We need to support composite authentication in private PKI use-cases.   In a 
private PKI, it is easy for us to issue composite certificates.  We have 
business to business applications which communicate via TLS and they make use 
our PKI issued certificates.  We need to be able to use composite 
authentication between them.


>With composite certificates, the combinatorial explosion occurs directly
>in certificates, which is the absolutely worst place to have that in.

As Scott said, Composite signatures are just a signature algorithm, and they 
already have IANA registered OIDs.
At the certificate level, they are just a signature.  The certificate logic 
doesn't need any changes.  I did not have
to change my Certificate, CSR, CRL, OCSP or any other signed PKI structures for 
them to work, just like I didn't
have to change them to add ML-DSA.   That is why we have algorithm identifiers, 
to give us agility.  Once my
crypto library supports the signature algorithm, it just drops in, the same is 
true with Composite signatures.

By the way, I'm not against the multi-certificates draft either.  I don't agree 
that there has to be 3 PKI's in
a transition...   Traditional - > PQ/T  -> PQ.     Once you are on a PQ/T, you 
don't need to be in a hurry to migrate away
from it.  If EC/RSA is broken by a CRQQ, then composite ML-DSA is close to as 
good as pure ML-DSA at that point,
so why would you need to expend the effort to move to the pure ML-DSA when you 
are already essentially there?
Then, even if you decided to move to a different algorithm because you don't 
like ML-DSA anymore, you would
probably decide to move to whatever the best algorithm is at that time, which 
could be a PQ/PQ if you are still
concerned about algorithm resiliency.   So I agree that a third migration will 
definitely happen one day, I am
just not convinced it needs to happen before there is a CRQC.   I also know 
there will be 4th and 5th migrations,
and that such migrations will continue for the foreseeable future.   🙂

The negotiated resiliency in the multi-certificates drafts is definitely more 
complicated, but can be a flexible
mechanism to handle all the various combinations of algorithms that will be 
invented.
A word of caution:  When we originally designed composite signatures back in 
2019, we tried to make it flexible
in a similar way as multi-certs.   We defined s structure called composite that 
specified the algorithm identifiers
for the algorithms that make up the composite. The LAMPS working group told us 
it was a "foot canon" and that
implementors would choose the worst possible Insecure combinations, and that we 
needed to take the
choice away.  Is the dual certs draft going to ensure any kind of safety rail?  
 Like whitelists of algorithms that
are useable with the mechanism?   I confess I haven't read the latest update 
yet.  🙁

Cheers,

John Gray


________________________________
From: [email protected] <[email protected]> on behalf of Ilari 
Liusvaara <[email protected]>
Sent: Tuesday, July 14, 2026 4:11 PM
To: <[email protected]> <[email protected]>
Subject: [EXTERNAL] [TLS] Re: Fwd: New Version Notification for 
draft-yusef-tls-pqt-dual-certs-02.txt

On Tue, Jul 14, 2026 at 06: 01: 55PM +0000, Scott Fluhrer (sfluhrer) wrote: > 
Forgive my curiosity, but could you please expand on that? > > We designed the 
composite certificates/signatures to act like "just > another signature 
algorithm"


On Tue, Jul 14, 2026 at 06:01:55PM +0000, Scott Fluhrer (sfluhrer) wrote:
> Forgive my curiosity, but could you please expand on that?
>
> We designed the composite certificates/signatures to act like "just
> another signature algorithm" (if you don't peek into the innards and
> I don't know why anything other than the low level crypto would need
> to).

Introducing a new algorithm requires creating a new line of certificates,
and most webservers just do not support any sane way of automatically
doing that.

And even if webserver does support it, there are all manner of nasty
edge cases making life hard for the ACME client.


> My personal opinion: I see the need for both pure and hybrid
> authentication. However, the hybrid authentication needn't be
> composite certificates - dual (aka parallel) certificates would
> address the need just as well.

My opinion is that hybrid authentication should be left to
environments with security profile standard specifying it.

And while dual certificates are in theory simple (do both independently
with intersected algorithm list), in practice this causes major issues
with APIs (since there are now two EEs).

With composite certificates, the combinatorial explosion occurs directly
in certificates, which is the absolutely worst place to have that in.


> ________________________________
> From: Ilari Liusvaara <[email protected]>
> Sent: Tuesday, July 14, 2026 1:44 PM
> To: <[email protected]> <[email protected]>
> Subject: [TLS] Re: Fwd: New Version Notification for 
> draft-yusef-tls-pqt-dual-certs-02.txt
>
> As an operator, I can say that issuing composite certificate is a big
> deal, even with automation like ACME. Because it involves actions that
> can not be feasibly automated.




-Ilari

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