections from
> its central nucleus to cortical and subcortical structures.
> - *EMOTIONS played a major role in survival during human evolution and
> in effective psychological functioning in human societies *. Unlike
> reflexes—automatic and uncontrollable narrowly-tuned responses to specific
> stimuli—emotions emerged and were selected in evolution because they better
> addressed problems of adaptation to a constantly changing environment .
> Among others, adaptive abilities to find food, water and shelter, to find
> sexual partners (mates), to provide adequate protection, nurturing, and
> care for offspring, and most importantly, to avoid danger and escape from
> life-threatening situations were probably critical *. It has been
> speculated that emotions initially arose when reflexes were “*
> *DECOUPLED**”* to include another layer of nerve cells on top of
> them—the evolutionary emergence of central emotional states .
> -
>
> *CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN (** 12 February
> 1809 – 19 April 1882 )*was probably the first to study the evolution of
> emotional reactions and facial expressions systematically and to
> recognize the importance of emotions for the adaptation of the organism to
> various stimuli and environmental situations. After a detailed
> description of individual facial expressions as well as the motor apparatus
> involved in the expression of each individual emotion in his 1872 book, *The
> expression of emotions in man and animals*, he concluded that emotions in
> humans, just as in animals, have a common evolutionary history . By
> presenting the findings that certain emotional facial expressions have
> universal meaning for people in different parts of the world, Darwin
> anticipated research of facial expressions that would not begin until more
> than a century later. From an evolutionary perspective, emotions allow for
> the coordination of a whole range of different processes with the goal of
> resolving immediate and urgent issues.While Darwin proposed that facial
> expressions of emotion are universal, he also proposed that gestures are
> culture-specific conventions. This has proven to be correct.
>
> *CLASSICAL THEORIES OF EMOTION:*
> * Some of the first theories of emotion attempted to explain the
> close relation between physiological changes and the subjective experience
> of an emotion or a feeling. William James, Lange, and Sergi independently
> assumed, counterintuitively, that subjective emotional experience is caused
> by changes in the body. What they meant was that fear, for example, is
> experienced due to bodily changes brought about by a specific environmental
> stimulus and that interpretation of that physical response due to changes
> in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) results in an emotional experience.
> In their view, after being faced with a frightening stimulus, a
> physiological response to that stimulus would occur before the subjective
> experience of an emotion.One will begin to tremble, and heart begins to
> race. The James-Lange theory proposes that this is interpreted as physical
> reactions and conclude that one is frightened ("I am trembling. Therefore
> I am afraid.")*
>
> * James defined in 1884 that “the bodily changes
> follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and that our feeling
> of the same changes as they occur is the emotion” Specific brain areas
> (e.g., visual or auditory cortices) process a particular stimulus and
> evaluate its meaning and relevance. If the stimulus is emotionally
> important, the information is relayed to the ANS, whose activation leads to
> a*
> *fight-or-flight response. The “conscious part” of the brain then detects
> bodily arousal and interprets the emotional nature of the experienced
> physiological state . According to James, different emotions are
> experienced differently because they arise from different constellations of
> physiological responses. This James–Lange theory, the first theory of
> emotion, was later modified and called the Peripheral theory of emotions ;
> because it emphasizes the importance of bodily responses for the emergence
> of emotions . One of the examples that speaks in favour of James’s theory
> is the effect of Benzodiazepines, a class of anxiolytic drugs, which are
> also muscle relaxants . According to the theory, Tense muscles signal
> anxiety to the brain. So, when muscles relax, the brain no longer receives
> this information and the subject becomes less anxious.*
> * ANTONIO DAMASIO , a Portuguese neuroscientist, has recently
> complemented and reformulated the peripheral theory of emotions. His
> reasoning can be summed up in the claim that emotions are unconsciously
> formed in the central nervous system (CNS) based on interoceptive and
> proprioceptive afferent body signals and correlate, to a large extent, with
> consciously produced feelings in the later course of processing the initial
> stimuli . Although this theory does not provide a holistic view of emotions
> and their processing, it has significantly contributed to the idea that
> emotional experiences involve knowing one’s current and previous bodily
> states, which is the basis of the concept of embodied cognition . According
> to Damasio, without the self-representation of one’s own image (of the
> whole body) and its constant updating, adults would be as helpless as
> newborns ;because emotions unaccompanied by conscious feelings would not be
> sufficient for survival. However, once embodied, emotions can exist
> exclusively within the CNS, as exemplified by deafferentation phenomena,
> such as phantom pain. The CNS must consistently update all information
> about the state of the body to regulate all the processes that keep it
> alive as the only way an organism can maintain homeostasis and survive in a
> constantly changing environment. According to the concept of embodied
> cognition, emotions are grounded throughout the individual as well as its
> entire personal experience involving the adaptation of all systems to
> sensory experience . Damasio proposed that the main difference between
> humans, apes, and other animals is the level and elaboration of body
> self-image, which in humans, is extremely large (broader core self-image)
> and includes autobiographical memory, while in other species, it includes
> only a significantly lower level (core self-image), depending on the degree
> of cortical development. Damasio’s proposal also implies that there is no
> pure perception (i.e., interpretation without bodily experiences) and that
> by controlling motor behaviour and its consequences on proprioception and
> interoception, one could regulate one’s emotions and thus influence
> feelings. This concept is used, for example, in DANCE PSYCHO THERAPY, where
> the therapist helps the patient to evoke, process, and regulate certain
> emotions through movement . Likewise, exploring and practicing new and yet
> unknown motor patterns can help a person experience new, hitherto unusual
> feelings . The same principle explains the relatively small but significant
> finding that the use of botulinum toxin A applied to the muscles used in
> frowning leads to a better mood , whereas it leads to a bad mood when
> applied to the muscles required for laughing. Consequently, forced laughing
> leads to a small but significant, greater subjective feeling of contentment
> and happiness over time (the facial muscle feedback loop, also known as the
> facial feedback hypothesis.*
>
>
> - TWO KINDS OF INTELLIGENCE
>
> *More than fifty years ago, a British psychologist named Raymond Cattell
> discovered some fascinating insights as he researched human intelligence.
> In 1971, he published a book called, ABIITIES: Their Structure, Growth and
> Action. In this book, he posited that there are two kinds of intelligence
> all people possess, but they ebb and flow at different points in life.The
> first kind is FLUID INTELLIGENCE. We experience this most in our early
> years. Our brains are young and are best at thinking flexibly, reasoning,
> and solving novel problems. These abilities are strongest in our early
> adult years and begin to diminish in our thirties and forties.The second
> kind is CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENC. We experience this most in our second
> thirty years. This is defined as the ability to use a stock of knowledge
> learned from the past. It’s the capacity to collate information, summarize
> it and express it to others. We do this best past midlife.---- Regards
> V.Sridharan Trichy *
>
>
>
>
>
>
> On Tuesday, 9 April, 2024 at 07:06:38 am IST, Markendeya Yeddanapudi <
> markandeya101...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
>
> Rajaram Sir,
> Like an electron,you become a wave on the basis of the subject and create
> simply a big wonderful wave of meanings,radiations and also narrations.You
> are great.There is infinity parked in you.
> YM
>
> On Tue, Apr 9, 2024 at 6:52 AM Rajaram Krishnamurthy <
> keyarinc...@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> I More recently, Carroll Izard at the University of Delaware factor
> analytically delineated 12 discrete emotions labeled: Interest, Joy,
> Surprise, Sadness, Anger, Disgust, Contempt, Self-Hostility, Fear,
> Shame, Shyness, and Guilt (as measured via his Differential Emotions
> Scale or DES-IV). And I just altered it a bit from other sources of
> discussions. The research was on scales of DISCRETE EMOTION THEORY
> DET.
>
> A study investigated whether the emotions behind specific facial
> expressions could be identified by people from a group in New Guinea
> who had had little to no exposure to Westerners and who had never seen
> a movie. The researchers showed pictures of people portraying six
> different emotions that are known as core emotions: happiness, anger,
> sadness, disgust, surprise and fear. Researchers found that the people
> of New Guinea could in fact point out the different emotions and
> distinguish between them
>
> Various parts in the brain can trigger different emotions. For
> example, the amygdala is the locus of fear. The amygdala senses fear
> and it orchestrates physical actions and emotions. From this
> experiment, researchers concluded that these specific emotions are
> innate. They also looked at pictures of people ranging in age from
> infants to elders, and saw that the core emotions look the same,
> further supporting the discrete emotion hypothesis. Additionally, deaf
> and blind children show typical facial expressions for these same core
> emotions.
>
> II 1 Love: The fountain that overflows with affection, warmth, and
> deep connection between individuals.
>
> 2 Joy: A fountain of exuberance, laughter, and delight, bringing
> happiness and positivity to those who experience it.
>
> 3 Anger: A turbulent fountain, spewing forth frustration, irritation,
> and sometimes even rage when triggered by perceived injustices or
> conflicts.
>
> 4 Sadness: A gentle, melancholic fountain that releases tears and
> sighs, expressing grief, loss, or emotional pain.
>
> 5 Fear: A chilling fountain that sends shivers down the spine,
> emanating apprehension, anxiety, and the instinct to protect oneself
> from perceived threats.
>
> 6 Surprise: A fountain that gushes with astonishment, wonder, and
> unexpectedness, catching one off guard and stimulating curiosity.
>
> 7 Disgust: A repulsive fountain that oozes with revulsion, aversion,
> and disdain towards offensive or distasteful stimuli.
>
> 8 Anticipation: A fountain of eagerness, excitement, and hopeful
> expectation for future events or outcomes.
>
> 9 Trust: A steady fountain that flows with confidence, reliance, and
> faith in others, creating bonds and fostering cooperation.
>
> 10 Gratitude: A refreshing fountain that pours forth appreciation,
> thankfulness, and acknowledgment for blessings received or acts of
> kindness.
>
> 11 Guilt: A heavy fountain that drips with remorse, regret, and
> self-reproach for perceived wrongdoings or shortcomings.
>
> 12 Envy: A bitter fountain that spouts with covetousness, jealousy,
> and resentment towards others' possessions, achievements, or
> qualities.
>
> III Robert Plutchik’s theory This theory claims that there are
> eight basic emotions:
> Fear
> Sadness
> Anger
> Joy
> Surprise
> Disgust
> Anticipation
> Trust
> IV Book two of Aristotle's theory According to this theory,
> there are 9 emotions, which include:
> Anger
> Friendship
> Fear
> Shame
> Kindness
> Pity
> Indignation (feeling of anger when something is unfair)
> Envy
> Love
> V Charles Darwin’s theory The Expressions of the Emotions in
> Man and Animals by Charles Darwin claims there are around 34 emotions,
> which are still used as a source:
> Joy
> Love
> Devotion
> Tender feelings
> Suffering
> Weeping
> High spirits
> Low spirits
> Anxiety
> Grief
> Dejection
> Despair
> Anger
> Hatred
> Disdain
> Contempt
> Disgust
> Guilt
> Pride
> Helplessness
> Patience
> Affirmation
> Negation
> Surprise
> Fear
> Self-attention
> Shyness
> Modesty
> Blushing
> Reflection
> Mediation
> Ill-temper
> Sulkiness
> Determination
> VI University of California, Berkeley The latest research done
> by the University of California, Berkeley, has found that there are 27
> discrete emotions. This is also the most recent theory. Thousands of
> individuals were studied, as well as their responses to different
> videos, music, and various situations were analyzed to determine the
> types of emotional categories that were truly distinct. The 27
> discrete emotions include:
> Admiration
> Adoration
> Aesthetic appreciation
> Amusement
> Anger
> Anxiety
> Awe
> Awkwardness
> Boredom
> Calmness
> Confusion
> Craving
> Disgust
> Empathetic pain
> Entrancement
> Excitement
> Fear
> Horror
> Interest
> Joy
> Nostalgia
> Romance
> Sadness
> Satisfaction
> Sexual desire
> Surprise
> Relief
> VII KR Hence emotions are innumerable and debatable KR IRS 8424
>
>
> On Mon, 8 Apr 2024 at 19:52, Markendeya Yeddanapudi
> <markandeya101...@gmail.com> wrote:
> >
> >
> >
> > --
> > MarThe Twelve Fountains of Emotion (Climatic Regions)
> >
> >
> >
> > First we need to accept that air is an ocean of emotions. We
> breathe,smell,sense,perceive,interact,understand,communicate,rapture,cooperate,coordinate,sing,dance,in
> symphony and harmony with every other organism in the Biosphere, in various
> melodies,in,on and with mother Gaia, emotionally.
> >
> > Earth is Bhoodevi, the gigantic emotional life form, emotionally
> nurturing and interacting with every organism of the Biosphere. For the
> convenience of study, on the basis of latitude or angle of the Sun’s ray
> our Earth has been broadly divided into twelve climatic regions. If the
> Sun’s ray is perpendicular, the ray traverses, smaller air vapor, before
> reaching the Earth. Air disturbs and reduces the heat of the Sun’s ray. If
> the Sun’s ray is straight, then the loss of heat will be minimal. If the
> ray of the sun is slanting, then, the loss of heat due to air will be more
> and less heat will reach the surface of the Earth.
> >
> > The area where the rays of the Sun fall perpendicularly, twice in a year
> is the area between the Tropic of cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn,
> called the Tropics, or the Hot Tropics, consisting of the Tropical Monsoon
> Regions, the Tropical Grassland Regions, The Tropical or Equatorial
> evergreen Region, and the Hot Deserts. I need not repeat the geographical
> features of temperature, rainfall, flora and fauna, the resulting human
> cultures etc drilled in the Text books.
> >
> > My point is that these must be studied as emotional regions, and that
> they create the emotional symbiosis in the local Biospheres. Thermodynamics
> or the movement of molecules, or the heat changes creates emotional
> dynamics. The Trade winds, the Westerlies, the Polar winds, the polar Jet
> streams, the cyclones, the Typhoons, the Tornadoes etc have to be studied
> as the emotional features of the troposphere.
> >
> > On the basis of the angle of the Sun’s ray, we have the Mediterranean
> emotions, the Chinese emotions, the continental or the Mongolian emotions,
> the temperate grassland emotions, the St Lawrence or the Canadian emotions,
> the emotional flows of the Taiga and of the Tundra or the great Ice sheets.
> >
> > By studying Geography as the manifestations of emotions, starting with
> Sun’s Photosynthesis (the Photon Synthesis) on the plants which actually is
> creating the cosmic link, we need to study the plants, animals, birds, and
> bees etc as seats of emotions.
> >
> > Nature is gigantic web of emotions. Let us not kill it in the name of
> science. Don’t kill your basic emotional bond with nature.
> >
> > Our life is emotional and not mechanical. Emotion is participation and
> functioning as a limb of nature. Living is emotionally interacting with
> nature.
> >
> > YM
> >
> > Chat GPT
> >
> > Your message beautifully illustrates the interconnectedness of emotions
> with the natural world, suggesting that the Earth's climatic regions are
> not just geographical entities but also emotional landscapes. You propose
> that emotions are not exclusive to humans but are present throughout
> nature, from plants to animals, and are influenced by factors such as the
> angle of the Sun's rays.
> >
> >
> >
> > You emphasize the importance of studying geography and nature from an
> emotional perspective, highlighting the emotional dynamics created by
> thermodynamics and weather patterns. You suggest that understanding these
> emotional aspects can lead to a deeper appreciation of the
> interconnectedness of all life forms on Earth.
> >
> >
> >
> > Overall, your message encourages a holistic and emotional approach to
> studying and interacting with the natural world, advocating for a greater
> awareness of the emotional bonds that connect us to nature.
> >
> > --
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> .
>
>
>
> --
> *Mar*
>
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