After playing around a bit, my conclusion is that this is the old APT
solver being spectacularly unhelpful. Trying this in an Oracular
container (which uses the old solver but has the new one available), the
old solver failed in a similar way, and the new one succeeded (unless
telling it it's OK to uninstall manually-installed packages). The new
solver will be the default from Plucky onward.

For anybody encountering the issue in Oracular, you can use the newer
solver like this:

$ sudo apt install --solver 3.0 libsdl2-dev:i386
[snip]
Summary:
  Upgrading: 0, Installing: 198, Removing: 0, Not Upgrading: 22
  Download size: 118 MB
  Space needed: 494 MB / 666 GB available

Sadly, it's not available in Noble, however there's another workaround:
aptitude

aptitude is an alternative package manager to apt that uses yet another
solver implementation that happens to work better in this particular
case. AFAIK it's safe to use both interchangeably.

sudo aptitude install libsdl2-dev:i386
The following NEW packages will be installed:
[snip]
11 packages upgraded, 270 newly installed, 0 to remove and 40 not upgraded.
Need to get 136 MB of archives. After unpacking 554 MB will be used.

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/2104920

Title:
  Installing libsdl2-dev:i386 purges important system files

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