Terry,
Nice parallel - I've been keeping Nicholas abreast of the recent
coincidences such as Rossi's use of sputtering and the possible enrichment of
nickel powder due to Soret effect http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermophoresis.
Jones paper below introduces another purely chemical mechanism for energy gain
as H2 translates between para and orthogonal states. Jones states the catalytic
geometry in the walls can also perform this exothermic translation from "O" to
"P" type h2. I think Jone's explanation is excellent because my "unproven"
theory then only builds a likely result based upon his facts where the
exothermic reaction results in disassociating the molecule at a discount
-especialy when a PWM heater is added which alternately disassociates then
allows the gas to cool and reform back into h2 with their natural distribution
of "O" to "P" so that the whole process can be repeated over and over - I think
the discount becomes most profitable when the gases are kept close to
disassociation using changes in nano geometry instead of just normal thermal
disassociation. Someone recently mentioned a strong catalyst which I believe
that correlated to a 3.2ev rating? I am not sure if I understand the concept
correctly but in my mind that would mean that changes in supression are
occuring so rapidly due to changes changes in nano geometry and relative motion
that the molecules are almost being "jerked" apart and a much smaller amount of
heat will complete the disassociation?
There may also be some clues about how the heat is distributed in the Rossi
device from what Jones said about the MAHG [snip] the parameters of the device
are ~5 watts of electric power-in (12+ volts and 8 amps at 5% duty cycle) which
are
put into a 80 torr H2 filled chamber, but incredibly 100 watts of heat is given
up at the wall-anode. There is barely enough heat being
generated at the anode to push the cathode near the claimed temperature, so the
actual OU is even greater than what is reported.[/snip]
If we run with the idea the secret is in the sputtering and the thin interface
to the reactor wall it reinforces why Rossi is keeping the gain so low and
explains why the MAHG performance always deteriorated so rapidly. Going forward
the evolution of the E-Cat may require different alloys or exotic cooling
geometry to prevent this.
Regards
Fran
-----Original Message-----
From: Terry Blanton [mailto:[email protected]]
Sent: Friday, May 27, 2011 2:28 PM
To: [email protected]
Subject: EXTERNAL: [Vo]:The Summer of ECat
The original title of this article was "The Summer of MAHG" and is available at:
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/aH-gen/message/133
Since Jones is on a posting hiatus, I thought he wouldn't mind if I
resurrected one of his better speculative posts from the summer of
2005.
<start>
With the normal "caveat" that IF the reported JLN results are
reliable... then....what does it all mean?
As mentioned recently, there is the chance that the MAHG is operating
as a Casimir heat pump for ZPE. In this hypothetical process, the
device is utilizing the energy asymmetry of isomeric
para-ortho-hydrogen to cohere the most universal ZPE frequency. Most
likely the frequency involved is that associated with the 21 cm
hydrogen line and the CMB (cosmic microwave background). Both the
microwave resonance of the tube and the collision rate are suggestive
of this being the case. This is low energy non-ionizing radiation, but
the universe is awash in it (even if it is in another dimension).
The Casimir heat engine has actually been forecast for quite some time
in a different form (more like the Maxwell-Demon idea) - since at
least the time of Robert Forward. If Casimir is the MAHG modality, it
raises a number of fascinating issues, including one issue relating to
gravity. I will save that for another time, but touched on it
previously in a posting about Sakarhov's contention of gravity itself
being a relic of ZPE. We will hope that at some point, a mass
measurement will be made of MAHG during OU operation - however the 100
watts of OU is not much in the way of mass-equivalent, without very
high precision.
It is clear from the 'lack of traffic' recently on this device, that
most observers would prefer to play a waiting game until more is known
officially, and until JLN confirms the excess heat. Very
understandable! And if pressed, I might agree that the chances of
winning the Lottery are better than the realistic chances of this
being anything but measurement error... nevertheless, the upside of it
being real... wow... that is like ALL of society winning the
equivalent of a Lotto jackpot at the same time. This makes the
prospect of an old guy wasting a few hundred hours in the "gray-lab"
rather trivial, if that effort might ultimately help to stimulate
others to get involved.
Therefore, for the past several weeks or so, I have been willing to
suspend disbelief (and all other obligations) and have thought of
little else than the question - "how could it work, if it does produce
excess heat." This is the latest installment of that vision-quest -
knowing full well that it could all be a tempest-in-a-teapot... but
also being able to sense the thin chance of success juxtaposed to the
earth-shattering ramifications.... but then again... having followed
"alternative energy" since 1989 and been disappointed about twice per
year, it is clear that the batting-average for such claims is not
good. There are three 'coincidences' with this device which seem to
make it different.
The problem with analyzing MAHG is that it is neither a plasma device
nor a gas-phase device, nor technically even a vacuum device (in
operation) but lies somewhere in between. There is an apparent
negative electrical bias to the gas, i.e. some current through the
gas; but as plasmas go, this one is very cool. In the most favorable
incarnation of MAHG, the parameters of the device are ~5 watts of
electric power-in (12+ volts and 8 amps at 5% duty cycle) which are
put into a 80 torr H2 filled chamber, but incredibly 100 watts of heat
is given up at the wall-anode. There is barely enough heat being
generated at the anode to push the cathode near the claimed
temperature, so the actual OU is even greater than what is reported.
But even at best, these operating parameters are too low to cause very
much ionization, and only negligible atomic hydrogen. Therefore, even
though the device was built to accomplish one goal, it appears closer
to being the serendipitous discovery of an interlocking set of
operating parameters - which accomplish an even grander goal than it
was originally intended to do.
On to some of the details. Frederick Sparber obtained ~5,400 K as the
effective temperature of the H2 molecules in the MAHG by dividing the
~100 watts (joule-sec) power output by the number of molecules in the
chamber, giving about 0.46 eV per molecule. However at the anode, we
have a 300 K temperature limitation and perhaps 2.5 degrees delta-T in
the range. Normally with such a high collision rate as is seen
internally, we would not expect this to be possible.The PV = nRT
equation is pretty much being fooled by the Gibbs' paradox.
As mentioned earlier QM - Quantum mechanics requires that the wave
function of a molecule must be antisymmetric with respect to the
interchange of the space coordinates of two fermions (spin = 1/2), and
symmetric for the interchange of bosons (spin = 1). Consequently there
are two kinds of hydrogen molecules in the singlet state, namely,
ortho-hydrogen (symmetric, with parallel nuclear spins ) and
para-hydrogen (antisymmetric, with antiparallel nuclear spins). There
is a small energy "gap" between the two, indicative of the entropy.
At low temperature p-H2 will exist in a virtually pure state. The
conversion of o-H2 to p-H2 is exothermic and a function of temperature
OR catalytic contact. It is also a spin alignment issue which could be
influenced by a negative bias in the gas caused by current flow, or by
near-fields at the tube wall. Perhaps the negative bias in the gas
serves the purpose of both mass-transport and exotherm at the anode,
but the isothermal reversion of p-H2 to o-H2, in the gas itself,
happens without the "degenerate" electron giving up its own energy.
The energy is recouped by ZPE - most likely in the gas itself, which
(not coincidentally) has a collision rate alignment coincidentally
near the 1.42 GHz resonance line of H2, which can be assumed for these
purposes to be a strong ZPE frequency at the low end of the range.
Just getting back to the ortho state requires an energy input but not
necessarily kinetic energy - and that is the key. This involves a
change in quantum spin, which is not required to be a product of heat
transfer. This has ZPE written all over it, even if the details are
not spelled out yet. And there are probably at least two different
thermodynamic mechanisms taking place involving spin and kinetics.
When hydrogen is cooled from room temperature (300 K) the
ortho-hydrogen component converts from a negentropic equilibrium
concentration of 75% (3-1 ratio of ortho-to-para) down to 50% at 77K,
which is never reached in this tube, of course but there are catalytic
effects on the tube wall, which can accomplish the conversion of o-H2
to p-H2 which is exothermic, due to temporary hydride formation.
Remember the anode wall is sputtered with lots of tungsten, and has a
very high surface area. Without this, the tube will not function.
There may even be better catalytic metals available than tungsten.
When o-H2 approaches this interface there is something unusual poised
to happen as the interstitial spaces within the metal matrix are
similar in volume to the approaching molecule, but slightly smaller -
plus this mechanism probably also involves that singularity mentioned
earlier - in the case of tungsten hydride: there are at least 5
bonding states between tungsten atoms, all of them have may have
potential energy-spreads. Most likely some of these bonding states
(which is most unusual and perhaps is a singularity in the periodic
table) can catalytically induce the exotherm while not really allowing
a stable hydride bond to form.
Then when the para-hydrogen, having given up its energy (at the rate
of over a billion times per second per molecule) reverts back into the
chamber it is induced to revert to the ortho state by the "virtual
spin" of a gas-collision rate which is coincidently the same 1.42
billion times per second per molecule frequency of the CMB. Even an
extra (fractional) billionth of an eV in spin energy, at this rate of
collision will amount to a lot of excess energy being available at the
anode wall.
The specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to
raise the temperature of a target mass by one degree. The relationship
between heat and temperature change is usually expressed in the form
shown below where c is the specific heat. The relationship does not
apply if a charge bias or phase change is encountered, because the
heat added or removed during a phase change does not change the
temperature, and an added negative bias can throw everything into
disarray. Anyway, Q = c*m*d-T where Q is the heat added.
We wish that we knew the actual current passing through the gas. This
is not clear. The coulombic energy (i.e.electrostatic energy) of an
electron-biased gas changes everything, even when the electrons are
"cold" (and there are few stable H2- ions). An ampere of electrons
captured in H2 gas at any one time in a volume of half a liter would
add energy due to coulombic repulsion approximately equal to an atomic
bomb, so even small charge imbalances are important - and we do not
know how unbalanced the charge is here yet, and how it affects the
ideal gas law. If we ignore coulombic repulsion, the specific heat of
depends on density and temperature. At higher density and low
temperature of the MAHG an electron gas, and probably even a
negatively-biased gas-phase H2 becomes "degenerate" and the specific
heat is very low. To capture ZPE in such a circumstance, instead of
just a normal kinetic transfer, may actually require such a cold
population of "virtual" degenerate electrons. "An Aether Model of the
Universe" by Dr Allen Rothwarf, is a paper which touches on this
aspect of ZPE coherence, but it does not seem to be online any more
except for this abstract:
http://itis.volta.alessandria.it/episteme/ep6/ep6-aeth.htm
There are many PhD level investigators heavily involved in ZPE and the
"Casimir connection" but most have difficulty making that necessary
dimensional "systems" separation which is a pre-requisite to get over
the "something-for-nothing problem." Some will say incoherently that
"We cannot get something for nothing-this would violate the
conservation of energy and the second law of thermodynamics. But maybe
we can find a convenient way to pay for the vacuum energy and thereby
use it profitably."
Rubbish. We can and do get something for nothing all the time in QM.
It is happening all around us, in every cell in our bodies 24/7 but at
the quantum level. What we need to do is find a convenient way to
convert the low probability of QM into an everyday Macro-resource.
Nature will take care of the balancing act elsewhere. Everyone reading
this posting is accomplishing this very thing now. Modern computer
CPUs - the Pentium or Power PC - all use quantum tunneling to operate,
which is a normally low probability phenomenon, but which has been
engineered into everyday reality.
The presence of the ZPF is predicted by QED (Quantum Electrodynamics)
but even QED does not go far enough - we must incorporate the Dirac
epo field to get the true picture of what is going on. QED is limited
in its coverage of the total system in 4 dimensions. In the ZPE ground
state, the equations indicate that ordinary physical photons are not
present, yet "potential electromagnetic energy" is present - and
vibration at that exact frequency seems to be the stimulus that
converts the potential into the real. This is what is happening in the
MAHG (apparently). The presence of zero-point fluctuations have been
verified experimentally with the Lamb Shift, the magnetic moment of
the electron, chemical isomers such as para-ortho-H2 and the Casimir
force and the CMB. Here we have a situation where all of them are
involved and inter-related..
QED predicts an energy density for the vacuum that goes as the cube of
the frequencies, but the only part which is generally recoverable in
our 3-space is much narrower - and in this case may be limited to a
single frequency. This device will not solve all our problems - but
low grade heat is a big step in the right direction. In general
relativity, energy has an equivalent mass, given by E = mc^2, and is
therefore coupled to gravity in 3-space. Most of the mass equivalent
is "frozen" into the one-space epo lattice. Some theorists believe
that the black hole and other very dense objects connect directly to
this one dimensional space and can channel energy back and forth to
"balance the books" which is basically how the Laws of Thermodynamics
work on a large scale, and the reason that these laws can never be
"disproven" ... only redefined. They will be redefined when the
Casimir/ZPE energy resource has been engineered to provide free-energy
to out 3-space on a regular basis, even if it is small at first. This
enormous zero-point energy density, if the experts are correct, would
be equivalent to a mass density of over a metric ton per cubic
centimeter, and would be expected to cause an enormous gravitational
field if it were in our 3-space, but it is not. Those high energy
applications may follow from that realization, but as for now, smaller
is better.
Luck may have been involved, and the MAHG could be the fortuitous
break that we needed to tie all these loose ends of theory together.
That would not diminish the role of Nicholas Moller in any way - one
must actively put oneself into a position to benefit from good fortune
- should it come your way. Time will tell, but I must admit that the
'silence is deafening' from the point of view of a July holiday that
is anything but relaxing.
Jones
<end>
