Rossi is using tubercles to increase the cross-section of his reaction well over what can be produced in a well ordered nickel lattice. A tubercle is a mound created on the metal’s surface. Rossi is using these tubercles to disrupt the regularity of the nickel lattice to increase the strength of the atomic bonds of the nickel atoms.
When there is a lattice defect on the surface of a lattice, the coordination number (CN) of the atoms that form the defect decreases. As a result, the remaining atomic bonds shorten and deform; this increases the strength of the remaining bonds of the nickel atoms on the walls in and around the tubercles. These atomic CN imperfections induce bond contraction and the associated bond-strength gain deepens the potential well of the trapping in the surface skin. This CN reduction also produces an increase of charge density, energy, and mass of the enclosed hydrogen contained in the relaxed surface skin imperfection. This increased density is far higher than it normally would be at other sites inside the solid. Because of this energy densification, surface stress and tension that is in the dimension of energy density will increase in the relaxed region of the disruption lattice bonds. For example, when a phonon wave breaks upon the surface imperfection, it is amplified by the abrupt discontinuity in the lattice and is concentrated by the increased bond-order-length-strength (BOLS) of the nickel atoms that form the walls of the cavity. This tight coupling allows the thermodynamic feedback mechanism to control and mediate the reaction. It also amplifies and focuses the compressive effects that phonons have on the hydrogen contained in the lattice defects. These defects increase the intensity of the electron screening because of the increased bond tension inside the defects. Nano-defects are very tough. This toughness and associated resistance to melting and stress is conducive to the production of high pressure inside the defect. Rossi has stated that his temperature of his nano-powder can reach 1600C before it melts. Nano-powder usually melts well below the 1350c melting point of bulk nickel in a regular lattice. This revelation informs us how much Rossi has increased the strength and available atomic bond tension in his nano-powder. The smaller the dimensions of the lattice surface defect, the greater is the multiplier on the hardness and the resistance to stress compared to the bulk material. These multiplier factors can range from 3 to 10 based on the properties of the bulk material. Multilayer sites that penetrate down through many lattice layers are more resilient than surface defects. There toughness is proportional to the detailed topology and therefore not generally determined. There is a certain minimum size which one reached reduces the hardness of the nano-defect site. This size is on the order of less than 10 nanometers. On Wed, Jul 13, 2011 at 10:33 AM, Mark Iverson <[email protected]>wrote: > ** > Smaller is not necessarily better... here's an interesting tidbit from the > ecatreport. > ** > *"Andrea Rossi stresses that, although one might first think “the finer > the better” because the finer the powder the more surface area per volume > you get, this is not the case. Because in order to reach useful reaction > rates with hydrogen, the powder needs to processed in a way that leads to > amplified > tubercles on the surface.* > > *The tubercles are essential in order for the reaction rate to reach > levels high enough for the implied total power output per volume or mass to > reach orders of magnitude kW/kg – this level of power density is required > for any useful application of the process.* > > *Rossi tells that he worked every waking hour for six months straight, > trying dozens of combinations to find the optimal powder size for the Energy > Catalyzer, or E-Cat. He further stresses that specific data about the final > optimal grain size cannot be revealed, but can tell us that the most > efficient grain size is more in the micrometer range rather than the > nanometer range."* > > > -Mark****** > > **** > ------------------------------ > *From:* Alan J Fletcher [mailto:[email protected]] > *Sent:* Tuesday, July 12, 2011 5:31 PM > *To:* [email protected] > *Subject:* [Vo]:Ecatreport part 2 > > http://ecatreport.com/e-cat/andrea-rossi-on-the-e-cat-part-22 > > *Defkalion GT has hired a separate team of people in order to get this in > place because of the complexity of the issue. The biggest problem has been > to find an auto-destruct mechanism that is not harmful while still > fulfilling its purpose. I am still not sure if the mechanism is fully > developed as of yet, but Defkalion GT who is responsible for its development > has told me that all details have been solved and that the E-Cat now has 12 > levels of security. > > > The management team of both Defkalion and AmpEnergo will meet on the 14th > July (2011) together with NASA for an important discussion regarding the > research and business development around the E-Cat. After the initial > meeting with NASA, Defkalion GT and Ampenergo will sit down and develop a > joint program for the introduction of the E-Cat as a main energy source to > the world. > > [ and they DID ask the "steam" question. ]* >
