Some folks think another type of “superconductivity” may occur involving the motion of positive holes in an electric field as opposed to the motion of electrons with mass and other particle characteristics.
Bob Cook From: Axil Axil Sent: Sunday, February 5, 2017 6:35 PM To: vortex-l Subject: Re: [Vo]:Magnetic magnesium There is a lot of theories out there, This is one that I like to explain why the nucleon is coming apart when exposed to magnetism https://arxiv.org/pdf/1409.1599.pdf Quark confinement: dual superconductor picture based on a non-Abelian Stokes theorem and reformulations of Yang-Mills theory Kei-Ichi Kondo a , Seikou Kato b , Akihiro Shibata c , Toru Shinohara d This theory explains how quarks are confined by dual superconductivity. "A promising scenario for quark confinement called the dual superconductivity picture has been proposed in 1970s by Nambu, ’t Hooft, Mandelstam [3]. The dual superconductivity is supposed to be realized as the electric–magnetic duality of the ordinary superconductivity: The dual superconductivity could be realized as a consequence of condensation of magnetic monopoles, i.e., magnetically charged objects, just as the ordinary superconductivity is caused by condensation of the Cooper pairs, i.e., electrically charged objects. In the vacuum of dual superconductor, the dual Meissner effect squeezes the chromoelectric flux between a quark and an antiquark into a tube like region to form the hadronic string. The key ingredients of the dual superconductor picture for the Yang-Mills theory vacuum are the existence of chromomagnetic monopole condensation and the dual Meissner effect. In order to establish the dual superconductivity, therefore, it is a first step to show the existence of magnetic monopole in QCD, i.e., chromomagnetic monopole, which is to be condensed in the Yang-Mills theory [1], since chromomagnetic monopole is an indispensable ingredient for dual superconductivity in QCD" IMHO, If that superconductivity is disrupted by strong magnetism, then quarks are no longer confined, the nucleon falls apart, and the quarks reformulate into mesons. On Sun, Feb 5, 2017 at 7:11 PM, Brian Ahern <[email protected]> wrote: superconductivity has nothing to do with nuclear states. It is a property of valence molecular orbitals. From: Axil Axil <[email protected]> Sent: Sunday, February 5, 2017 1:33 PM To: vortex-l Subject: Re: [Vo]:Magnetic magnesium It is my belief that the magnetism injected into the nucleus disrupts the superconductive state that confines the quarks in the protons and neutrons within the nucleus. When these nucleons are disrupted, mesons are produced. On Sun, Feb 5, 2017 at 1:00 PM, <[email protected]> wrote: Back to significant speculation.. There are many other isotopes with above non- 0 nuclear magnetic moments. Most if not all have quasi stable states with differing spin and angular momentum. The local B magnetic field affecting such an isotope modifies those states and will cause an alignment or polarization of the isotope with the that local B field. With the correct resonant EM photons it is possible to add energy to the nuclear structure. When the EM input is turned off, the nuclear structure will decay back to a more stable state, at differing rates depending upon the particular nuclear configuration. It has been my speculation that LENR is merely the transfer of spin energy and its angular momentum to the electronic part of the solid state structure making up a coherent—entangled—QM system. Energy is conserved within the system during the change. Since energy has no specific priority within the coherent system, except to increase kinetic energy at the expense of potential energy, changes, including nuclear potential energy with its characteristic specific structure, will occur under conditions within small uncertainties. These conditions reflect the Heisenberg uncertainty, spin quanta balances in integral amounts of h/2pie, angular momentum conservation and total energy conservation. Linear momentum remains zero and does not make the transition impossible. However, resonances are very critical to allow reductions in potential energy of the system considering uncertainties of particles’s positions within the coherent system. The magnetic field is critical IMHO to change resonances and reduce uncertainty. I also consider that charge must remain constant, although not necessarily 0, within the coherent system during the transition—LENR. If anyone can say how the Uncertainty Principle applies to knowledge of angular momentum—spin—such information is desirable. It has been my speculation that knowledge of spin can be exact in terms of the quanta h/2pie. Bob Cook From: Jones Beene Sent: Sunday, February 5, 2017 8:42 AM To: Vortex List Subject: [Vo]:Magnetic magnesium This post is about an important LENR candidate - and is meant to serve as a place-marker for future additions. It concerns the isotope of magnesium 25Mg, which is 10% of natural, called "magnetic magnesium" because of its nuclear spin and NMR properties. This isotope has come up before but AFAIK, no one is working with it now. The remainder of elemental magnesium, which is ~90% (24Mg and 26Mg) has zero nuclear spin or magnetic moment, making 25Mg easy to enrich from the chloride salt. 25Mg has high spin (5/2) and magnetic moment, which are of interest in biology, since magnesium is necessary for life. In the event that Hagelstein and W-L are accurate about "neutron hopping" this isotope becomes not only relevant but possibly a singularity in being the only practical isotope which can work because of its magnetic properties and ease of enrichment. Hagelstein has described a neutron tunneling reaction where neutrons seem to "hop" between nuclei, but always remain in a semi-bound state. Thus they are never free neutrons, and do not activate the surroundings. The neutron itself has a magnetic moment which is about twice that of 25Mg and this feature would be required for "magnetic tunneling" which is an added twist, so to speak, to the predecessor theories. Note: The influence of the neutron's magnetic moment is only apparent for for slow neutrons. Since the magnetic moment of the orbiting electron is 1000 times larger than that of a neutron, this kind of "hopping" probably only works in a very strong magnetic field alignment with a cold reactant. Thus the engineering problem. Back in 2014 - Robin posted on the energy aspects of this reaction, in the context of Hagelstein tunneling: 25Mg + 25Mg => 26Mg + 24Mg + 3.763 MeV "Furthermore the energy is divided over two nuclei of almost equal mass, hence each gets about half (1.9 MeV), so this could be a very clean reaction." These hot ions would limit the continuity of the system if thermalized locally. The practical problem is to capture the energy elsewhere and avoid the heat locally. This could be accomplished with a thin tube of 25Mg in a magnetic solenoid where the ions are immediately trapped in an axial field and ported away from the reactant. The magnetic aspect of the single magnesium isotope in neutron hopping was overlooked before now. However, it could be the most important detail for LENR since it provides a binding coupling which encourages neutron tunneling between larger nuclei. This will necessitate some revision of the underlying theory, perhaps, and can be called "magnetic tunneling" but it fits in with other emerging details about "magnetic magnesium". Fortunately magnesium is the fourth most common element on earth and can be removed from sea water as an a ion which can be enriched at the same time it is being removed. The cost should be reasonable (for an enriched isotope), but natural magnesium probably will not work since the magnetic proportion is too small. More on this topic later. Ref in Vortex archive for Robin's thread: https://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg98660.html Jones
