Hi. wow I'm impressed as well. It's not totally perfect, but certainly readable. Maria Chapman [email protected]
"The weak can never forgive. Forgiveness is the attribute of the strong." - Mahatma Gandhi On 08/03/2013, at 5:37 AM, Anne Robertson <[email protected]> wrote: > Hello everyone, > > My StandScan Pro arrived today and I'm really impressed! Below my signature > I've pasted two scans, the first one using the mains adaptor with the > StandScan Pro, and the second one using the battery. These are double-pages > and the two are not the same. > > Cheers, > > Anne > > The Art and Science of Low Carbohydrate Living quished (because m p pie then > returned to a 'balanced,,_ -~ relin. > diet), along with many of its associated metabolic benefits '~ainterla% > Parallel in time to the popularity of VLCDs, Dr. Robert Atkins promoted a > less energy-restricted approach to a ketogenic diet. His focus Was on keeping > carbohydrate intake low enough to induce ketosis, but not to severely limit > (or even count) calories. To achieve this, he advised individu. > als to eat protein and fat to satiety while keeping dietary carbohydrates low > enough to maintain positive urine ketones. It was his view that this diet, > including vegetables, limited fruit, and vitamin supplements, could be > followed by the individual outpatient without close medical SUpervi. > sion unless there was a pre-existing complicating condition like diabetes or > hypertension. For most patients, however, the Atkins diet tended to be only a > temporary sojourn into nutritional ketosis, whether for want of sweets or > want of approbation from their friends and doctor. > n > , > owever, in these parallel few decades of the VLCD and Atldns diet, hundreds > of studies were done, and we learned a great deal about carbohydrate > restriction. Among these lessons are many which can contribute to the safe > and sustainable use of carbohydrate restricted diets going forward. > Counting Calories vs Carbs It was Dr. Atkins' contention that when most > carbohydrate was removed from the diet, heavy people lose weight more > effectively than by classic balanced calorie restriction. The mechanism was > (and remains) hotly debated. Claims of reduced metabolic efficiency during > nutritional ketosis remain unproven. Among other points against this is the > fact that Steve Phinney's bike racers produced the same power output in > testing 0~ a stationary bike using the same oxygen consumption after adapting > to the Inuit diet compared to their test on a high carb diet[23], leaving > little room for metabolic inefficiency in this group of subjects. > But this argument over the mechanism of weight loss is an acaderoic > straw.man, In study after study, over the first 3-6 months, people r~a" > ClinicaIUse°fCarb°hydrateRestricti°n: VeryL°wCal°rieandLowCarbohydrateDiets > donaized to a low carb diet eaten to satiety lose more Weight and more body > fat than those assigned to a low fat, calorie restricted diet. A credible > mechanism to explain this is not hard to find - carbohydrates in our diet may > offer a short-term sense of increased energy, but they offer little in the > way of functional satiety. > ~e best example of this effect was reported by Dr. Guenther Boden[45] in an > inpatient study of obese type-2 diabetics. After a week of eating a balanced > diet to satiety, the subjects were given a low carbohydrate diet consisting > of most of the same foods, with the exception that they were asked to limit > their total daily carbohydrate intake to 20 grams. Over the next two weeks, > their spontaneous nutrient intakes were carefully measured. Interestingly, > the subject's average daily energy intake dropped from 3100 to 2100 Calories, > and this was all due to the 'missing' carbs. > Despite having the choice to eat more, the protein and fat intakes of these > subjects remained relatively constant. And despite this 1000 Calorie per day > deficit, their reported hunger, satisfaction, and energy levels did not > change appreciably. What did change was their diabetes control - dramatically > for the better. For more on this topic, see Chapter 15. > But this study was just 2 weeks long. What happens in the longer term? Well, > the process of full metabolic adaptation to a low carbohydrate diet takes up > to 6 weeks, so for the first few months, we would expect wellbeing and > function to get better. But after many months and a major degree of weight > loss, it is a normal response of the human body to try to limit its losses. > This is typically achieved by eating more, but what? If dietary carbohydrate > intolerance led to the choice of a low carbohydrate diet at the outset, why > lift that restriction? In particular, why add back calories that promote fat > storage but do not provide functional satiety? Accepting that protein is good > for us only in moderation, the answer is fat (see Chapters 2 and 16). How > much fat should you add as you approach Weight maintenance.~ The simple > answer: "let satiety rule", 163 1~9 > > > -- Made with Prizmo. > > Scan 2, using battery > > The Art and Science of Low Carbohydrate Living Ketones - To Measure or Not As > noted m" Chapter 1, nutritional ketosis is defined by ser-um keto ranging > from 0.5 up to 5 mM, depending on the amounts ^€ ~. aes ~'~ uletary car. > boh#rate and protein consumed. In most people, the Combined intake of 100 > grams of carbohydrate and 100 grams of protein will drive seruna ketones well > below 0.5 mM. While there is nothing magical about hay. > ing circulating ketones above this threshold level, it does have the practi. > cal value of providing the brain with a virtually limitless, fat-derived fuel > source. This alternative fuel is eminently more sustainable, particularly in > the insulin resistant or carbohydrate intolerant individual. > Within a few days of starting on carbohydrate restriction, most people begin > excreting ketones in their urine. This occurs before serum ket0nes have risen > to their stable adapted level because un-adapted renal tubules actively > secrete beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate into the urine. > This is the same pathway that clears other organic acids like uric acid, > vitamin C, and penicillin from the serum. > Meanwhile, the body is undergoing a complex set of adaptations in ketone > metabolism[99]. Beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate are made in the liver > in about equal proportions, and both are initially promptly oxidized by > musde. But over a matter of weeks, the muscles stop using these ketones for > fuel. Instead, muscle cells take up acetoacetate, reduce it to > betahydroxybutyrate, and return it back into the circulation. Thus after a > few weeks, the predominant form in the circulation is beta.hydroxybutyrate' > which also happens to be the ketone preferred by brain cells (as an aside, > the strips that test for ketones in the urine detect the presence of > acetoacetate, not beta-hydroxybutyrate). The result of this process of ket0" > adaptation is an elegantly choreographed shuttle of fuel from fat cells to > liver to muscle to brain. > In the kidney, this process ofketo-adaptation is also complex, over ti#, > urine ketone excretion drops off, perhaps to conserve a valuable enerf/ > substrate (although urine ketone excretion never amounts to very na#Y wasted > calories). This decline in urine ketones happens over the s~e 164 > clinicalUseofGarbohydrate Restricti°n: Very L°wCalorieandLowCarbohydrateDiets > time-course that renal uric acid clearance returns to normal (discussed > beloW) and thus may represent an adaptation in kidney organic acid metabolism > in response to sustained carbohydrate restriction. > These temporal changes in how the kidneys handle ketones make urine ketone > testing a rather uncertain if not undependable way of monitoring dietary > response/adherence. Testing serum for beta-hydroxybutyrate is much more > accurate but requires drawing blood, and it is expensive because it is not a > routine test that doctors normally order. > A non-invasive alternative is to measure breath acetone concentration. > Acetone is produced by the spontaneous (i.e., non-enzymatic) breakdown of > acetoacetate. Because it is volatile, acetone comes out in expired air, and > its content is linearly correlated with blood ketone levels. A number of > businesses have developed prototype handheld devices to measure breath > acetone, but at the time of this writing, nothing practical is on the market. > But whatever test is used, the key question is why do it? Many people are > able to initiate and follow a low carbohydrate diet just fine without ever > measuring ketones. Others, however, find an objective measure of nutritional > ketosis to be reassuring. In some clinical settings, ketone testing is used > as a measure of'diet compliance'. While this may be useful in the short term > to keep patients on track in a strictly regimented dietary program, it begs > the question of how that individual's diet will be managed long term. For > this purpose, the handheld breath acetone monitors under development hold > some promise as a guidance tool put into the hands of the individual striving > to find the right levd of carbohydrate intake for long-term maintenance. > Biochemical changes (uric acid, acid/base, dectrolytes, cholesterol > mobilization) > There are often dramatic but wholly predictable changes that occur in blood > chemistry values upon initiation of a low carbohydrate diet. As a result, and > also due to the very limited food intakes of people following very low > calorie diets, most clinics using them do routine blood tests over the first > 165 > > > -- Made with Prizmo. > > > Sent from my iPhone > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the "VIPhone" Google > Group. > To search the VIPhone public archive, visit > http://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/. > To post to this group, send email to [email protected]. > To unsubscribe from this group, send email to > [email protected]. > For more options, visit this group at > http://groups.google.com/group/viphone?hl=en. > --- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "VIPhone" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/groups/opt_out. > > -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the "VIPhone" Google Group. To search the VIPhone public archive, visit http://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/. To post to this group, send email to [email protected]. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to [email protected]. For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/viphone?hl=en. --- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "VIPhone" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [email protected]. For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/groups/opt_out.
