thank u Nature knows its existentialism but as you say we shall behave also KR
On Tue, 9 Apr 2024 at 21:10, Yeddanapudi Markandeyulu < [email protected]> wrote: > I feel very grateful that the great stalwarts like Sri Rajaram and > Sridharan have taken up to contributing to my write up.My plea is that > these great insights be connected to nature itself and studied from the > angle of the Biosphere. > YM > > On Tue, Apr 9, 2024 at 8:14 PM Rajaram Krishnamurthy < > [email protected]> wrote: > >> 👍 >> >> On Tue, 9 Apr 2024 at 02:03, venkat giri <[email protected]> wrote: >> >>> >>> *Respected Sir/s,* >>> >>> - *EMOTIONS** arise from activations of specialized neuronal >>> populations in several parts of the cerebral cortex, notably the anterior >>> cingulate, insula, ventromedial prefrontal, and subcortical structures, >>> such as the amygdala, ventral striatum, putamen, caudate nucleus, and >>> ventral tegmental area.* >>> - *FEELINGS* are conscious, emotional experiences of these >>> activations that contribute to neuronal networks mediating thoughts, >>> language, and behavior, thus enhancing the ability to predict, learn, and >>> reappraise stimuli and situations in the environment based on previous >>> experiences. Contemporary theories of emotion converge around the >>> key role of the *AMYGDAL* as the central subcortical emotional brain >>> structure that constantly evaluates and integrates a variety of sensory >>> information from the surroundings and assigns them appropriate values of >>> emotional dimensions, such as valence, intensity, and approachability. >>> The >>> amygdala participates in the regulation of autonomic and endocrine >>> functions, decision-making and adaptations of instinctive and >>> motivational >>> behaviors to changes in the environment through implicit associative >>> learning, changes in short- and long-term synaptic plasticity, and >>> activation of the fight-or-flight response via efferent projections from >>> its central nucleus to cortical and subcortical structures. >>> - *EMOTIONS played a major role in survival during human evolution >>> and in effective psychological functioning in human societies *. >>> Unlike reflexes—automatic and uncontrollable narrowly-tuned responses to >>> specific stimuli—emotions emerged and were selected in evolution because >>> they better addressed problems of adaptation to a constantly changing >>> environment . Among others, adaptive abilities to find food, water >>> and shelter, to find sexual partners (mates), to provide adequate >>> protection, nurturing, and care for offspring, and most importantly, to >>> avoid danger and escape from life-threatening situations were probably >>> critical *. It has been speculated that emotions initially arose >>> when reflexes were “**DECOUPLED**”* to include another layer of >>> nerve cells on top of them—the evolutionary emergence of central >>> emotional >>> states . >>> - >>> >>> *CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN (** 12 February >>> 1809 – 19 April 1882 )*was probably the first to study the evolution of >>> emotional reactions and facial expressions systematically and to >>> recognize the importance of emotions for the adaptation of the organism to >>> various stimuli and environmental situations. After a detailed >>> description of individual facial expressions as well as the motor apparatus >>> involved in the expression of each individual emotion in his 1872 book, *The >>> expression of emotions in man and animals*, he concluded that emotions >>> in humans, just as in animals, have a common evolutionary history . By >>> presenting the findings that certain emotional facial expressions have >>> universal meaning for people in different parts of the world, Darwin >>> anticipated research of facial expressions that would not begin until more >>> than a century later. From an evolutionary perspective, emotions allow for >>> the coordination of a whole range of different processes with the goal of >>> resolving immediate and urgent issues.While Darwin proposed that facial >>> expressions of emotion are universal, he also proposed that gestures >>> are culture-specific conventions. This has proven to be correct. >>> >>> *CLASSICAL THEORIES OF EMOTION:* >>> * Some of the first theories of emotion attempted to explain >>> the close relation between physiological changes and the subjective >>> experience of an emotion or a feeling. William James, Lange, and Sergi >>> independently assumed, counterintuitively, that subjective emotional >>> experience is caused by changes in the body. What they meant was that fear, >>> for example, is experienced due to bodily changes brought about by a >>> specific environmental stimulus and that interpretation of that physical >>> response due to changes in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) results in an >>> emotional experience. In their view, after being faced with a frightening >>> stimulus, a physiological response to that stimulus would occur before the >>> subjective experience of an emotion.One will begin to tremble, and heart >>> begins to race. The James-Lange theory proposes that this is interpreted as >>> physical reactions and conclude that one is frightened ("I am trembling. >>> Therefore I am afraid.")* >>> >>> * James defined in 1884 that “the bodily changes >>> follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and that our feeling >>> of the same changes as they occur is the emotion” Specific brain areas >>> (e.g., visual or auditory cortices) process a particular stimulus and >>> evaluate its meaning and relevance. If the stimulus is emotionally >>> important, the information is relayed to the ANS, whose activation leads to >>> a* >>> *fight-or-flight response. The “conscious part” of the brain then >>> detects bodily arousal and interprets the emotional nature of the >>> experienced physiological state . According to James, different emotions >>> are experienced differently because they arise from different >>> constellations of physiological responses. This James–Lange theory, the >>> first theory of emotion, was later modified and called the Peripheral >>> theory of emotions ; because it emphasizes the importance of bodily >>> responses for the emergence of emotions . One of the examples that speaks >>> in favour of James’s theory is the effect of Benzodiazepines, a class of >>> anxiolytic drugs, which are also muscle relaxants . According to the >>> theory, Tense muscles signal anxiety to the brain. So, when muscles relax, >>> the brain no longer receives this information and the subject becomes less >>> anxious.* >>> * ANTONIO DAMASIO , a Portuguese neuroscientist, has recently >>> complemented and reformulated the peripheral theory of emotions. His >>> reasoning can be summed up in the claim that emotions are unconsciously >>> formed in the central nervous system (CNS) based on interoceptive and >>> proprioceptive afferent body signals and correlate, to a large extent, with >>> consciously produced feelings in the later course of processing the initial >>> stimuli . Although this theory does not provide a holistic view of emotions >>> and their processing, it has significantly contributed to the idea that >>> emotional experiences involve knowing one’s current and previous bodily >>> states, which is the basis of the concept of embodied cognition . According >>> to Damasio, without the self-representation of one’s own image (of the >>> whole body) and its constant updating, adults would be as helpless as >>> newborns ;because emotions unaccompanied by conscious feelings would not be >>> sufficient for survival. However, once embodied, emotions can exist >>> exclusively within the CNS, as exemplified by deafferentation phenomena, >>> such as phantom pain. The CNS must consistently update all information >>> about the state of the body to regulate all the processes that keep it >>> alive as the only way an organism can maintain homeostasis and survive in a >>> constantly changing environment. According to the concept of embodied >>> cognition, emotions are grounded throughout the individual as well as its >>> entire personal experience involving the adaptation of all systems to >>> sensory experience . Damasio proposed that the main difference between >>> humans, apes, and other animals is the level and elaboration of body >>> self-image, which in humans, is extremely large (broader core self-image) >>> and includes autobiographical memory, while in other species, it includes >>> only a significantly lower level (core self-image), depending on the degree >>> of cortical development. Damasio’s proposal also implies that there is no >>> pure perception (i.e., interpretation without bodily experiences) and that >>> by controlling motor behaviour and its consequences on proprioception and >>> interoception, one could regulate one’s emotions and thus influence >>> feelings. This concept is used, for example, in DANCE PSYCHO THERAPY, where >>> the therapist helps the patient to evoke, process, and regulate certain >>> emotions through movement . Likewise, exploring and practicing new and yet >>> unknown motor patterns can help a person experience new, hitherto unusual >>> feelings . The same principle explains the relatively small but significant >>> finding that the use of botulinum toxin A applied to the muscles used in >>> frowning leads to a better mood , whereas it leads to a bad mood when >>> applied to the muscles required for laughing. Consequently, forced laughing >>> leads to a small but significant, greater subjective feeling of contentment >>> and happiness over time (the facial muscle feedback loop, also known as the >>> facial feedback hypothesis.* >>> >>> >>> - TWO KINDS OF INTELLIGENCE >>> >>> *More than fifty years ago, a British psychologist named Raymond Cattell >>> discovered some fascinating insights as he researched human intelligence. >>> In 1971, he published a book called, ABIITIES: Their Structure, Growth and >>> Action. In this book, he posited that there are two kinds of intelligence >>> all people possess, but they ebb and flow at different points in life.The >>> first kind is FLUID INTELLIGENCE. We experience this most in our early >>> years. Our brains are young and are best at thinking flexibly, reasoning, >>> and solving novel problems. These abilities are strongest in our early >>> adult years and begin to diminish in our thirties and forties.The second >>> kind is CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENC. We experience this most in our second >>> thirty years. This is defined as the ability to use a stock of knowledge >>> learned from the past. It’s the capacity to collate information, summarize >>> it and express it to others. We do this best past midlife.---- Regards >>> V.Sridharan Trichy * >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> On Tuesday, 9 April, 2024 at 07:06:38 am IST, Markendeya Yeddanapudi < >>> [email protected]> wrote: >>> >>> >>> Rajaram Sir, >>> Like an electron,you become a wave on the basis of the subject and >>> create simply a big wonderful wave of meanings,radiations and also >>> narrations.You are great.There is infinity parked in you. >>> YM >>> >>> On Tue, Apr 9, 2024 at 6:52 AM Rajaram Krishnamurthy < >>> [email protected]> wrote: >>> >>> I More recently, Carroll Izard at the University of Delaware factor >>> analytically delineated 12 discrete emotions labeled: Interest, Joy, >>> Surprise, Sadness, Anger, Disgust, Contempt, Self-Hostility, Fear, >>> Shame, Shyness, and Guilt (as measured via his Differential Emotions >>> Scale or DES-IV). And I just altered it a bit from other sources of >>> discussions. The research was on scales of DISCRETE EMOTION THEORY >>> DET. >>> >>> A study investigated whether the emotions behind specific facial >>> expressions could be identified by people from a group in New Guinea >>> who had had little to no exposure to Westerners and who had never seen >>> a movie. The researchers showed pictures of people portraying six >>> different emotions that are known as core emotions: happiness, anger, >>> sadness, disgust, surprise and fear. Researchers found that the people >>> of New Guinea could in fact point out the different emotions and >>> distinguish between them >>> >>> Various parts in the brain can trigger different emotions. For >>> example, the amygdala is the locus of fear. The amygdala senses fear >>> and it orchestrates physical actions and emotions. From this >>> experiment, researchers concluded that these specific emotions are >>> innate. They also looked at pictures of people ranging in age from >>> infants to elders, and saw that the core emotions look the same, >>> further supporting the discrete emotion hypothesis. Additionally, deaf >>> and blind children show typical facial expressions for these same core >>> emotions. >>> >>> II 1 Love: The fountain that overflows with affection, warmth, and >>> deep connection between individuals. >>> >>> 2 Joy: A fountain of exuberance, laughter, and delight, bringing >>> happiness and positivity to those who experience it. >>> >>> 3 Anger: A turbulent fountain, spewing forth frustration, irritation, >>> and sometimes even rage when triggered by perceived injustices or >>> conflicts. >>> >>> 4 Sadness: A gentle, melancholic fountain that releases tears and >>> sighs, expressing grief, loss, or emotional pain. >>> >>> 5 Fear: A chilling fountain that sends shivers down the spine, >>> emanating apprehension, anxiety, and the instinct to protect oneself >>> from perceived threats. >>> >>> 6 Surprise: A fountain that gushes with astonishment, wonder, and >>> unexpectedness, catching one off guard and stimulating curiosity. >>> >>> 7 Disgust: A repulsive fountain that oozes with revulsion, aversion, >>> and disdain towards offensive or distasteful stimuli. >>> >>> 8 Anticipation: A fountain of eagerness, excitement, and hopeful >>> expectation for future events or outcomes. >>> >>> 9 Trust: A steady fountain that flows with confidence, reliance, and >>> faith in others, creating bonds and fostering cooperation. >>> >>> 10 Gratitude: A refreshing fountain that pours forth appreciation, >>> thankfulness, and acknowledgment for blessings received or acts of >>> kindness. >>> >>> 11 Guilt: A heavy fountain that drips with remorse, regret, and >>> self-reproach for perceived wrongdoings or shortcomings. >>> >>> 12 Envy: A bitter fountain that spouts with covetousness, jealousy, >>> and resentment towards others' possessions, achievements, or >>> qualities. >>> >>> III Robert Plutchik’s theory This theory claims that there are >>> eight basic emotions: >>> Fear >>> Sadness >>> Anger >>> Joy >>> Surprise >>> Disgust >>> Anticipation >>> Trust >>> IV Book two of Aristotle's theory According to this theory, >>> there are 9 emotions, which include: >>> Anger >>> Friendship >>> Fear >>> Shame >>> Kindness >>> Pity >>> Indignation (feeling of anger when something is unfair) >>> Envy >>> Love >>> V Charles Darwin’s theory The Expressions of the Emotions in >>> Man and Animals by Charles Darwin claims there are around 34 emotions, >>> which are still used as a source: >>> Joy >>> Love >>> Devotion >>> Tender feelings >>> Suffering >>> Weeping >>> High spirits >>> Low spirits >>> Anxiety >>> Grief >>> Dejection >>> Despair >>> Anger >>> Hatred >>> Disdain >>> Contempt >>> Disgust >>> Guilt >>> Pride >>> Helplessness >>> Patience >>> Affirmation >>> Negation >>> Surprise >>> Fear >>> Self-attention >>> Shyness >>> Modesty >>> Blushing >>> Reflection >>> Mediation >>> Ill-temper >>> Sulkiness >>> Determination >>> VI University of California, Berkeley The latest research done >>> by the University of California, Berkeley, has found that there are 27 >>> discrete emotions. This is also the most recent theory. Thousands of >>> individuals were studied, as well as their responses to different >>> videos, music, and various situations were analyzed to determine the >>> types of emotional categories that were truly distinct. The 27 >>> discrete emotions include: >>> Admiration >>> Adoration >>> Aesthetic appreciation >>> Amusement >>> Anger >>> Anxiety >>> Awe >>> Awkwardness >>> Boredom >>> Calmness >>> Confusion >>> Craving >>> Disgust >>> Empathetic pain >>> Entrancement >>> Excitement >>> Fear >>> Horror >>> Interest >>> Joy >>> Nostalgia >>> Romance >>> Sadness >>> Satisfaction >>> Sexual desire >>> Surprise >>> Relief >>> VII KR Hence emotions are innumerable and debatable KR IRS >>> 8424 >>> >>> >>> On Mon, 8 Apr 2024 at 19:52, Markendeya Yeddanapudi >>> <[email protected]> wrote: >>> > >>> > >>> > >>> > -- >>> > MarThe Twelve Fountains of Emotion (Climatic Regions) >>> > >>> > >>> > >>> > First we need to accept that air is an ocean of emotions. We >>> breathe,smell,sense,perceive,interact,understand,communicate,rapture,cooperate,coordinate,sing,dance,in >>> symphony and harmony with every other organism in the Biosphere, in various >>> melodies,in,on and with mother Gaia, emotionally. >>> > >>> > Earth is Bhoodevi, the gigantic emotional life form, emotionally >>> nurturing and interacting with every organism of the Biosphere. For the >>> convenience of study, on the basis of latitude or angle of the Sun’s ray >>> our Earth has been broadly divided into twelve climatic regions. If the >>> Sun’s ray is perpendicular, the ray traverses, smaller air vapor, before >>> reaching the Earth. Air disturbs and reduces the heat of the Sun’s ray. If >>> the Sun’s ray is straight, then the loss of heat will be minimal. If the >>> ray of the sun is slanting, then, the loss of heat due to air will be more >>> and less heat will reach the surface of the Earth. >>> > >>> > The area where the rays of the Sun fall perpendicularly, twice in a >>> year is the area between the Tropic of cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, >>> called the Tropics, or the Hot Tropics, consisting of the Tropical Monsoon >>> Regions, the Tropical Grassland Regions, The Tropical or Equatorial >>> evergreen Region, and the Hot Deserts. I need not repeat the geographical >>> features of temperature, rainfall, flora and fauna, the resulting human >>> cultures etc drilled in the Text books. >>> > >>> > My point is that these must be studied as emotional regions, and that >>> they create the emotional symbiosis in the local Biospheres. Thermodynamics >>> or the movement of molecules, or the heat changes creates emotional >>> dynamics. The Trade winds, the Westerlies, the Polar winds, the polar Jet >>> streams, the cyclones, the Typhoons, the Tornadoes etc have to be studied >>> as the emotional features of the troposphere. >>> > >>> > On the basis of the angle of the Sun’s ray, we have the Mediterranean >>> emotions, the Chinese emotions, the continental or the Mongolian emotions, >>> the temperate grassland emotions, the St Lawrence or the Canadian emotions, >>> the emotional flows of the Taiga and of the Tundra or the great Ice sheets. >>> > >>> > By studying Geography as the manifestations of emotions, starting with >>> Sun’s Photosynthesis (the Photon Synthesis) on the plants which actually is >>> creating the cosmic link, we need to study the plants, animals, birds, and >>> bees etc as seats of emotions. >>> > >>> > Nature is gigantic web of emotions. Let us not kill it in the name of >>> science. Don’t kill your basic emotional bond with nature. >>> > >>> > Our life is emotional and not mechanical. Emotion is participation and >>> functioning as a limb of nature. Living is emotionally interacting with >>> nature. >>> > >>> > YM >>> > >>> > Chat GPT >>> > >>> > Your message beautifully illustrates the interconnectedness of >>> emotions with the natural world, suggesting that the Earth's climatic >>> regions are not just geographical entities but also emotional landscapes. >>> You propose that emotions are not exclusive to humans but are present >>> throughout nature, from plants to animals, and are influenced by factors >>> such as the angle of the Sun's rays. >>> > >>> > >>> > >>> > You emphasize the importance of studying geography and nature from an >>> emotional perspective, highlighting the emotional dynamics created by >>> thermodynamics and weather patterns. You suggest that understanding these >>> emotional aspects can lead to a deeper appreciation of the >>> interconnectedness of all life forms on Earth. >>> > >>> > >>> > >>> > Overall, your message encourages a holistic and emotional approach to >>> studying and interacting with the natural world, advocating for a greater >>> awareness of the emotional bonds that connect us to nature. >>> > >>> > -- >>> > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google >>> Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. >>> > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send >>> an email to [email protected]. >>> > To view this discussion on the web visit >>> https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/CACDCHCKEpsi42Y8MVA3E2xqBriGDPnaPjp0m1qvF_o5nR-Mvgg%40mail.gmail.com >>> . >>> >>> >>> >>> -- >>> *Mar* >>> >> -- >> You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups >> "Thatha_Patty" group. >> To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an >> email to [email protected]. >> To view this discussion on the web visit >> https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/CAL5XZopHxjJmgpwMfDRJODZxe1NFRVp6a82QDv7ZEVWkOWHacg%40mail.gmail.com >> <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/CAL5XZopHxjJmgpwMfDRJODZxe1NFRVp6a82QDv7ZEVWkOWHacg%40mail.gmail.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> >> . >> > -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [email protected]. To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/CAL5XZopGN580FCxP5H_cQTkVsvLRJSjC2RZiCnwy4Hp1AHvOCA%40mail.gmail.com.
