Paramartha Guru and four sishyas will always write the opposite as KK, Stalin and DMK members speak about Iron. Many uninterested and ignorant may think as if it is so; but one like G who thinks they made a charity then should not cry loud to eliminate also as they did the charity. Charity as mine ; I did not write; the manager has only the permission. "Avalai ninaithu uralai idippor sangam" [ANUIS] may be formed by 1+4 AND ADD A PLUS 3 MORE AND RUN IT PARALLEL. One who cuts the branch sitting at the branch are only the aviveki plus. One who cannot dance said the daise is not in the shape. KR IRS 30125
---------- Forwarded message --------- From: gopala krishnan <[email protected]> Date: Thu, 30 Jan 2025 at 07:12 Subject: Re: [KeralaIyers] CULTURAL QA 01202529 To: [email protected] <[email protected]>, Rajaram Krishnamurthy <[email protected]>, Narayanaswamy Iyer < [email protected]>, Patty Thatha <[email protected]> Respected Mr Rajaram, I have gone through the first two lines of your response.*"British Jury is absent in the Iyer groups123? Justice rendered as one liked; and as a few wished? "* *What way it is a response to the QA? Such sarcastic remarks will further deteriorate your image in all groups. * *Today you wrote about iyer123, even though still you are considered as a member in iyer123 and you receive daily mails. Otherwise you might not been able to receive my posts in iyer123 to respond. * *You are cutting the tree branch in which you are sitting. * *Behave as a cultured person.* *Gopalakrishnan* On Wednesday, 29 January 2025 at 08:29:26 pm IST, Rajaram Krishnamurthy < [email protected]> wrote: CULTURAL QA 01202529 General QA- Base Quora QA- Compiled Q1 What was life like in British India? KR: 1 British Jury is absent in the Iyer groups123? Justice rendered as one liked; and as a few wished? 2 The British jury system is considered unique due to its long historical development, which resulted in a system where a jury of ordinary citizens is used to decide the facts of a case in serious criminal trials, with a strong emphasis on the principle of "trial by peers" where the jury is drawn from a representative cross-section of the community, and where majority verdicts are often permitted, unlike some other jurisdictions that require unanimous decisions. British jury system that makes it distinct: Deep historical roots: The British jury system dates back to the medieval period, with significant influence from Norman law, making it one of the oldest continuously practiced jury systems in the world. Majority verdicts allowed: In most cases, a British jury can reach a verdict with a majority vote, rather than requiring complete unanimity, which can sometimes lead to faster decisions and prevent deadlock. Limited juror challenges: Unlike some other systems, the British system allows for fewer peremptory challenges, meaning lawyers have limited ability to dismiss potential jurors without providing a specific reason. Focus on representative community: The jury is drawn from the electoral register, aiming to reflect a broad cross-section of society. No compensation assessment by jury: In civil cases, the judge usually determines the amount of compensation awarded, unlike in some US jurisdictions where juries decide this. 3 According to historical understanding, the Vedic period in *India did have a system resembling a jury,* where a group of respected individuals, often called *"sabhasadas" or councillors*, would advise the king on legal matters, essentially acting as a jury in decision-making; therefore, the Vedas did not completely lack a jury system, although it might not have functioned exactly like a modern jury. The Vedic "jury": No direct mention in Vedas: While the Vedas don't explicitly mention a "jury" in the modern sense, the concept of a council providing advice on legal matters is present in the texts. Role of the "sabhasadas": These councillors were considered learned individuals who would provide their opinion on a case, with the king ultimately making the final decision. Trial by ordeal also existed: Alongside the "jury-like" system, the Vedic period also saw the practice of trial by ordeal as a method of determining guilt or innocence. 4 The Indian Judicial System A Historical Survey By Mr. Justice S. S. Dhavan High Court, Allahabad Henry Mayne described the legal system of ancient India "as an apparatus of cruel absurdities". An Anglo-Indian jurist made the following remark about what he called "the oriental habits of life" of the Indians before the British turned up in India: "It (British rule in India) is a record of experiments made by foreign rulers to govern alien races in a strange land, to adapt European institutions to Oriental habits of life, and to make definite laws supreme amongst peoples who bad always associated government with arbitrary and uncontrolled authority."1 (italicized by me). Alan Gledhill, a retired member of the Indian Civil Service, wrote that when the British seized power in India, "there was a dearth of legal principles." We must go the original texts to get a true and correct picture of the legal system of ancient India. The reader will discover from them that Indian jurisprudence was found on the rule of law; that the King himself was subject to the law; that arbitrary power was unknown to Indian political theory and jurisprudence and the kind’s right to govern was subject to the fulfilment of duties the breach of which resulted in forfeiture of kingship; that the judges were independent and subject only to the law; that ancient India had the highest standard of any nation of antiquity as regards the ability, learning, integrity, impartiality, and independence of the judiciary, and these standards have not been surpassed till today ; that the Indian judiciary consisted of a hierarchy of judges with the Court of the Chief Justice (Praadvivaka) at the top, each higher Court being invested with the power to review the decision of the Courts below ; that disputes were decided essentially in accordance with the same principles of natural justice which govern the judicial process in the modern State today: that the rules of procedure and evidence were similar to those followed today ; that supernatural modes of proof like the ordeal were discourage ; that in criminal trials the accused could not be punished unless his guilt was proved according to law ; that in civil cases the trial consisted of four stages like any modern trial – plaint, reply, hearing and decree ; that such doctrines as res judicata (prang nyaya) were familiar to Indian jurisprudence ; that all trials, civil or criminal, were heard by a bench of several judges and rarely by a judge sitting singly ; that the decrees of all courts except the King were subject to appeal or review according to fixed principles ; that the fundamental duty of the Court was to do justice "without favour or fear". Was there a rule of law in ancient India? Let the texts speak for themselves. In the Mahabharata, it was laid down " A King who after having sworn that he shall protect his subjects fails to protect them should be executed like a mad dog." "The people should execute a king who does not protect them, but deprives them of their property and assets and who takes no advice or guidance from anyone. Such a king is not a king but misfortune." These provisions indicate that sovereignty was based on an implied social compact and if the King violated the traditional pact, he forfeited his kingship. Coming to the historical times of Mauryan Empire, Kautilya describes the duties of a king in the Arth-shastra thus : "In the happiness of his subjects lies the King’s happiness; in their welfare his welfare; whatever pleases him he shall not consider as good, but whether pleases his people he shall consider too good." According to Brihaspati Smriti, there was a hierarchy of courts in Ancient India beginning with the family Courts and ending with the King. The lowest was the family arbitrator. The next higher court was that of the judge; the next of the Chief Justice who was called Praadvivaka, or adhyaksha; and at the top was the King’s court. The jurisdiction of each was determined by the importance of the dispute, the minor disputes being decided by the lowest court and the most important by the king. The decision of each higher Court superseded that of the court below Says Katyayana: "If the king wants to inflict upon the litigants (vivadinam) an illegal or unrighteous decision, it is the duty of the judge (samya) to warn the king and prevent him.” "The judge guiding the king must give his opinion which he considers to be according to law, if the king does not listen, the judge at least has done his duty.19 When the judge realizes that the king has deviated from equity and justice, his duty is not to please the king for this is no occasion for soft speech (vaktavyam tat priyam natra); if the judge fails in his duty, he is guilty." The most noteworthy feature of the judicial system was the institution of sabhasadas or councillors who acted as assessors or adviser of the King. They were the equivalent of the modern jury, with one important difference. The jury of today consists of laymen- "twelve shopkeepers"-whereas the councillors who sat with the Sovereign were to be learned in law. Yajanvalkya enjoins: "The Sovereign should appoint as assessors of his court persons who are well versed in the literature of the law, truthful, and by temperament capable of complete impartiality between friend and foe." Here I end even though the article covers a lot of points. SO BETTER THINK BEFORE GRANDPA INK. ( The Joke part of it is long ago I wrote on NYAYA system; but as usual went unlearned; but attracted by The British. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Q2 What causes neuropathy in the feet? KR Neuropathy refers to any condition that causes nerve damage or dysfunction, with symptoms like numbness, tingling, burning sensations, or pain. It affects peripheral nerves, usually beginning in the hands and feet. It can happen due to several reasons, including diabetes, medications, injuries, infections, vitamin deficiencies, and autoimmune disorders. Early diagnosis is vital since neuropathy can worsen over time. Treatment generally involves managing symptoms and the underlying causes. Neuropathy in Ayurveda Perspective Ayurveda addresses neuropathy, particularly diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), by tackling symptoms along with managing the root cause. Neuropathy is often associated with ‘Vata’ and ‘Kapha’ imbalance, especially affecting the nervous system. A disturbance in the body’s natural energy flow (Vata dosha) due to obstruction caused by Kapha dosha leads to neuropathy, which requires both systemic and targeted local treatment. Conditions like DPN are considered as Prameha Upadrava (diabetic complications), in which burning sensation and numbness are considered as a sign of nerve dysfunction and treated accordingly along with managing the root cause, i.e., diabetes. Ayurvedic Treatments for Neuropathy The purpose of Ayurveda treatment for neuropathy is to reduce the symptoms (such as pain, numbness, and tingling), delay progression, and improve the quality of life of the patients. It is done with the help of a combination of Ayurveda therapies, dietary management, and internal medications to restore the balance in the body and treat neuropathy, which is due to diabetes. Specific Ayurveda medications, Panchakarma therapies, and local therapies such as Kaya Seka, Abhyanga, Swedana, etc., are incorporated after assessing the condition of the patient and the stage of the disease. These modalities are proven to have marked improvement of the neuropathy symptoms, thus being beneficial in DPN management. Ayurveda Treatment Outcomes: Symptom Relief: Reduction of symptoms like tingling, numbness, and pain Disease Management: Prevent the progression and manage the root cause of neuropathy such as diabetes. Restoration of Function: Improvements in nerve function and sensation Delay Progression: Delay the disease progression and prevent further complications. Ayurveda for Diabetic Neuropathy Diabetic neuropathy is nerve damage that occurs in people with diabetes, which affects nerves all over the body, usually in the feet and legs, and then spreads to other parts of the body. Common signs may include numbness, tingling, burning sensations, and muscle weakness, which can become sufficiently severe to cause mild discomfort, or even significant pain, and disability. If not treated, complications include foot ulcers, infections, and amputation. It can also affect other bodily functions and quality of life. Diabetic neuropathy can be prevented or controlled by proper diabetes management with Panchakarma, medication, diet, and lifestyle changes. Medications that improve nerve conduction, decrease pain, and reduce the blood sugar level are prescribed. Abhyanga, udvartana, and vasti (enema), etc., modalities are also incorporated in relieving symptoms after assessing the condition of the patient and the stage of the disease. The Ayurveda treatment approach is aimed at symptom cure and systemic balance with the ultimate goal of root cause reversal. Ayurvedic Treatment for Neuropathic Pain Ayurveda focuses on reversing neuropathy symptoms and bringing back the neurons to their original structure. The following treatment modalities are utilised to reduce the pain, mitigate aggravated Vata, and prevent further progression. Panchakarma procedures like Vasti, Vamana, and Virechana to balance Vata and Kapha dosha involved in the pathogenesis Murdha Taila is a set of four oil-based treatments (overhead region) in Ayurveda. Shiro abhyanga (oil therapy on the head), Shirodhara (continuous oil streaming on the forehead), Shiro Basti (oil retention on the head), and Shiro Pichu (medicated oil application over bregma) are these treatments. They are designed to nourish the nervous system, improve communication, reduce inflammation, increase circulation, and slow neurological deterioration. Local treatments such as Abhyanga (oil therapy), Swedana (steam therapy), Lepam (paste applications), Pichu (warm medicated oil application), Kizhi (herbal poultice), etc., are also adopted to stimulate nerve endings and increase neurotransmitter activities. Conclusion Ayurvedic therapies for neuropathy stand out because we tackle the condition beyond the symptoms. The treatment is focused on balancing the body’s fundamental doshas (Vata and Kapha) and the actual root cause. The treatment modalities offer comprehensive healing and nerve regeneration support. As Ayurveda focuses on personalised treatment plans, based on the body’s constitution, every patient is given targeted treatment for the best results. More importantly, the combination of dietary modifications, yoga, and stress management techniques with medicinal treatments provides a healing environment that is sustainable and supports long-term nervous system health and overall well-being. II Even normal healthy ones will get into that status as aged xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Q3 What are some awesome mathematics tricks? KR For persons who do not understand Maths it is a magic; for those who can know or learnt, it is a laughing matter. WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE BEHIND ALL THESE 7,11, AND 13 FACTORS ONLY BUT NOT 1-6,8-10 & 12 ETC? There are simple rules for telling whether a number is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. • A number is divisible by 2 if its last digit is divisible by 2. • A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3. • A number is divisible by 4 if the number formed by its last two digits is divisible by 4. • A number is divisible by 5 if its last digit is divisible by 5. • A number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by 2 and by 3. • A number is divisible by 8 if the number formed by its last three digits is divisible by 8. • A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9. • A number is divisible by 10 if its last digit is 0. A number is divisible by 12 if it’s divisible by 3 and 4. (It matters here that 3 and 4 are relatively prime. It’s not true, for example, that a number is divisible by 12 if it’s divisible by 2 and 6.) The heart of the method is that 7*11*13 = 1001.@ If I subtract a multiple of 1001 from a number, I don’t change its divisibility by 7, 11, or 13. More than that, I don’t change its remainder by 7, 11, or 13. The steps in the method amount to adding or subtracting multiples of 1001 and dividing by 1000. The former doesn’t change the remainder by 7, 11, or 13, but the latter multiplies the remainder by −1, hence the alternating sum. (1000 is congruent to -1 mod 7, mod 11, and mod 13.) So not only can we test for divisibility by 7, 11, and 13 with this method, we can also find the remainders by 7, 11, and 13. The original number and the alternating sum are congruent mod 1001, so they are congruent mod 7, mod 11, and mod 13. @ 1001IS SAME AS A^3 MINUS 1 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Q4 Could you list some interesting facts about Latvia? KR: IT’S A REPEAT AND WHY DO NOT CROSS THAT TERRITORY? Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia are known as the Baltic states. The term "Baltic" refers to the Baltic Sea and the languages spoken in these countries. The Baltic states are democracies that share a similar history and border the Baltic Sea. The United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and NATO have considered the Baltic states to be under Soviet occupation during the Cold War. The Baltic states regained their independence from the Soviet Union in the early 1990s. In 2004, the Baltic states joined the European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Proud, compact, beautiful, distinctive and thriving – Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, the three Baltic states –comprise a unique travel destination. Not so long ago they were small, somewhat backward provinces in the Soviet empire, cultural and geographical afterthoughts. Now, a generation and a half later, they are modern, glistening green gems of the European Union, fully established members of the Western world and delightful small countries for travelers seeking antidotes to the teeming hordes of Europe’s big-name destinations. It’s hard to think of any part of the world that reversed course as quickly as these three lands after throwing off their Soviet shackles in 1991. Today, all three countries boast highly digitized economies, well-educated populations, superb health care and public services – and deep reverence for the centuries of history and heritage that led to their long-sought freedom more than three decades ago. Baltic peoples now wryly point out that only the imperial accident of Russian (followed by Soviet) domination links the three countries. Latvians and Lithuanians are distantly related, but Estonians are not. These peoples coexisted for centuries, like Austrians and Hungarians. True independence for the three countries first came in 1918 during the collapse of Czarist Russia, but this short-lived freedom was swallowed by World War II, followed by Stalinist rule, and was restored only after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1990. Gediminas Avenue and Cathedral square and belfry in the historical center of old town of Vilnius, Lithuania/Getty Images The three Baltic states earned what they had wanted all along: full participation in the Western world in all its colorful facets. This means high-quality modern jazz concerts in in tree-lined squares in Latvia’s capital, Riga (pictured in photo across the top). It means near-universal internet access. It means astounding economic success: All three countries rank in the top 40 on the U.N.’s Index of Human Development. And it means cultural sophistication equal to dozens of other small countries that have been on their own for hundreds of years. “They say it’s really big. And free as a bird.” She spreads her arms to simulate the wide sky, which is just as big in this part of the world. But the Baltic states share with Texas an intense identity and fierce self-determination. Which Silversea ship visits the Baltic States? Silver Dawn, a 596-guest ultra-luxury ship made its debut in April 2022. It is the 10th ship in the Silversea fleet. It also features the S.A.L.T. program, a culinary program that opens the world to guests through cuisines of the ports it visits, drinks that reflect those regions, opportunities to learn more about history in a tasteful way. What should I pack for a Baltic voyage? You might get a sunny day at the beach or a dreary day, so be prepared for either on a Baltic Sea voyage./Getty Images Baltic weather is famously temperamental but widely misunderstood. Summer cruise season brings languid, long, sunny days with highs from 70 to 80 and cool nights during which a light sweater or jacket is helpful. Bring rain gear, sweaters and fleece… and shorts, sun dresses, sunglasses and swimsuits (more on that below). Linens, if you have such, are the ideal fabrics for a Baltic cruise. Foul-weather expedition clothing will be provided, if needed, by excursion operators for those heading out to kayak or hike the woodlands. Vilnius, Lithuania, as well as its counterparts Estonia and Latvia can be rainy in summer, so pack accordingly. Are the countries really that small? It depends, of course, on your perspective. Europe is the world capital of small nation-states; think Monaco, Liechtenstein, San Marino, Andorra, Montenegro and so on. By those standards, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are medium-size. Lithuania has 2.7 million people and ranks 35th among the 50 or so European countries. Latvia, with 1.8 million, is 38th; Estonia, with 1.3 million, is 40th. By comparison, San Marino has 34,000 residents. By size comparison, Lichtenstein is 62 square miles and Monaco .77 square miles. Rhode Island, the smallest U.S. state, is 1,545 square miles. If you added all three Baltic States together, you’d get just under 6 million people—about the same as Wisconsin. The three nations’ 67,676 square miles is slightly smaller than Missouri. What’s the European geographic commonality that the Baltic States lack? All but 10 of the 50 European countries include mountains (or at least, topographic rises above 2,000 feet, or 600 meters). The 10: Netherlands, Luxembourg, Denmark, Belarus, Monaco, Malta, Moldova and Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The high point in Estonia is Great Egg Hill, or Suur Munamägi, at 1,043 feet, which is about 27 feet taller than the Shard in London. The tallest in Lithuania is a set of three hills just under 1,000 feet. Latvia’s Gaising is 1,024 feet. How can we keep from singing? The Baltic Chain, also known as the Baltic Way, was a powerful step toward the independence for the three countries. Protesters joined hand, mile after mile, from Tallinn, Estonia, to Vilnius, Lithuania./Wikimedia Commons photo by Kusurija Suppose they called a revolution, and everyone broke out in song. Sounds like a silly Hollywood movie, but that’s exactly what happened in Estonia beginning in 1988. Popular discontent with Soviet rule led a composer to craft a set of protest songs celebrating Estonia’s heritage and lost independence; the tunes became hits at an annual music festival and eventually drew hundreds of thousands of people to public song gatherings. The idea of singing for change quickly spread to Latvia and Lithuania, and a year later the “Baltic chain” saw 2 million people link hands from Tallinn to Vilnius, Lithuania’s capital. Large groups of ordinary citizens blocked Soviet troops from seizing Tallinn’s radio/TV tower, and by 1991 all three countries had declared their independence from Moscow and installed democratic governments. What’s that strange slice of land between Lithuania and Poland? Kaliningrad is an enclave — a geographically isolated outpost of another country — that’s still part of Russia. It has no land connection to its homeland. The Baltic trio is the most successful of the erstwhile communist nations to have joined the EU — a conclusion buttressed in July 2024 when Estonia’s prime minister Kaja Kallas was selected to become the EU’s foreign minister, one of the highest offices in Europe. Fervently opposed to Russian expansionism — her grandfather fought in the 1918-1920 war of independence — Kallas was added to a Russian arrest list in early 2024 because the Estonian government removed some Stalinist monuments. Is it really light at midnight? Summer light lingers in Latvia in this photo from a mid-July evening. At midsummer, daylight dims in the northwest sky around 11 p.m. and begins to brighten again around 2 a.m. June through August. Nights are short and days are long, blissful episodes of clear amber light, with just a distant hint of indigo in the northeasterly firmament. The Baltic entryway, the Oresund strait that separates Denmark and Sweden, is narrow, so there’s little water exchange between the sea and open ocean. This means the water hosts oceanic species such as herring but is much “lighter” in feel than open ocean water. Mediterranean salinity approaches 4 percent; the Dead Sea is 33 percent; and the world’s oceans average 3.5 percent. This is far, far north. So why are there beach resorts all along the Baltic shore? The Baltic’s shallow waters warm wonderfully in the long summer days that bathe the land in sunshine four months of the year. Average water temperatures at beaches near Riga can reach 68 degrees Fahrenheit in July and August. Old Town at sunrise in Klaipeda, Lithuania, a summer escape The summer hotels lining the shore west of Riga at Jurmala and at Klaipeda reflect something else. During Russian and Soviet empire days, these were much-sought summer getaways. A few grand old hotels have survived the turmoil of the past century and provide a glimpse into Gilded Age glamour; more recent mid-century lodgings are less imposing but escaped the Brutalist architecture madness of Soviet days. Flowers market in Estonia’s old town Tallinn on a summer evening Tallinn, especially, is considered one of the best-kept medieval old towns in all of Europe. A wonderful hilltop cathedral offers sensational views of the ancient streets below and of the sparkling Baltic in the distance. Klaipeda and Riga are set along charming riverbanks with broad promenades on either side. All three cities contain brightly painted centuries-old palaces and church buildings bound by stone-paved plazas. All three are walkable, pleasant and safe. You may be wandering Riga’s old town of a summer evening and come upon an open-air concert by a superb scat singer who’s a devotee of Ella Fitzgerald. And outside the cities? The Curonian Spit in Lithuania is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Little ferries take beachgoers from central Klaipeda to nearby Curonian Spit National Park, a memorable strand of tall sand dunes fronting the sea. Pack your swimsuit. The beaches west of Riga are pleasant flat strands of honey-coloured sand washed by calm, balmy waters. The Baltic countryside is a gorgeous landscape of rolling fields braced by boreal forests of pine and birch. Fireweed sends fuchsia spires skyward while ancient oaks line quiet streets in tiny rural towns. Tall towers at old farmsteads provide stork-nesting platforms. In Estonia, most small towns have a park with massive wooden swings unique to this country; teenagers try mightily to send the swings in a 360-degree circuit, but visitors settle for less adventuresome rides. This Baltic tradition consists of steaming oneself in a tile- and pine-lined, wood-fired chamber, followed by (somewhat) gentle thrashing with birch branches. The saunas approach 200 degrees F, and the branch-beating yields a profound sense of mellow wellness. In Riga, a memorial to the Latvian Riflemen, who fought against the Germans in World War I Understanding European demography and history is more daunting than quantum mechanics. As in all the rest of Europe, migrating tribes and languages have sometimes represented, sometimes conflicted with, ruling systems and national boundaries. Some places have been independent countries and then not, half a dozen times. The Baltic states typify this tortuous history. “War, then war, then a war. Then one day of peace. Then invasion and conquest,” Estonian guide Stein-Erik tells us on a day trip through the Latvian and Estonian countryside. “Then two days of independence. Then—guess what? Yes, war again. Then some more war.” That’s why the Baltic peoples fiercely guard their freedom and 21st century peace. All three joined the EU and NATO as soon as they could in 2004. What is Baltic? The Night of Ancient Bonfires takes place the last Saturday of August and celebrates the end of summer. Bonfires and signal fires are set in hundreds of places around the Baltic coast. Encyclopaedia Britannica recognizes 160 culturally distinct historic groups in Europe. Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians are among them, and their ancestors have been here at least a thousand years or more — often much more. Estonians are “Uralic” and represent a people who probably originated in the middle of Russia. Latvians and Lithuanians are cousins (though their languages are not mutually intelligible) representing the descendants of various tribes that first arrived here thousands of years ago. Since then, injections of Viking, Germanic, Danish, Russian and Polish peoples have accompanied invasions and takeovers by innumerable outside powers. But through all the centuries, each land has retained its identity. If you inquire in Finland about the Finnish language, which is difficult and distinctive, they’ll tell you it’s unlike any other in the world. “Sprat” applies to the small baitfish of various types common in Baltic waters, including herring, sardines and so on. It may seem déclassé compared with lobster thermidor, say, but fresh herring lightly braised is as good as any seafood on Earth — and superbly good for you: They contain heart-healthy Omega-3 fatty acids, thought to be beneficial for long-term cognitive health. Salmon is the other Baltic standard seafood; it comes from Sweden and Norway, which are close: 290 miles from Riga to Stockholm, less than Los Angeles to San Francisco. Baltic salmon are usually farm raised and are by species Atlantic salmon. They’re delicious, wild or not. You say potato, they say…potato I once had, in a Riga restaurant, a meal that included potatoes prepared five ways: roasted, steamed, au gratin, fried and boiled. Yes, really. All five were different and very good. And then there’s the old Soviet-era Latvian joke about potatoes. Q: What did one potato say to the other? A: Ridiculous premise. Who has two potatoes? Cold beet soup is a delightful Latvian summer specialty, served with sour cream. And in Tallinn, look for herring tartare (Baltic sashimi) with mayonnaise. You won’t find that just anywhere. {AUTHENTIC VERSION WHERE MANY MORE PAGES ARE NOT BROUGHT DOWN} K RAJARAM IRS 29125 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Q5 Why aren’t dingos just called dogs? Kr: Dingoes can make loving and loyal companions if cared for in the right way. However, it is common for people to underestimate what it takes to properly care for a pet dingo. It is more time consuming, expensive and harder than caring for a dog. Because of this, many owners end up surrendering their dingoes. The dingo has been given its own species status, recognising that it is not descended from dogs or wolves. WHEN THE FIRST Australian governor, Arthur Phillip, landed on Australian shores in 1788 he documented the first written physical description of the dingo. Dingoes are generally a non-aggressive species, but have been known to attack humans, pets and livestock. While they are naturally wary and timid around people and will more often than not run away if they sense people approaching, there have been recorded negative interactions between this wild dog species and humans. They're opportunistic hunters, but will also scavenge food. The bulk of their diet is made up of meat: they eat kangaroos, wallabies, feral pigs, wombats, small mammals (rabbits, rodents), birds and lizards. Two children have been bitten by dingoes in separate incidents at Lake McKenzie (Boorangoora), a freshwater swimming area on K'gari, since Thursday. Two other people were attacked by dingoes a week beforehand, making for four high-risk interactions in a week Dingoes tend to bond well with children and women. well with strangers and dogs in public settings like dog parks. As highly intelligent animals, dingoes easily distinguish between 'friends' and 'food'. Their game drive does not make them inherently unpredictable or dangerous towards people. Dingoes can bark but do so very rarely. A dingo bark tends to be one sharp bark rather than a series of ongoing yaps. A sharp, low-pitched “woof” is often used as a warning sound when under threat of predators. Mothers will use this sound to call cubs back to the den if she suspects danger is approaching. Dingoes need their bonded humans, other pets and familiar surroundings for their lifetime. They cannot be successfully be boarded out, or re-homed. Your commitment must therefore be seriously considered, as it will span for the life of your dingo, which may well be 18 years. 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