On Jan 21, 2011, at 8:31 AM, Peter Gluck wrote:
That device working for 6 months has produced approx. 50,000
kWhours heat.
Can this be explained by the reaction of transmutation of Ni to Cu?
Considering first 300 grams of nichel...? Rossi can tell how much
Ni is uesd - if he will. Am important rough energy balance anyway.
Peter
There are some very fundamental issues, and mysteries involved. The
fundamental questions relate to exactly what reactions are involved.
Some do not produce copper, so the new copper content only
establishes a lower bound on energy at best. Further, the mechanisms
involved may not be fixed or even energy conservative, so there is
difficulty establishing even a lower bound based on copper production.
Generally, LENR has not been found to produce detectable high energy
signatures. It also has not been found to produce radioactive
products, especially neutrons. If weak reactions are eliminated,
especially signature creating weak reactions that have more than
femtosecond order, half lives, then what is left as feasible are
strong force reactions without radiative products. Such reactions for
nickel can be found starting on page 16 of:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/RptB.pdf
which is described in
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/dfRpt
as noted earlier.
Note that a lot more output possibilities are feasible than just
copper, but let's get on with assuming copper is the only output.
Those aneutronic strong force copper producing reactions involving 4
or fewer proton fusions with Ni are:
62Ni28 + p* --> 63Cu29 + 6.122 MeV [-1.984 MeV] (B_Ni:28)
62Ni28 + 2 p* --> 63Cu29 + 1H1 + 6.122 MeV [-10.582 MeV] (B_Ni:33)
64Ni28 + p* --> 65Cu29 + 7.453 MeV [-0.569 MeV] (B_Ni:60)
64Ni28 + 2 p* --> 65Cu29 + 1H1 + 7.453 MeV [-9.080 MeV] (B_Ni:65)
64Ni28 + 3 p* --> 63Cu29 + 4He2 + 17.922 MeV [-7.605 MeV] (B_Ni:83)
Note that equations (B_Ni:83) and (B_Ni:65) the extra proton involved
merely plays a catalytic role, holding the nucleus together for a
longer period and in an initially much more de-energized state. So,
excluding weak reactions, and reactions involving large clusters of
protons, the most likely candidate reactions producing CU are:
62Ni28 + p* --> 63Cu29 + 6.122 MeV [-1.984 MeV] (B_Ni:28)
64Ni28 + p* --> 65Cu29 + 7.453 MeV [-0.569 MeV] (B_Ni:60)
64Ni28 + 3 p* --> 63Cu29 + 4He2 + 17.922 MeV [-7.605 MeV] (B_Ni:83)
Looking at the first two reactions as likely candidates, with mean
atomic weight near 63.6, and mean reaction energy about 7.2, we have
an estimated energy density of
E = (1/(63.6 gm/mol))*Na*7.2 MeV = 1.09x10^10 J/gm
The production of 50,000 kWh then produces, using the above two
reactions and considering Ni abundances, roughly produces a mass of
copper M:
M = (50,000 kWh)/(1.09x10^10 J/gm) = 16.5 gm
We are left with some obvious questions. What about the other
isotopes of nickel? Shouldn't they be involved? What prohibits
radioactive nuclei from forming?
We have involved the naturally occurring 58Ni, 60Ni, 61Ni 62Ni, and
64Ni, as well as trace amounts of 59Ni, as well as the other unknown
and intentionally not disclosed ingredients. Given that 58Ni has 68%
natural abundance, it is of interest as to why we do not see:
58Ni28 + p* -> 59Cu29
which normally decays into 59Ni38 quickly, or possibly, given the
deflation fusion scenario, the involvement of an apparently
instantaneous electron capture:
58Ni28 + p* -> 59Ni28
which has a 76000 y half life. Apparently, neither this nor any
other radioactive material shows up in the output, however. Not a
surprise, as few, or at least no confirmed, heavy LENR reactions
produce radiative byproducts, except possibly tritium. Tritium
production, is from a different process, tunneling of hydrogen to a
cloaked hydrogen location, not tunneling of cloaked hydrogen to
lattice nuclei locations which is responsible for heavy transmutation
LENR. It seems a reasonable premise then that no radioactive
material is *ever* produced in Rossi's experiment. Why this
happens in general in LENR needs an answer. Nothing will be fully
understood until why this happens is answered.
A clue as to what might be happening is offered in pp 20-24 of:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/CFnuclearReactions.pdf
n ( 939.57 MeV/c2) + e -> lambda0 (1115.7 MeV/c2) + K0 ( 497.6
MeV/c2) + e
p (938.27 MeV/c2) + e -> lambda0 (1115.7 MeV/c2) + K0 ( 497.6 MeV/
c2) + antineutrino
p (938.27 MeV/c2) + e -> sigma+ (1189.3 MeV/c2) + K0 ( 497.6 MeV/
c2) + e
These are sub-reactions, that are confined within the boundaries of
the new heavy composite nucleus, except possibly for the escape of
the K0. Given the extended stay of the electron in the de-energized
nucleus, the probability of strange quark pairs in the vicinity
increases, as does the above three reactions. These reactions, due to
the catalytic effect of the nuclear electron, produce mass from the
vacuum. The energy actually released from the reactions immediately
to the environment is similar to that released by ordinary deflation
fusion, and due to zero pint energy transactions while the nuclear
electron is present. The product, however, differs. Strange quarks
remain. The K0 particle created by such kinetically de-energized
reactions may be itself de-energized, thus stable and neutral,
similar to a neutron, except not capable of activation like the
neutron. On the other hand, the lambda0 and sigma+ are known to be
able to bind in nuclei, replacing their non-strange counterparts, the
neutron and proton respectively. Due to the highly de-energized
state of the creating nucleus, the lambda0 and sigma+ that result in
heavy LENR may be initially highly de-energized themselves, but
should eventually pick up thermal energy from the ZPF, the hot
nuclear environment, for reasons I describe here:
http://mtaonline.net/~hheffner/NuclearZPEtapping.pdf
Nuclei with strange hadron replacements can be called hyperons. The
presence of hyperons may be difficult to pick up in mass
spectroscopy. The masses of lambda0 and sigma+ do not differ much
from protons and neutrons, so have little effect in heavy element
spectroscopy. They would act similar to ordinary matter, until
highly perturbed, possibly in a chain reaction. The key signature,
and the enormous extra mass, is in the form of the K0 particles, or
nuclear additives. These may act like light neutrons in heavy nuclei.
The ability to catalyze the long term existence of hyperons from the
vacuum would have an enormous impact on space travel cabilities, as
well as free energy capabilities. It means infinite Isp drives, and
faster than light speed travel, as well as large amounts of on board
energy. The mass imbalance of the above reactions, plus the ability
to recover the original electrons and protons from the decay of the
hyperons, is of great practical importance.
Assuming the Rossi-Focardi experiments are not a fraud, it may be
that these experiments produce something that looks like copper, but
is not. The copper-like material may not readily decay, even though
ordinary nuclei with similar mass would. Mass spectrometry may
produce some surprises, including possibly unexpected decay of the
nuclei when they hit a target. This is all speculation, but
speculation with a logical basis, as established on pp 20-24 of:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/CFnuclearReactions.pdf
Most everything regarding the Rossi experiments and patent
applications are highly speculative, so what is one more speculation.
Best regards,
Horace Heffner
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/
