I use a \newcommand to write comment in another color (one color per contributor). There are PhD thesis templates with commands to write in small letters in the margin. https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/classicthesis/ in particular. I actually used those margins to summarize the text of my thesis: http://dcc.ufmg.br/~lcerf/publications/PhD%20thesis%20(Lo%C3%AFc%20Cerf).pdf

That only answers point a. Version control systems (such as 'git') are obvious answers to points b and c but they are far to heavy to just indicate that a coma should be added...

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