Respected Mr Rajaram,
I have gone through the first two lines of your response."British Jury is
absent in the Iyer groups123?Justice rendered as one liked; and as a few
wished? "
What way it is a response to the QA? Such sarcastic remarks will further
deteriorate your image in all groups.
Today you wrote about iyer123, even though still you are considered as a member
in iyer123 and you receive daily mails. Otherwise you might not been able to
receive my posts in iyer123 to respond.
You are cutting the tree branch in which you are sitting.
Behave as a cultured person.
Gopalakrishnan
On Wednesday, 29 January 2025 at 08:29:26 pm IST, Rajaram Krishnamurthy
<[email protected]> wrote:
CULTURAL QA 01202529 General QA- Base Quora QA- Compiled
Q1 Whatwas life like in British India?
KR: 1 British Jury is absent in the Iyer groups123?Justice rendered as
one liked; and as a few wished?
2 TheBritish jury system is considered unique due to its long
historical development, which resulted in asystem where a jury of ordinary
citizens is used to decide the facts of a casein serious criminal trials, with
a strong emphasis on the principle of"trial by peers" where the jury is drawn
from a representativecross-section of the community, and where majority
verdicts are oftenpermitted, unlike some other jurisdictions that require
unanimous decisions.
British jury system that makes it distinct:
Deep historical roots: The British jury system dates backto the medieval
period, with significant influence from Norman law, making itone of the oldest
continuously practiced jury systems in the world.
Majority verdicts allowed: In most cases, a British jurycan reach a verdict
with a majority vote, rather than requiring completeunanimity, which can
sometimes lead to faster decisions and prevent deadlock.
Limited juror challenges: Unlike some other systems, the British system allows
for fewerperemptory challenges, meaning lawyers have limited ability to
dismisspotential jurors without providing a specific reason.
Focus on representative community: The jury is drawn fromthe electoral
register, aiming to reflect a broad cross-section of society.
No compensation assessment by jury: In civil cases, thejudge usually determines
the amount of compensation awarded, unlike in some USjurisdictions where juries
decide this.
3 According to historical understanding, theVedic period in
Indiadid have a system resembling a jury, wherea group of respected
individuals, often called "sabhasadas" or councillors,would advise the king on
legal matters, essentially acting as a jury in decision-making;therefore, the
Vedas did not completely lack a jury system, although it mightnot have
functioned exactly like a modern jury.
The Vedic"jury":
No direct mention in Vedas:
While the Vedas don't explicitly mention a"jury" in the modern sense, the
concept of a council providing adviceon legal matters is present in the texts.
Role ofthe "sabhasadas":
These councillors were considered learned individuals whowould provide their
opinion on a case, with the king ultimately making thefinal decision.
Trial byordeal also existed:
Alongside the"jury-like" system, the Vedic period also saw the practice of
trialby ordeal as a method of determining guilt or innocence.
4 The IndianJudicial System A Historical Survey By Mr. Justice
S. S. Dhavan High Court,Allahabad
HenryMayne described the legal system of ancient India "as an apparatus
ofcruel absurdities". An Anglo-Indian jurist made the following remark
aboutwhat he called "the oriental habits of life" of the Indians beforethe
British turned up in India: "It (British rule in India) is a record of
experiments made byforeign rulers to govern alien races in a strange land, to
adapt Europeaninstitutions to Oriental habits of life, and to make definite
laws supremeamongst peoples who bad always associated government with arbitrary
anduncontrolled authority."1 (italicized by me). Alan Gledhill, aretired member
of the Indian Civil Service, wrote that when the British seizedpower in India,
"there was a dearth of legal principles."
We must go the original texts to get a true and correct picture of
thelegal system of ancient India. The reader will discover from them that
Indianjurisprudence was found on the rule of law; that the King himself was
subjectto the law; that arbitrary power was unknown to Indian political theory
andjurisprudence and the kind’s right to govern was subject to the fulfilment
ofduties the breach of which resulted in forfeiture of kingship; that the
judgeswere independent and subject only to the law; that ancient India had
thehighest standard of any nation of antiquity as regards the ability,
learning,integrity, impartiality, and independence of the judiciary, and these
standardshave not been surpassed till today ; that the Indian judiciary
consisted of ahierarchy of judges with the Court of the Chief Justice
(Praadvivaka) at thetop, each higher Court being invested with the power to
review the decision ofthe Courts below ; that disputes were decided essentially
in accordance withthe same principles of natural justice which govern the
judicial process in themodern State today: that the rules of procedure and
evidence were similar tothose followed today ; that supernatural modes of proof
like the ordeal werediscourage ; that in criminal trials the accused could not
be punished unlesshis guilt was proved according to law ; that in civil cases
the trial consistedof four stages like any modern trial – plaint, reply,
hearing and decree ; that such doctrines as resjudicata (prang nyaya) were
familiar to Indian jurisprudence ; that all trials,civil or criminal, were
heard by a bench of several judges and rarely by ajudge sitting singly ; that
the decrees of all courts except the Kingwere subject to appeal or review
according to fixed principles ; that thefundamental duty of the Court was to do
justice "without favour orfear".
Was there a rule of law in ancient India? Let the texts speak
forthemselves. In the Mahabharata, it waslaid down " A King who after having
sworn that he shall protect hissubjects fails to protect them should be
executed like a mad dog." "The people should execute a king whodoes not
protect them, but deprives them of their property and assets and whotakes no
advice or guidance from anyone. Such a king is not a king butmisfortune." These
provisions indicate that sovereignty was based on animplied social compact and
if the King violated the traditional pact, heforfeited his kingship. Coming to
the historical times of Mauryan Empire,Kautilya describes the duties of a king
in the Arth-shastra thus : "In thehappiness of his subjects lies the King’s
happiness; in their welfare hiswelfare; whatever pleases him he shall not
consider as good, but whetherpleases his people he shall consider too good."
According to Brihaspati Smriti, there was a hierarchy of courts
inAncient India beginning with the family Courts and ending with the King.
Thelowest was the family arbitrator. The next higher court was that of the
judge;the next of the Chief Justice who was called Praadvivaka, or adhyaksha;
and atthe top was the King’s court. The jurisdiction of each was determined by
theimportance of the dispute, the minor disputes being decided by the lowest
courtand the most important by the king. The decision of each higher
Courtsuperseded that of the court below
Says Katyayana: "If the king wants to inflict upon the
litigants(vivadinam) an illegal or unrighteous decision, it is the duty of the
judge(samya) to warn the king and prevent him.” "The judge guiding the kingmust
give his opinion which he considers to be according to law, if the kingdoes not
listen, the judge at least has done his duty.19 When the judgerealizes that the
king has deviated from equity and justice, his duty is not toplease the king
for this is no occasion for soft speech (vaktavyam tat priyamnatra); if the
judge fails in his duty, he is guilty."
The most noteworthyfeature of the judicial system was the institution
of sabhasadas or councillorswho acted as assessors or adviser of the King. They
were the equivalent of themodern jury, with one important difference. The jury
of today consists oflaymen- "twelve shopkeepers"-whereas the councillors who
sat with theSovereign were to be learned in law. Yajanvalkya enjoins: "The
Sovereignshould appoint as assessors of his court persons who are well versed
in theliterature of the law, truthful, and by temperament capable of
completeimpartiality between friend and foe."
Here I end even though the article covers a lot of points. SO
BETTERTHINK BEFORE GRANDPA INK. ( The Joke part of it is long ago I wrote on
NYAYAsystem; but as usual went unlearned; but attracted by The British.
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Q2 Whatcauses neuropathy in the feet?
KR Neuropathyrefers to any condition that causes nerve damage or
dysfunction, with symptomslike numbness, tingling, burning sensations, or pain.
It affects peripheralnerves, usually beginning in the hands and feet. It can
happen due to severalreasons, including diabetes, medications, injuries,
infections, vitamindeficiencies, and autoimmune disorders. Early diagnosis is
vital sinceneuropathy can worsen over time. Treatment generally involves
managing symptomsand the underlying causes.
Neuropathy in Ayurveda Perspective
Ayurveda addresses neuropathy, particularly diabeticperipheral neuropathy
(DPN), by tackling symptoms along with managing the rootcause. Neuropathy is
often associated with ‘Vata’ and ‘Kapha’ imbalance,especially affecting the
nervous system. A disturbance in the body’s naturalenergy flow (Vata dosha) due
to obstruction caused by Kapha dosha leads toneuropathy, which requires both
systemic and targeted local treatment.Conditions like DPN are considered as
Prameha Upadrava (diabeticcomplications), in which burning sensation and
numbness are considered as asign of nerve dysfunction and treated accordingly
along with managing the rootcause, i.e., diabetes.
Ayurvedic Treatments for Neuropathy
The purpose of Ayurveda treatment for neuropathy is toreduce the symptoms (such
as pain, numbness, and tingling), delay progression,and improve the quality of
life of the patients. It is done with the help of acombination of Ayurveda
therapies, dietary management, and internal medicationsto restore the balance
in the body and treat neuropathy, which is due todiabetes.
Specific Ayurveda medications, Panchakarma therapies, andlocal therapies such
as Kaya Seka, Abhyanga, Swedana, etc., are incorporatedafter assessing the
condition of the patient and the stage of the disease.These modalities are
proven to have marked improvement of the neuropathysymptoms, thus being
beneficial in DPN management.
Ayurveda Treatment Outcomes:
Symptom Relief: Reduction of symptoms like tingling,numbness, and pain
Disease Management: Prevent the progression and manage theroot cause of
neuropathy such as diabetes.
Restoration of Function: Improvements in nerve functionand sensation
Delay Progression: Delay the disease progression andprevent further
complications.
Ayurveda for Diabetic Neuropathy
Diabetic neuropathy is nerve damage that occurs in peoplewith diabetes, which
affects nerves all over the body, usually in the feet andlegs, and then spreads
to other parts of the body. Common signs may includenumbness, tingling, burning
sensations, and muscle weakness, which can becomesufficiently severe to cause
mild discomfort, or even significant pain, anddisability. If not treated,
complications include foot ulcers, infections, andamputation. It can also
affect other bodily functions and quality of life.
Diabetic neuropathy can be prevented or controlled byproper diabetes management
with Panchakarma, medication, diet, and lifestylechanges. Medications that
improve nerve conduction, decrease pain, and reducethe blood sugar level are
prescribed. Abhyanga, udvartana, and vasti (enema),etc., modalities are also
incorporated in relieving symptoms after assessingthe condition of the patient
and the stage of the disease. The Ayurvedatreatment approach is aimed at
symptom cure and systemic balance with the ultimategoal of root cause reversal.
Ayurvedic Treatment for Neuropathic Pain
Ayurveda focuses on reversing neuropathy symptoms andbringing back the neurons
to their original structure. The following treatmentmodalities are utilised to
reduce the pain, mitigate aggravated Vata, andprevent further progression.
Panchakarma procedures like Vasti, Vamana, and Virechanato balance Vata and
Kapha dosha involved in the pathogenesis
Murdha Taila is a set of four oil-based treatments(overhead region) in
Ayurveda. Shiro abhyanga (oil therapy on the head),Shirodhara (continuous oil
streaming on the forehead), Shiro Basti (oilretention on the head), and Shiro
Pichu (medicated oil application over bregma)are these treatments. They are
designed to nourish the nervous system, improvecommunication, reduce
inflammation, increase circulation, and slow neurologicaldeterioration.
Local treatments such as Abhyanga (oil therapy), Swedana(steam therapy), Lepam
(paste applications), Pichu (warm medicated oilapplication), Kizhi (herbal
poultice), etc., are also adopted to stimulatenerve endings and increase
neurotransmitter activities.
Conclusion
Ayurvedic therapies for neuropathy stand out because wetackle the condition
beyond the symptoms. The treatment is focused on balancingthe body’s
fundamental doshas (Vata and Kapha) and the actual root cause. Thetreatment
modalities offer comprehensive healing and nerve regenerationsupport. As
Ayurveda focuses on personalised treatment plans, based on thebody’s
constitution, every patient is given targeted treatment for the bestresults.
More importantly, the combination of dietary modifications, yoga, andstress
management techniques with medicinal treatments provides a healingenvironment
that is sustainable and supports long-term nervous system healthand overall
well-being.
II Even normal healthy ones will get into thatstatus as aged
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Q3 Whatare some awesome mathematics tricks?
KR Forpersons who do not understand Maths it is a magic; for those
who can know orlearnt, it is a laughing matter.
WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE BEHIND ALL THESE 7,11,AND 13 FACTORS ONLY BUT NOT
1-6,8-10 & 12 ETC?
There are simple rules for telling whether anumber is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5,
and 6.
• Anumber is divisible by 2 if its last digit is divisible by 2.
• Anumber is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
• Anumber is divisible by 4 if the number formed by its last two digits
isdivisible by 4.
• Anumber is divisible by 5 if its last digit is divisible by 5.
• Anumber is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by 2 and by 3.
• Anumber is divisible by 8 if the number formed by its last three digits
isdivisible by 8.
• Anumber is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.
• Anumber is divisible by 10 if its last digit is 0.
A number is divisible by 12 if it’sdivisible by 3 and 4. (It matters here that
3 and 4 are relatively prime. It’snot true, for example, that a number is
divisible by 12 if it’s divisible by 2and 6.)
The heart of the method is that 7*11*13 = 1001.@ If Isubtract a multiple of
1001 from a number, I don’t change its divisibility by7, 11, or 13. More than
that, I don’t change its remainder by 7, 11, or 13.
The steps in the method amount to adding orsubtracting multiples of 1001 and
dividing by 1000. The former doesn’t changethe remainder by 7, 11, or 13, but
the latter multiplies the remainder by −1,hence the alternating sum. (1000 is
congruent to -1 mod 7, mod 11, and mod 13.)
So not only can we test for divisibility by7, 11, and 13 with this method, we
can also find the remainders by 7, 11, and13. The original number and the
alternating sum are congruent mod 1001, so theyare congruent mod 7, mod 11, and
mod 13.
@ 1001IS SAME AS A^3 MINUS 1
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Q4 Couldyou list some interesting facts about Latvia?
KR: IT’S A REPEATAND WHY DO NOT CROSS THAT TERRITORY?
Latvia, Lithuania,and Estonia are known as the Baltic states. The term "Baltic"
refersto the Baltic Sea and the languages spoken in these countries.
The Baltic states are democracies that share a similarhistory and border the
Baltic Sea. The United States, the United Kingdom,Canada, and NATO have
considered the Baltic states to be under Sovietoccupation during the Cold War.
The Baltic states regained their independencefrom the Soviet Union in the early
1990s. In 2004, the Baltic states joined theEuropean Union (EU) and the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
Proud,compact, beautiful, distinctive and thriving – Estonia, Latvia and
Lithuania,the three Baltic states –comprise a unique travel destination. Not so
long agothey were small, somewhat backward provinces in the Soviet empire,
cultural andgeographical afterthoughts.
Now, a generation and a half later, they are modern,glistening green gems of
the European Union, fully established members of theWestern world and
delightful small countries for travelers seeking antidotes tothe teeming hordes
of Europe’s big-name destinations.
It’s hard to think of any part of the world that reversedcourse as quickly as
these three lands after throwing off their Soviet shacklesin 1991. Today, all
three countries boast highly digitized economies,well-educated populations,
superb health care and public services – and deepreverence for the centuries of
history and heritage that led to theirlong-sought freedom more than three
decades ago.
Baltic peoples now wryly point out that only the imperialaccident of Russian
(followed by Soviet) domination links the three countries.Latvians and
Lithuanians are distantly related, but Estonians are not. Thesepeoples
coexisted for centuries, like Austrians and Hungarians.
True independence for the three countries first came in1918 during the collapse
of Czarist Russia, but this short-lived freedom wasswallowed by World War II,
followed by Stalinist rule, and was restored onlyafter the dissolution of the
Soviet Union in 1990.
Gediminas Avenue and Cathedral square and belfry in thehistorical center of old
town of Vilnius, Lithuania/Getty Images
The three Baltic states earned what they had wanted allalong: full
participation in the Western world in all its colorful facets. Thismeans
high-quality modern jazz concerts in in tree-lined squares in Latvia’scapital,
Riga (pictured in photo across the top).
It means near-universal internet access. It meansastounding economic success:
All three countries rank in the top 40 on theU.N.’s Index of Human Development.
And it means cultural sophistication equalto dozens of other small countries
that have been on their own for hundreds ofyears.
“They say it’s really big. And free as a bird.” Shespreads her arms to simulate
the wide sky, which is just as big in this part ofthe world. But the Baltic
states share with Texas an intense identity andfierce self-determination.
Which Silversea ship visits the Baltic States?
Silver Dawn, a 596-guest ultra-luxury ship made its debutin April 2022. It is
the 10th ship in the Silversea fleet. It also features theS.A.L.T. program, a
culinary program that opens the world to guests throughcuisines of the ports it
visits, drinks that reflect those regions,opportunities to learn more about
history in a tasteful way.
What should I pack for a Baltic voyage?
You might get a sunny day at the beach or a dreary day, sobe prepared for
either on a Baltic Sea voyage./Getty Images
Baltic weather is famously temperamental but widelymisunderstood. Summer cruise
season brings languid, long, sunny days with highsfrom 70 to 80 and cool nights
during which a light sweater or jacket ishelpful.
Bring rain gear, sweaters and fleece… and shorts, sundresses, sunglasses and
swimsuits (more on that below). Linens, if you havesuch, are the ideal fabrics
for a Baltic cruise. Foul-weather expeditionclothing will be provided, if
needed, by excursion operators for those headingout to kayak or hike the
woodlands.
Vilnius, Lithuania, as well as its counterparts Estoniaand Latvia can be rainy
in summer, so pack accordingly.
Are the countries really that small? It depends, ofcourse, on your perspective.
Europe is the world capital of small nation-states; thinkMonaco, Liechtenstein,
San Marino, Andorra, Montenegro and so on. By thosestandards, Estonia, Latvia
and Lithuania are medium-size.
Lithuania has 2.7 million people and ranks 35th among the50 or so European
countries. Latvia, with 1.8 million, is 38th; Estonia, with1.3 million, is
40th. By comparison, San Marino has 34,000 residents.
By size comparison, Lichtenstein is 62 square miles andMonaco .77 square miles.
Rhode Island, the smallest U.S. state, is 1,545 squaremiles.
If you added all three Baltic States together, you’d getjust under 6 million
people—about the same as Wisconsin. The three nations’67,676 square miles is
slightly smaller than Missouri.
What’s the European geographic commonality that the BalticStates lack?
All but 10 of the 50 European countries include mountains(or at least,
topographic rises above 2,000 feet, or 600 meters). The 10:Netherlands,
Luxembourg, Denmark, Belarus, Monaco, Malta, Moldova and Estonia,Latvia and
Lithuania.
The high point in Estonia is Great Egg Hill, or SuurMunamägi, at 1,043 feet,
which is about 27 feet taller than the Shard inLondon. The tallest in Lithuania
is a set of three hills just under 1,000 feet.Latvia’s Gaising is 1,024 feet.
How can we keep from singing?
The Baltic Chain, also known as the Baltic Way, was apowerful step toward the
independence for the three countries. Protestersjoined hand, mile after mile,
from Tallinn, Estonia, to Vilnius,Lithuania./Wikimedia Commons photo by Kusurija
Suppose they called a revolution, and everyone broke outin song.
Sounds like a silly Hollywood movie, but that’s exactlywhat happened in Estonia
beginning in 1988. Popular discontent with Soviet ruleled a composer to craft a
set of protest songs celebrating Estonia’s heritageand lost independence; the
tunes became hits at an annual music festival andeventually drew hundreds of
thousands of people to public song gatherings.
The idea of singing for change quickly spread to Latviaand Lithuania, and a
year later the “Baltic chain” saw 2 million people linkhands from Tallinn to
Vilnius, Lithuania’s capital. Large groups of ordinarycitizens blocked Soviet
troops from seizing Tallinn’s radio/TV tower, and by1991 all three countries
had declared their independence from Moscow andinstalled democratic governments.
What’s that strange slice of land between Lithuania andPoland? Kaliningrad is
an enclave — a geographically isolated outpost ofanother country — that’s still
part of Russia. It has no land connection to itshomeland.
The Baltic trio is the most successful of the erstwhilecommunist nations to
have joined the EU — a conclusion buttressed in July 2024when Estonia’s prime
minister Kaja Kallas was selected to become the EU’sforeign minister, one of
the highest offices in Europe.
Fervently opposed to Russian expansionism — hergrandfather fought in the
1918-1920 war of independence — Kallas was added to aRussian arrest list in
early 2024 because the Estonian government removed someStalinist monuments.
Is it really light at midnight?
Summer light lingers in Latvia in this photo from amid-July evening.
At midsummer, daylight dims in the northwest sky around 11p.m. and begins to
brighten again around 2 a.m. June through August. Nights areshort and days are
long, blissful episodes of clear amber light, with just adistant hint of indigo
in the northeasterly firmament.
The Baltic entryway, the Oresund strait that separatesDenmark and Sweden, is
narrow, so there’s little water exchange between the seaand open ocean.
This means the water hosts oceanic species such as herringbut is much “lighter”
in feel than open ocean water. Mediterranean salinityapproaches 4 percent; the
Dead Sea is 33 percent; and the world’s oceansaverage 3.5 percent.
This is far, far north. So why are there beach resorts allalong the Baltic
shore?
The Baltic’s shallow waters warm wonderfully in the longsummer days that bathe
the land in sunshine four months of the year. Averagewater temperatures at
beaches near Riga can reach 68 degrees Fahrenheit in Julyand August.
Old Town at sunrise in Klaipeda, Lithuania, a summerescape
The summer hotels lining the shore west of Riga at Jurmalaand at Klaipeda
reflect something else. During Russian and Soviet empire days,these were
much-sought summer getaways. A few grand old hotels have survivedthe turmoil of
the past century and provide a glimpse into Gilded Age glamour;more recent
mid-century lodgings are less imposing but escaped the Brutalistarchitecture
madness of Soviet days.
Flowers market in Estonia’s old town Tallinn on a summerevening
Tallinn, especially, is considered one of the best-keptmedieval old towns in
all of Europe. A wonderful hilltop cathedral offerssensational views of the
ancient streets below and of the sparkling Baltic inthe distance. Klaipeda and
Riga are set along charming riverbanks with broadpromenades on either side.
All three cities contain brightly painted centuries-oldpalaces and church
buildings bound by stone-paved plazas.
All three are walkable, pleasant and safe. You may bewandering Riga’s old town
of a summer evening and come upon an open-air concertby a superb scat singer
who’s a devotee of Ella Fitzgerald.
And outside the cities?
The Curonian Spit in Lithuania is a UNESCO World Heritagesite.
Little ferries take beachgoers from central Klaipeda tonearby Curonian Spit
National Park, a memorable strand of tall sand dunesfronting the sea. Pack your
swimsuit. The beaches west of Riga are pleasantflat strands of honey-coloured
sand washed by calm, balmy waters.
The Baltic countryside is a gorgeous landscape of rollingfields braced by
boreal forests of pine and birch. Fireweed sends fuchsiaspires skyward while
ancient oaks line quiet streets in tiny rural towns. Talltowers at old
farmsteads provide stork-nesting platforms.
In Estonia, most small towns have a park with massivewooden swings unique to
this country; teenagers try mightily to send the swingsin a 360-degree circuit,
but visitors settle for less adventuresome rides.
This Baltic tradition consists of steaming oneself in atile- and pine-lined,
wood-fired chamber, followed by (somewhat) gentlethrashing with birch branches.
The saunas approach 200 degrees F, and thebranch-beating yields a profound
sense of mellow wellness.
In Riga, a memorial to the Latvian Riflemen, who foughtagainst the Germans in
World War I
Understanding European demography and history is moredaunting than quantum
mechanics. As in all the rest of Europe, migrating tribesand languages have
sometimes represented, sometimes conflicted with, rulingsystems and national
boundaries. Some places have been independent countriesand then not, half a
dozen times. The Baltic states typify this tortuoushistory.
“War, then war, then a war. Then one day of peace. Theninvasion and conquest,”
Estonian guide Stein-Erik tells us on a day tripthrough the Latvian and
Estonian countryside. “Then two days of independence.Then—guess what? Yes, war
again. Then some more war.” That’s why the Baltic peoples fiercely guardtheir
freedom and 21st century peace. All three joined the EU and NATO as soonas they
could in 2004.
What is Baltic?
The Night of Ancient Bonfires takes place the lastSaturday of August and
celebrates the end of summer. Bonfires and signal firesare set in hundreds of
places around the Baltic coast. Encyclopaedia Britannicarecognizes 160
culturally distinct historic groups in Europe. Estonians,Latvians and
Lithuanians are among them, and their ancestors have been here atleast a
thousand years or more — often much more. Estonians are “Uralic” andrepresent a
people who probably originated in the middle of Russia. Latviansand Lithuanians
are cousins (though their languages are not mutuallyintelligible) representing
the descendants of various tribes that first arrivedhere thousands of years
ago. Since then, injections of Viking, Germanic,Danish, Russian and Polish
peoples have accompanied invasions and takeovers byinnumerable outside powers.
But through all the centuries, each land hasretained its identity. If you
inquire in Finland about the Finnish language,which is difficult and
distinctive, they’ll tell you it’s unlike any other inthe world.
“Sprat” applies to the small baitfish of various typescommon in Baltic waters,
including herring, sardines and so on. It may seemdéclassé compared with
lobster thermidor, say, but fresh herring lightlybraised is as good as any
seafood on Earth — and superbly good for you: Theycontain heart-healthy Omega-3
fatty acids, thought to be beneficial forlong-term cognitive health.
Salmon is the other Baltic standard seafood; it comes fromSweden and Norway,
which are close: 290 miles from Riga to Stockholm, less thanLos Angeles to San
Francisco. Baltic salmon are usually farm raised and are byspecies Atlantic
salmon. They’re delicious, wild or not.
You say potato, they say…potato
I once had, in a Riga restaurant, a meal that includedpotatoes prepared five
ways: roasted,steamed, au gratin, fried and boiled. Yes, really. All five were
different andvery good.
And then there’s the old Soviet-era Latvian joke aboutpotatoes.
Q: What did one potato say to the other?
A: Ridiculous premise. Who has two potatoes?
Cold beet soup is a delightful Latvian summer specialty,served with sour cream.
And in Tallinn, look for herring tartare (Balticsashimi) with mayonnaise. You
won’t find that just anywhere.
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K RAJARAM IRS 29125
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Q5 Whyaren’t dingos just called dogs?
Kr: Dingoescan make loving and loyal companions if cared for in
the right way. However, itis common for people to underestimate what it takes
to properly care for a petdingo. It is more time consuming, expensive and
harder than caring for a dog.Because of this, many owners end up surrendering
their dingoes. The dingo hasbeen given its own species status, recognising that
it is not descended fromdogs or wolves. WHEN THE FIRSTAustralian governor,
Arthur Phillip, landed on Australian shores in 1788 hedocumented the first
written physical description of the dingo. Dingoesare generally a
non-aggressive species, but have been known to attack humans,pets and
livestock. While they are naturally wary and timid around people andwill more
often than not run away if they sense people approaching, there havebeen
recorded negative interactions between this wild dog species and humans.
They'reopportunistic hunters, but will also scavenge food. The bulk of their
diet ismade up of meat: they eat kangaroos, wallabies, feral pigs, wombats,
smallmammals (rabbits, rodents), birds and lizards.
Twochildren have been bitten by dingoes in separate incidents at Lake
McKenzie(Boorangoora), a freshwater swimming area on K'gari, since Thursday.
Two otherpeople were attacked by dingoes a week beforehand, making for four
high-riskinteractions in a week Dingoes tend tobond well with children and
women. well with strangers and dogs in publicsettings like dog parks. As highly
intelligent animals, dingoes easilydistinguish between 'friends' and 'food'.
Their game drive does not make theminherently unpredictable or dangerous
towards people. Dingoes can bark but doso very rarely. A dingo bark tends to be
one sharp bark rather than a series ofongoing yaps. A sharp, low-pitched “woof”
is often used as a warning sound whenunder threat of predators. Mothers will
use this sound to call cubs back to theden if she suspects danger is
approaching. Dingoes need their bondedhumans, other pets and familiar
surroundings for their lifetime. They cannot besuccessfully be boarded out, or
re-homed. Your commitment must therefore beseriously considered, as it will
span for the life of your dingo, which maywell be 18 years.
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K Rajaram IRS 29125
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