Additional observation

NetworkManager is installed only because it is required by cockpit-
networkmanager.

The system itself does not use NetworkManager to manage its primary
network interface.

The primary Ethernet interface (eno1) is configured using Netplan +
systemd-networkd, which is the default configuration for this Ubuntu
Server installation.

As expected, NetworkManager reports the interface as unmanaged:

GENERAL.STATE: unmanaged

At the same time:

systemd-networkd reports the interface as fully online (State: routable, Online 
state: online)
apt update works normally
Internet connectivity is fully functional
curl https://connectivity-check.ubuntu.com/ returns HTTP 204

Despite this, NetworkManager reports only:

connected (local only)

and PackageKit internally reports:

Network: offline
NetworkState = 1

This suggests that PackageKit may be relying solely on NetworkManager's
connectivity state, even on systems where the network is intentionally
managed by systemd-networkd instead of NetworkManager.

If that is the intended behaviour, PackageKit (and Cockpit Package
Updates) may incorrectly consider an otherwise fully functional Ubuntu
Server installation to be offline.

Why this might be a bug

Ubuntu Server installations commonly use systemd-networkd instead of
NetworkManager.

Installing Cockpit with the cockpit-networkmanager package automatically
installs NetworkManager as a dependency, even if NetworkManager is not
used to manage the system's network.

This combination appears sufficient to reproduce the issue:

Netplan + systemd-networkd manages the network.
NetworkManager is installed but does not manage the Ethernet interface.
PackageKit reports Network: offline.
pkgcli refresh fails with "Cannot refresh cache whilst offline".
Cockpit Package Updates cannot install updates, even though APT works correctly 
and the update candidate exists.

It is possible that PackageKit should either:

determine connectivity independently of NetworkManager when NetworkManager is 
not managing the active interface, or
fall back to another connectivity source (for example, systemd-networkd), or
avoid treating the system as offline solely because NetworkManager reports only 
local connectivity while the system demonstrably has Internet access.

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/2159048

Title:
  pkgcli refresh fails with "Cannot refresh cache whilst offline"
  although apt and network work correctly

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