Proton-proton chain The p-p chain begins, as described above, by two protons reacting to form a deuteron, D2. At low temperatures (less than about 14 ×106 K), we have the following sequence (termed ppI)
ppI: reaction p + p ® D2 + e+ + ne (1.4 ×1010 yr) p + D ® He3 + g (6 sec) where the reaction times, typical for the solar core, are show in brackets. For temperatures below about 107 K this reaction terminates with the production of He3. At higher temperatures, an aditional reaction takes place: reaction He3 + He3 ® He4 + p + p (106 yr) The first step involves the fusion of two 1 H <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen> nuclei (protons <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton>) into deuterium <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterium>, releasing a positron <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron> and a neutrino <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino> as one proton changes into a neutron <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron>. It is a two-stage process; first, two protons fuse to form a diproton <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diproton>: 1 1H <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen-1> + 1 1H <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen-1> → 2 2He <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium-2> followed by the beta-plus decay <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission> of the diproton to deuterium: 2 2He <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium-2> → 2 1H <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen-2> + e+ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron> + ν e <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_neutrino> with the overall formula: 1 1H <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen-1> + 1 1H <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen-1> → 2 1H <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen-2> + e+ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron> + ν e <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_neutrino> + 0.42 MeV <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolt> This first step is extremely slow because the positron emission of the diproton to deuterium is extremely rare (the vast majority of the time, the diproton decays back into hydrogen-1 through proton emission). This is because the emission of the positron is brought about by the weak nuclear force, which is immensely weaker than the strong nuclear force <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_nuclear_force> and the electromagnetic force. The takeaway... 14 billion years average pp fusion reaction time. On Mon, Nov 6, 2017 at 7:45 PM, Brian Ahern <ahern_br...@msn.com> wrote: > What is this? gravity paper? where is it? > > > ------------------------------ > *From:* JonesBeene <jone...@pacbell.net> > *Sent:* Monday, November 6, 2017 12:42 PM > *To:* vortex-l@eskimo.com > *Subject:* RE: [Vo]:Gravity helps overcome Coulomb barrier with 223 ev > kineticenergy for H ion > > > > > > > This is a local company to me - and I would be more excited about them if > they weren’t more secretive and made more sense. They do have good > credentials, but not so good as far as the theory of operation goes. > > > > Having a patent means nothing - and I’m not buying the two kinds of > gravity concept. > > > > As I recall, Brad Lowe who lives in the area - got in touch with them a > couple of years ago and offered his services - to more or less work for > free, getting them to market - in order to get in on the ground floor. They > appeared to be ready for a working PoC back then and it sounded like the > “next big thing” … so this makes perfect sense. > > > > They declined his offer. Then they went completely silent. This and other > similar anecdotes make me doubt that they really have anything of value…. > Kinda like Brillouin on the other side of the Bay. > > > > Most likely, both groups have seen anomalous gain from time to time, but > neither of the systems is reliable or reproducible by others. I would put > Rossi in that same category. > > >
