Hi Rifaat,

thanks for sharing the draft. 

What makes me wonder is the fact, that TPMs (unlike HSMs) are not taken
into consideration. Thus, what we gonne do with the composite/PQ cert?
Or is this out-of-scope here; and if, why?

Extensions to existing TPMs (ie. adding Keccak hashes) seem to be quite
unpopular (a Master student of me tried it once).

Regards.
--eh.

Am Dienstag, dem 14.07.2026 um 08:10 -0400 schrieb Rifaat Shekh-Yusef:
> Hi Ekr,
> 
> Thanks for the detailed review and comments.
> See a few comments inline.
> 
> Regards,
>  Rifaat
> 
> 
> On Thu, Jun 25, 2026 at 12:52 PM Eric Rescorla <[email protected]> wrote:
> > Document: draft-yusef-tls-pqt-dual-certs-02.txt
> > 
> > Overall, if we are to support the simultaneous use of PQ and
> > traditional signatures in TLS, I think that composites are a
> > superior
> > approach.
> > 
> 
> 
> Can you elaborate on what you mean by "superior" in this case?
> 
> There are pros and cons to each approach. 
> Take a look at the following document that has a comparison between
> these two approaches:
> https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-reddy-pquip-pqc-signature-migration-01.html
>  
> 
> >  As far as I can tell, the only real benefit of this design
> > is that it allows you to perform a transition of the form
> > traditional
> > -> simultaneous PQ/T -> pure PQ while avoiding the need to issue
> > separate composite certificates.
> > 
> > 
> 
> 
> Note that the use cases we are trying to address are enterprise use
> cases, not Web.
> 
> Composite - requires 3 PKIs: the existing traditional, composite, and
> pure pqc.
> Dual - requires 2 PKIs: traditional and pure pqc.
> 
> The transition from one mode to another in the dual case is much
> simpler and smoother than the composite, relying on changing some
> configuration to drop the traditional certificate when the time
> comes.
> Dual provides a better backward compatibility with legacy products
> making it simpler for organizations to gradually transition their
> systems.
> The decoupling of the PKIs allows for a lifecycle independence with
> different validity periods, renewals, revocation, etc.
> Dual utilizes existing standards PKI infrastructure and standalone
> certificates allows for easier future replacement of algorithms
> without waiting for a new composite specification to define how to
> combine the signatures of these algorithms.
> From an operational perspective, you need to update your TLS library
> whether using composite or dual. Because of that composite has no
> advantage over dual.
> 
>  
> > The cost of this savings is quite a bit of additional complexity in
> > TLS. I'd like to see some analysis that shows that cost is worth
> > paying. 
> > 
> 
> 
> We agree that this adds complexity to TLS. 
> Because of that we are looking for more parties that might be
> interested in such a mechanism to help with the analysis.
> 
>  
> > Given modern automation (ACME) and shortened certificate
> > lifetimes, it's hard to believe just issuing the certificates is a
> > big
> > deal, though perhaps technically being able to make the composites
> > is?
> > 
> 
> 
> I am not sure I understand this comment. Can elaborate on this?
> 
> Regards,
>  Rifaat
> 
>  
> > In any case, I'd like to see much stronger arguments than have been
> > advanced here before we absorb this complexity.
> > 
> > With that said, even on its own terms I think this draft is trying
> > to get too clever. Specifically by:
> > 
> > - Overloading the signature scheme code points to indicate that
> >   you are sending multiple certificate chains.
> > - Only signing a partial transcript.
> > 
> > 
> > 
> > At a high level, it's not clear to me that this encodes the right
> > semantics. As covered in quite a bit of detail in Chrome's roadmap
> > [0], we have to distinguish between the algorithm encoded in the
> > EE's
> > certificate and the algorithms used to sign that certificate and
> > other
> > certificates in the chain, and there are benefits to requiring a PQ
> > PKI even if you don't have PQ keys (stage 3 in Google's roadmap).
> > 
> > 
> > 
> > 
> > 
> > # Signature schemes
> > 
> > You state in S 4.1.
> > 
> >    Dual code points are advertised and negotiated using the
> > existing
> >    signature_algorithms extension defined in Section 4.2.3 of
> > [TLS],
> >    exactly as for any other SignatureScheme.  A client that
> > supports
> >    dual authentication includes the relevant dual code points in
> > its
> >    signature_algorithms list.  The server selects one code point
> > from
> >    the client's list, just as in standard TLS 1.3 negotiation.
> > 
> > The message in which the server's choice is conveyed is in
> > CertificateVerify, but the client needs to parse the Certificate
> > prior
> > to seeing CertificateVerify, which means that it doesn't know
> > whether
> > a dual code point is in in use or not at the time it processes the
> > Certificate. Instead, it must parse either version and then fail if
> > (for instance) the server sent two certificate chains but then
> > signs
> > with a single algorithm. This is possible but kind of unfortunate,
> > especially because of the way you handle the transcript.
> > 
> > Second, these code points have narrower semantics than ordinary
> > signature schemes, because (for instance) you cannot use them to
> > sign
> > the certificate. The result of both of these design choices is a
> > bunch of special case state keeping associated with these special
> > signature schemes.
> > 
> > Finally, it's not clear to me what the semantics of this extension
> > actually are. Suppose that I advertise the following signature
> > algorithms:
> > 
> >    [
> >       ecdsa_secp256r1,
> >       sha256_mldsa44
> >    ]
> > 
> > This allows the server to supply me with a P-256 certificate signed
> > with an MLDSA key (or vice versa). Now if I add
> > ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256_mldsa44, what does this say about the
> > certificate in the PQ chain. Can it be signed by a P-256 key? If
> > not,
> > what text forbids this and what is the general rule?
> > 
> > I recognize that it's tricky to actually design something with the
> > right semantics here, but I don't think this is quite there and
> > overloading this extension seems to make the problem harder.
> > 
> > 
> > # Only Signing a Partial Transcript
> > 
> > Instead of signing the whole transcript, as everything else in
> > TLS does, each algorithm just signs the transcript corresponding
> > to its own certificates. As I understand it, you are doing this
> > for domain separation reasons, but the consequence is that we
> > are in uncharted territory about the security of TLS, and in
> > particular that neither signature is endorsing the other's
> > certificates. Do you have any analysis for what this does
> > to the security of TLS?
> > 
> > In addition, it's an implementation problem because it means that
> > the
> > RP needs to maintain two transcripts rather than just hashing in
> > the
> > Certificate message as received. Incidentally, the way you have
> > specified this seems to remove the Certificate message's headers,
> > which would otherwise be in the transcript, as per S 4.4.1 of RFC
> > 8446.
> > 
> > It seems like there ought to be some other way to provide
> > domain separation.
> > 
> > -Ekr
> > 
> > [0]
> > https://www.chromium.org/Home/chromium-security/post-quantum-auth-roadmap/
> > 
> > 
> > On Wed, Jun 24, 2026 at 11:24 PM tirumal reddy <[email protected]>
> > wrote:
> > > Hi all,
> > > 
> > > The draft
> > > https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-yusef-tls-pqt-dual-certs/
> > > has been revised to address the comments received from the WG
> > > during the presentation at IETF-123. 
> > > 
> > > The draft no longer defines any new TLS extension.  Dual
> > > authentication is signaled entirely through new SignatureScheme
> > > code points, negotiated with the existing signature_algorithms
> > > extension; the negotiated code point determines how the existing
> > > Certificate and CertificateVerify messages carry the two chains
> > > and two signatures.
> > > 
> > > Further comments and suggestions are welcome.
> > > 
> > > Regards,
> > > -Tiru
> > > 
> > > ---------- Forwarded message ---------
> > > From: <[email protected]>
> > > Date: Wed, 24 Jun 2026 at 13:59
> > > Subject: New Version Notification for draft-yusef-tls-pqt-dual-
> > > certs-02.txt
> > > To: Tirumaleswar Reddy.K <[email protected]>, Hannes Tschofenig
> > > <[email protected]>, Hannes Tschofenig
> > > <[email protected]>, Mike Ounsworth
> > > <[email protected]>, Rifaat Shekh-Yusef
> > > <[email protected]>, Yaroslav Rosomakho
> > > <[email protected]>
> > > 
> > > 
> > > A new version of Internet-Draft draft-yusef-tls-pqt-dual-certs-
> > > 02.txt has been
> > > successfully submitted by Tirumaleswar Reddy and posted to the
> > > IETF repository.
> > > 
> > > Name:     draft-yusef-tls-pqt-dual-certs
> > > Revision: 02
> > > Title:    Post-Quantum Traditional (PQ/T) Hybrid Authentication
> > > with Dual Certificates in TLS 1.3
> > > Date:     2026-06-24
> > > Group:    Individual Submission
> > > Pages:    20
> > > URL:     
> > > https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-yusef-tls-pqt-dual-certs-02.txt
> > > Status: 
> > >  https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-yusef-tls-pqt-dual-certs/
> > > HTML:   
> > >  https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-yusef-tls-pqt-dual-certs-0
> > > 2.html
> > > HTMLized:
> > > https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-yusef-tls-pqt-dual-certs
> > > Diff:   
> > >  https://author-tools.ietf.org/iddiff?url2=draft-yusef-tls-pqt-du
> > > al-certs-02
> > > 
> > > Abstract:
> > > 
> > >    The anticipated emergence of cryptographically relevant
> > > quantum
> > >    computers (CRQCs) poses a threat to the authentication
> > > mechanisms
> > >    used in TLS 1.3.  This document defines a hybrid
> > > authentication
> > >    mechanism that uses two independent certificates, one
> > > traditional and
> > >    one post-quantum, ensuring that an attacker must break both
> > >    algorithms to compromise a TLS connection.  The two
> > > certificate
> > >    chains are carried in a single Certificate message and two
> > >    independent signatures are encoded in the CertificateVerify
> > > message.
> > > 
> > > 
> > > 
> > > The IETF Secretariat
> > > 
> > > 
> > > _______________________________________________
> > > TLS mailing list -- [email protected]
> > > To unsubscribe send an email to [email protected]
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-- 
Dr. Erwin Hoffmann | www.fehcom.de
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